+ All Categories
Home > Technology > Earthquakes l10 l14

Earthquakes l10 l14

Date post: 16-May-2015
Category:
Upload: lkazantzis
View: 1,062 times
Download: 5 times
Share this document with a friend
Popular Tags:
50
Earthquakes
Transcript
Page 1: Earthquakes l10 l14

Earthquakes

Page 2: Earthquakes l10 l14

Lesson 10: Introducing Earthquakes

Objectives: Brainstorm possible causes and effects of

earthquakes and techniques for monitoring and predicting them.

Review your group’s Catastrophic Events World Map to update your original thinking about where most earthquakes occur.

View a video of actual earthquakes and discuss the destruction that earthquakes can cause.

Page 3: Earthquakes l10 l14

What is an Earthquake?

1. Earthquakes are ____________________________________________________________________

2. The outermost layer of the earth is called the ___________.

3. Displacement is another word for ______________.

4. A fault is a __________________________________

Page 4: Earthquakes l10 l14

5. Approximately 90% of all earthquakes are the result of _____________________________.

6. Only about 5% of all earthquakes are related to _____________________.

Page 5: Earthquakes l10 l14

The Lithosphere

1. The lithosphere is the _________________________________.

2. It is made up of the __________ and the _____________.

3. The lithosphere is broken into many large pieces of earth, called ______________________, that are always moving.

4. When two plates move against one another, _____________ builds up between them.

Page 6: Earthquakes l10 l14

5. As the rock within the plate deforms, it stores energy and _________.

6. Eventually the rock becomes so deformed that it ______________, releasing energy in the form of a _______________________ that radiate outward in all directions.

Page 7: Earthquakes l10 l14

7. Scientists who study earthquakes are called _________________.

8. Seismologists also study precursors, which are _____________________________.

9. Examples of precursors include: __________________________________

Page 8: Earthquakes l10 l14

Lesson 11: When the Earth Shakes

Objectives: Observe the formation and movement of

waves in water. Use a spring scale to simulate different

kinds of waves. Relate wave movement in a spring to

earthquake waves. Use a spring scale to model possible

damaging effects of earthquake waves. Design and build a model house that is

resistant to shaking.

Page 9: Earthquakes l10 l14

Wave Motion

1. A wave is _____________________________

2. Properties of a wave:a. ________________________________b. ________________________________

3. A focus is _____________________4. Scientists refer to earthquake waves

as ___________________.

Page 10: Earthquakes l10 l14

5. Body waves _____________________________

6. Surface waves _____________________________

7. Types of Body Waves:a. P-waves: ___________________ _____________________________b. S-waves: ___________________ ____________________________

Page 11: Earthquakes l10 l14

8. Types of Surface Waves:a. __________________b. __________________

9. Ground Motiona. When P-waves reach the surface, they cause ____________ shaking.b. When S-waves reach the surface, they cause _____________ shaking.

Page 12: Earthquakes l10 l14

Fill in the chart below with the different kinds of seismic waves.

Page 13: Earthquakes l10 l14
Page 14: Earthquakes l10 l14
Page 15: Earthquakes l10 l14
Page 16: Earthquakes l10 l14
Page 17: Earthquakes l10 l14

Lesson 12: Recording Earthquake Waves

Objectives: Record vibrations using a model

seismograph. Analyze earthquake wave patterns on

an actual seismogram. Locate the epicenter of an earthquake

using data from three seismograph stations.

Page 18: Earthquakes l10 l14

A Brief History of Earthquake Detection

1. The first earthquake detector was invented by a ___________ astronomer in AD 132.

2. But it was not until 1880 that instruments could effectively __________ the vibrations from earthquakes.

3. Seismologists began using mechanical _______________ to detect, record, and measure the vibrations produced by an earthquake.

4. The record made by the seismograph, called a __________, was created on a rotating drum.

Page 19: Earthquakes l10 l14

5. Today, most seismographs are ___________, recording data directly into a computer.

A replica of Chang Heng’s earthquake vase

Page 20: Earthquakes l10 l14
Page 21: Earthquakes l10 l14

Define the following terms in the space below.

1. Aftershock: __________________________________________________________

2. Epicenter: __________________________________________________________

Page 22: Earthquakes l10 l14

The Alaska Earthquake of 19641. The seismogram used in Inquiry 12.2 was

recorded during which major earthquake in 1964? _____________________________

2. How many aftershocks were triggered as a result? ____________

3. Describe some of the destruction caused by this earthquake. ____________________________________________________________________

4. Why did only 122 people die during this earthquake? __________________________________

Page 23: Earthquakes l10 l14

Finding an Epicenter: the Tortoise and the Hare

1. How can seismograph stations all over the world record the same earthquake? _____________________________

2. The point where the earthquake occurs is called the _____________.

3. The point on the earth’s surface directly above the focus is called the ______________.

4. To pinpoint an earthquake’s epicenter, scientists plot the arrival times of the p- and s-waves on a special graph called a __________________.

Page 24: Earthquakes l10 l14

5. P-waves are (faster / slower) than S-waves.

6. An S-wave is like the (tortoise / hare).

7. By knowing when each wave arrives at the seismograph station and ___________ the difference, seismologists can determine how far away the earthquake’s epicenter is from their station.

Page 25: Earthquakes l10 l14

8. The greater the difference in time between the P- and S-waves’ arrival, the ____________ the seismograph station is from the epicenter.

9. Why is the information from one seismic station not enough to pinpoint the exact location of an earthquake? ______________________________

10. How many stations do you need to determine the epicenter of an earthquake? __________

Page 26: Earthquakes l10 l14

Lesson 13: Plotting Earthquakes

Objectives: Plot on a world map the locations of some

of the earthquakes that occurred during the 1990’s.

Analyze the locations of earthquakes around the world.

Locate three areas of intense earthquake activity on a map.

Hypothesize about the reasons for patterns in the locations of earthquakes.

Page 27: Earthquakes l10 l14

The Plate Tectonic Theory

Scientists have realized that most earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur _______________________.

The Plate Tectonic Theory states __________________________________________________________________________________________

Page 28: Earthquakes l10 l14

Three main belts of earthquake activity on earth are associated with plate boundaries: ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________

More than ______% of all earthquakes occur in these three seismic belts. The remaining earthquakes occur far away from plate boundaries and are considered ______________ (within the plate) earthquakes.

Page 29: Earthquakes l10 l14

The Circum-Pacific Belt (aka, The Ring of Fire)

Not this kind of “Ring of Fire!” Approximately _____% of all

earthquakes occur here. It is an almost continuous chain of

______________ around the edges of the Pacific Ocean.

In this area, the Pacific Plate __________ past or ____________ with adjoining plates.

Page 30: Earthquakes l10 l14
Page 31: Earthquakes l10 l14

The Mediterranean-Himalayan Belt (aka, The Alpide Belt)

Approximately _____% of all earthquakes occur here.

Extends west from _____________ through the Himalayas, across Iran and Turkey, and west through the _________________ region of Europe.

Plate movement in this belt also led to the formation of the _______________ Mountains!

Page 32: Earthquakes l10 l14
Page 33: Earthquakes l10 l14

The Mid-Ocean Ridge The earth’s largest chain of volcanoes is

actually __________________! The mid-ocean ridge consists of

______________________________________________________________________

These ridges circle the earth like an endless seam of a _____________.

Together with intraplate earthquakes, the mid-ocean ridge accounts for the remaining _______% of all earthquakes.

Page 34: Earthquakes l10 l14

They occur here because __________________________________________________________________________________________

This action of upwelling material creates ___________________ and accompanying ____________ activity.

Page 35: Earthquakes l10 l14
Page 36: Earthquakes l10 l14

Mid-Ocean Ridge Animation

Page 37: Earthquakes l10 l14

Magnitude and Intensity

1. The Richter scale measures the magnitude, or __________________________________________________________

2. The magnitude is determined by measuring the amplitude, or “swing” of ___________________________

3. It is open-ended, meaning _____________________________

Page 38: Earthquakes l10 l14

4. The largest earthquake ever recorded was __________________________

5. Each increase in a magnitude number on the Richter scale represents a ____________ increase in the amplitude seen on the seismogram. (This equates to 32-fold increase in energy released!)

Page 39: Earthquakes l10 l14

6. Scientists use the word intensity to describe ______________________________

7. Many factors affect intensity, such as: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. The most common earthquake intensity scale used in the US is known as the ___________________________________

Page 40: Earthquakes l10 l14

Lesson 14: Using Earthquakes to Study the Earth’s Interior

Objectives: Examine the interior structure of some

common objects. Discuss how scientists study the structure of

the earth’s interior. Recognize that an understanding of the motion

of earthquake waves can help scientists formulate hypotheses about the earth’s interior.

Using computer images, identify and describe the layers of the earth.

Plot the locations of volcanoes and compare these locations with those of earthquakes.

Page 41: Earthquakes l10 l14

Earth’s Interior

Scientists have learned that the earth is made of ______________ (having a common center) shells.

Scientists divide and analyze these shells, or __________, in two ways: ____________________________ ____________________________

Page 42: Earthquakes l10 l14

Dividing the Earth’s Interior by Composition

Crust Mantle Core

Page 43: Earthquakes l10 l14

How do scientists know the outer core is liquid?

Page 44: Earthquakes l10 l14

Dividing Earth’s Interior by Physical Properties

Lithosphere Asthenosphere

Page 45: Earthquakes l10 l14

Earth’s Interior

1. How long ago was Earth formed? __________________________________

2. Ever since its formation, the Earth has been (gaining / losing) heat.

3. How does temperature change as you go deeper into the Earth? __________________________________

4. How does pressure change as you go deeper into the Earth? __________________________________

Page 46: Earthquakes l10 l14

5. What are the two kinds of crust? ___________________________________

6. Describe the oceanic crust. ___________________________________

7. Describe the continental crust. ___________________________________

8. Describe the mantle. ___________________________________

9. How is the top part of the mantle different from the bottom part? ___________________________________

Page 47: Earthquakes l10 l14

10. The lithosphere is made up of what two parts? ___________________________________

11. How is the density of the lithosphere different from the density of the asthenosphere? ___________________________________

12. How is the outer core different from the inner core? ___________________________________

Page 48: Earthquakes l10 l14

Using Waves to Explore the Earth’s Interior The deepest that scientists have drilled into

the earth is ________. That’s less than _____% of the distance from the surface to the center!

Scientists study the ocean floor and the inner earth using ___________.

For studying the ocean, they analyze __________ waves, using a technique called ____________.

To study the inside of the earth, they analyze earthquake, or ___________ waves.

Page 49: Earthquakes l10 l14

Sonar stands for __________________________________.

Explain how a sonar machine works. ______________________________________________________________________

Earthquake waves behave (similarly / differently) depending on what substance they are traveling through.

They know that the outer core is ___________, because ___________________________________

Page 50: Earthquakes l10 l14

Draw your own version of the diagram of the Earth on page 169. Pay close attention to where the dotted lines and the solid lines are. Label each layer as well.


Recommended