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8/4/2019 Earthquake & Its Hazard Management
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EARTHQUAKE & ITSHAZARD
MANAGEMENT
J.SIRISHA
3RD SEMESTER
ENIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
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CONTENTS
WHAT IS A DISASTER? TYPES OF DISASTERS
COMPONENTS OF DISASTER EARTHQUAKE HISTORY CAUSES
CONSEQUENCES HAZARD MANAGEMENT CONCLUSION
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DISASTER
Disaster is a natural or man-made eventwhich results in widespread of human
loss, loss of livelihood, property and life.
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TYPES OF DISASTERS
1.NATURAL
Tornadoes
Hurricanes Earthquakes
Volcanoes
Floods Tsunamis
Wildfires
2. MAN-MADE
Crime
Terrorism Transport
Climate change
Fire War
Aviation
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COMPONENTS OF DISASTER
MANAGEMENT PREPAREDNESS
RESPONSE
RECOVERY
PREVENTION & MITIGATION
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EARTHQUAKE
The shaking or trembling caused by thesudden release of energy
Usually associated with faulting orbreaking of rocks
Continuing adjustment of position results
in aftershocks
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HISTORY
Earthquakes are mighty killers. About 15,000people are killed by them every year and more
than 100 million people have lost their life dueto earthquakes in the history of mankind.Earthquakes have the power to uproot trees andsend them crashing into buildings. They can
trigger landslides and avalanches and causefires, flooding and tsunamis that cause furtherdevastation.
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India or Indian Plate is a tectonic plate that wasoriginally a part of the ancient continent of Gondwanaland from which it split off, eventuallybecoming a major plate. About 50 to 55 million years
ago, it fused with the adjacent Australian Plate. It istoday part of the major Indo-Australian Plate, andincludes the subcontinent of India and a portion of thebasin under the Indian Ocean.
About 90 million years ago, subsequent to the splittingoff from Gondwanaland, the India Plate split fromMadagascar. It began moving north, at about 20 cm/yrand began colliding with Asia between 50 and 55 millionyears ago. During this time, the India Plate covered a
distance of 2,000 to 3,000 km , and moved faster thanany other known plate. In 2007, German geologistsdetermined that the reason the India Plate moved soquickly is that it is only half as thick as the other plateswhich formerly constituted Gondwanaland.
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WHERE DO EARTHQUAKES OCCUR AND HOW OFTEN?
80% of all earthquakes occur in the circum-Pacific belt
most of these result from convergent margin
activity
15% occur in the Mediterranean-Asiatic belt
remaining 5% occur in the interiors of plates and
on spreading ridge centers
more than 150,000 quakes strong enough to befelt are recorded each year
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MAGNITUDE 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
8.0-9.9 4 0 1 1 1
7.0-7.9 14 12 16 21 11
6.0-6.9 178 168 144 151 126
5.0-5.9 2074 1768 1896 1963 1550
4.0-4.9 12078 12291 6805 10403 8077
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CAUSES
Eruption of volcanoes
Disturbance in movement of plates
Mass destruction of forests
Heavy traffic
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CONSEQUENCES
Loss of life
Destruction of biodiversity
Irreparable damage to buildings andhousehold items
Economic loss
Destruction of forests
Scarcity of food and water
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HAZARD MANAGEMENT
Loss reduction is a less costly alternativethan disaster recovery .
Loss reduction can be achieved either bymodifying the hazard events itself or byreducing its human impact
The loss reduction can be achieved byadopting certain methods.
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METHODS TO BE ADOPTED FOR
HAZARD REDUCTION Hazard resistance design
Retrofitting
Society attentiveness
Worldwide attentiveness
Forecasting and warning Regional land use planning
Information technology
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HAZARD RESISTANCE DESIGN
Hazard resistance begins with geo-technical engineers, who apply the
principles of rock and soil mechanics tothe safe design of earth supportedstructures.
Buildings are to be constructed followingstrict building codes due to which the losscan be reduced.
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RETROFITTING
It is the art of modifying an existingbuilding to protect it from a damagingevent.
These are quicker to install.
It has been estimated that a retrofit
policy in India and Japan wouldreduce the potential hazard to life,with perhaps a fivefold reduction incasualties from earthquakes.
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SOCIETY ATTENTIVENESS
Disaster attentiveness may be defined asthe prearranged emergency measures
taken to minimize the loss of life andproperty damage.
Public understanding and cooperation are
vital elements in the successful operationof any disaster plan.
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WORLDWIDE ATTENTIVENESS
One of the major challenges in disasterprevention is to implement effective
attentiveness schemes in the developingnations.
The leading responsibility for this is taken byUNDRO in Geneva supported by variety of
government agencies and NGO’s. UNDRO acts as an effective link between donors
and recipients of aid.
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FORECASTING AND WARNING
Forecast and warning systems [FWS] havebecome important due to scientific advances.
Predictions are largely based on statistical theoryand use the historical record of the past events.
Forecasts depend on detection and evaluation of and individual event.
Warnings are messages which advice people atrisk.
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REGIONAL LAND USE PLANNING
It is a comprehensive approach, whichseeks to intervene in the process where by
hazard prone land is converted into higherintensity occupation.
The main purpose of land planning is to
guide new residential, commercial andindustrial development away fromidentified hazard zones.
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ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY AND
SYSTEMSRemote Sensing Systems
Geographic Information System
Global Positioning System
Internet
Communication Technology
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Media and Disasters:
Possibility of protocols for media duringdisasters.
Some space/time to be reserved foradvertisements related to disasters prior, duringand after in the media.
Media needs to be sensitized and made apartner in Disaster Mitigation.
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Media Managers from the concerned Department.
Advertisements over radio, TV and other channels atpeak time of news. These advertisements can be regionspecific and disaster specific in different local languages.
7. Evaluation and assessment of the level of preparedness
in district level:
Preparation of a checklist or template to assess andevaluate the level of preparedness both for public and
private sector. This can be developed by NIDM or the state DMCs
of ATIs or any other Institute.
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PREVENTION, MANAGEMENT &
PREPAREDNESS STRATEGY Development of culture of prevention as an
essential component of an integrated approachto disaster reduction.
Prepare and maintain in a state of readiness,preparedness and response plans.
Adoption of policy of self reliance in vulnerablearea.
Education and training in disaster prevention,mitigation and preparedness for enhancement of capabilities at every level.
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The rescue training must be compulsory at
schools, colleges and university level.
Identification and strengthening of excellence inorder to improve disaster prevention, reduction
and mitigation. Emergency support system should be very
effective in which communication, public health,sanitation, power, transport, media etc should
come together to reduce the hazard.
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Enhancing the capacity of the vulnerable groupsand how to ensure relief for them.
Empowering them shall start from keeping
them informed/educated.
Both men and women should be equallybenefited in terms of relief and other
compensations. The cheques Accounts have tobe issued in the name of both equally.
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Integration of the efforts of corporate
sector in relief and rehabilitation
Requirements of relief material
should be specified and communicated tothe suppliers/donors to avoid supply of any unwanted relief items.
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The demands/requirements should be made
known to people through All India Radio & Doordarshan.
The list of minimum basic requirements of relief should be prepared keeping in view thevulnerability of the District/Tehsil.
Performance criteria to be fixed in casesome agency wants to work in a district hitarea.
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Disaster Rescue, Relief and Rehabilitation-structureprocesses and manuals at state and district level.
1. Structure of Disaster Management at Sub-district level
Tehsil level Disaster Management committees underTehsildar with other departments as members should be
constituted with due representation of panchayats & NGO’s
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Visits of VVIP
While preparing the State Disaster Management Bill,it should be incorporated in the bill as to how tominimize the protocol of the VIPs during disasters.
3. Civil Military synergy already exists.
4. Inventory of resources / equipment needed
Resource inventory listing out all crucial equipmentavailable and requirements at the district and tehsillevels needs to be prepared and updated.
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5. Empowering the community:
Civil Defense and Red Cross
volunteers, students, teachers, panchayatsfunctionaries should be involved andstrengthened to empower community.
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Natural Disasters would keep happening,we cannot avoid them, so let’s prepareourselves.
Lets build a Disaster ManagementInformation System..............
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In the coming years the new
technologies in communication
and information will potentiallyredefine the conventional disaster
management system
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CONCLUSION
Recognizing the fact that hazard mitigation pays highsocial and economic dividends. Carry out the engineering, architecture and planning
measures-Risk Assessment
-Land use zoning-Planning of habitat-Implementation of building codes
Create the supportive structure of -public awareness-education and training-research and development about the safety fromnatural disasters
Appropriate policy, financial and institutional support at
national and state levels need to be provided for puttingthis strategy into a workable action plan.
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FINALLY,
The international community shoulddemonstrate strong political determination
required to mobilize adequate and makeefficient use of existing resources,including financial, scientific andtechnological means, in the field of natural
disaster reduction, bearing in mind theneeds of the developing countries,particularly the least developed countries.
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REFERENCES
US Geological Survey web resources onearthquakes http://quake.wr.usgs.gov
Disaster Preparedness: Mitigation andResponse New Technologies and Systemsby P.V.K. Reddy. IPS, Director NISA,Hyderabad.
Disaster management future challengesand opportunities by Jagbir singh.
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