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Eastern Religions & Culture Religion in South Asia (India) Hinduism is the major religion in India....

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Page 1: Eastern Religions & Culture Religion in South Asia (India) Hinduism is the major religion in India. 80% of India’s population is Hindu. Muslims live.

Eastern Religions & Culture

Page 2: Eastern Religions & Culture Religion in South Asia (India) Hinduism is the major religion in India. 80% of India’s population is Hindu. Muslims live.

Religion in South Asia (India)

• Hinduism is the major religion in India.

• 80% of India’s population is Hindu.

• Muslims live mainly in Pakistan, Bangladesh, and North India

• Religion influences language & daily rituals in South Asia.

Page 3: Eastern Religions & Culture Religion in South Asia (India) Hinduism is the major religion in India. 80% of India’s population is Hindu. Muslims live.

Hindu Beliefs• Hinduism teaches that there is a great spirit

who can take the form of many gods.• Because of this, Hindus consider themselves

monotheistic even though our curriculum calls them polytheistic.

• To Hindus, all life is holy and all living things have souls.

• Depending on the way a person lived, rebirth may return the person into a higher or lower caste or an animal.

• This belief is referred to as “reincarnation.”• Note: Cows are sacred in Hinduism and many

devout Hindus are completely vegetarian

Page 4: Eastern Religions & Culture Religion in South Asia (India) Hinduism is the major religion in India. 80% of India’s population is Hindu. Muslims live.

Hinduism

Grew out the Aryan culture, the Vedas, and the work of Brahman priestsEveryone has a moral duty: dharmaGood actions are rewarded and bad ones punished: karmaPeople are reincarnated and either move up or down on the caste system based on their karmaUltimate goal is to be reunited with the universal spirit after living as Brahman priest

Page 5: Eastern Religions & Culture Religion in South Asia (India) Hinduism is the major religion in India. 80% of India’s population is Hindu. Muslims live.

The Caste Pyramid

Page 6: Eastern Religions & Culture Religion in South Asia (India) Hinduism is the major religion in India. 80% of India’s population is Hindu. Muslims live.

The Caste System

• Castes - social groups traditionally divided into different levels in India

• Below the caste system were the “untouchables.” They did the jobs that caste members did not want to do and were considered unclean. They were forced to live separately from others.

• People tended to accept their caste and work hard wherever they were because they believed that they could move up to a higher caste in their next life (according to Hindu beliefs—reincarnation)

Page 7: Eastern Religions & Culture Religion in South Asia (India) Hinduism is the major religion in India. 80% of India’s population is Hindu. Muslims live.

Hinduism

Page 8: Eastern Religions & Culture Religion in South Asia (India) Hinduism is the major religion in India. 80% of India’s population is Hindu. Muslims live.

Population Patterns22% of the world’s

population live here

A rich, complex mix of cultures

Six major religions and hundreds of languages

Page 9: Eastern Religions & Culture Religion in South Asia (India) Hinduism is the major religion in India. 80% of India’s population is Hindu. Muslims live.

Human Characteristics India

Many higher caste/class members speak English (it’s one of the official languages—India was formerly a British colony). Hindi is another official language spoken by millions.

Hindu majority Also Muslim, Buddhist, Sikh, Jain, and Christian

People belong to one of hundreds of jati

Social groups/ classes

Pakistan and Bangladesh Mainly Muslims Used to be East and West

Pakistan (split away from India after the British left b/c of religious tension)

Page 10: Eastern Religions & Culture Religion in South Asia (India) Hinduism is the major religion in India. 80% of India’s population is Hindu. Muslims live.

UrbanizationUrban populations on the

rise throughout South AsiaRapid Urban Growth

People migrate for better jobs and higher wages

Cities are overcrowded

Page 11: Eastern Religions & Culture Religion in South Asia (India) Hinduism is the major religion in India. 80% of India’s population is Hindu. Muslims live.

Arts and Recreation

• Arts and Recreation in South Asia are strongly influenced by religious traditions

• Art incorporates worship of Hindu gods and goddesses

• Cricket and other British sports are popular

• Favorite Indian pastimes include yoga, chess, badminton, and polo

Page 12: Eastern Religions & Culture Religion in South Asia (India) Hinduism is the major religion in India. 80% of India’s population is Hindu. Muslims live.

Families

• In most cases, South Asian marriages are arranged.

• The woman leaves her family to live with her new husband’s extended family (including his mother, father, living grandparents, brothers, and unmarried sisters).

Page 13: Eastern Religions & Culture Religion in South Asia (India) Hinduism is the major religion in India. 80% of India’s population is Hindu. Muslims live.

Important Leaders from South Asia’s past and present (details to follow in our next unit)

• Mohandas Gandhi

• Mohammed Ali Jinnah

• Indira Gandhi• Jawaharlal Nehru• Benazir Bhutto

Page 14: Eastern Religions & Culture Religion in South Asia (India) Hinduism is the major religion in India. 80% of India’s population is Hindu. Muslims live.

Moving East…China’s role in East Asia

• China has a long and impressive history of influencing surrounding nations throughout Southeast Asia.

• It is the largest country in East Asia and the most highly populated on Earth.

• It is the third largest country in the world and is credited with many inventions still used today.

Page 15: Eastern Religions & Culture Religion in South Asia (India) Hinduism is the major religion in India. 80% of India’s population is Hindu. Muslims live.

China’s People

• Communism has changed the way of life in China. Family structure has changed drastically (One Child Policy)

• Chinese language is written in characters unlike our alphabet.

• Major beliefs include:• Confucianism (system of

behavior—not a true religion)• Daoism• Buddhism (most popular in

China)

Page 16: Eastern Religions & Culture Religion in South Asia (India) Hinduism is the major religion in India. 80% of India’s population is Hindu. Muslims live.

Lifestyle/CelebrationsCelebrations

Diwali for HindusRamadan for MuslimsBuddhists celebrate the

birth of BuddhaChinese New Year

(secular holiday) is considered “The Largest Human Migration” on the planet yearly

Page 17: Eastern Religions & Culture Religion in South Asia (India) Hinduism is the major religion in India. 80% of India’s population is Hindu. Muslims live.

Buddhism

• Buddhism is the majority religion in China. It was brought to the region by an Indian prince named Siddhartha Gautama and it teaches that human suffering is caused by selfishness or the desire for things. Buddhism teaches followers to rid themselves of selfish desires and live in harmony. Instead of seeking worldly gains, Siddhartha said that people should form good thoughts and good behavior. Siddhartha came to be called the “Buddha,” which means the “enlightened one.” Buddhists also believe in reincarnation.

Page 18: Eastern Religions & Culture Religion in South Asia (India) Hinduism is the major religion in India. 80% of India’s population is Hindu. Muslims live.

-Four Noble Truths:The Four Noble Truths comprise the essence of Buddha's teachings, though they leave much left unexplained. They are the truth of suffering, the truth of the cause of suffering, the truth of the end of suffering, and the truth of the path that leads to the end of suffering.

-Noble Eight-fold Path

-seeking enlightenment

Buddhism

Page 19: Eastern Religions & Culture Religion in South Asia (India) Hinduism is the major religion in India. 80% of India’s population is Hindu. Muslims live.

Buddhism

Page 20: Eastern Religions & Culture Religion in South Asia (India) Hinduism is the major religion in India. 80% of India’s population is Hindu. Muslims live.

Confucianism

• Confucianism is a set of rules for behavior established by the great Chinese philosopher Confucius. He taught that family members have responsibilities to one another and emphasized a respect for learning because “learning brings us closer to perfection.” Confucianism is NOT a religion—it is a belief in how one should behave and how society should function.

Page 21: Eastern Religions & Culture Religion in South Asia (India) Hinduism is the major religion in India. 80% of India’s population is Hindu. Muslims live.

Daoism

• Daoism is a religion founded by Laozi who lived during the same time as Confucius. “Dao” literally means “the way” and teaches to accept calmly whatever fate brings. It also teaches that you should leave things alone and try not to change them.

Page 22: Eastern Religions & Culture Religion in South Asia (India) Hinduism is the major religion in India. 80% of India’s population is Hindu. Muslims live.

Arts and Recreation in China

• Landscape painting and use of ink and watercolor are popular.

• Socialist realism is a type of art that serves the masses and supports communism.

• Popular East Asian recreations include swimming, table tennis, and martial arts.

Page 23: Eastern Religions & Culture Religion in South Asia (India) Hinduism is the major religion in India. 80% of India’s population is Hindu. Muslims live.

The Traditional and the Modern• Family loyalty• Large families with many

generations• Agrarian society• Foot-binding era of women• Written language in

characters• Religion/beliefs:

• Confucianism• Daoism• Buddhism

• State loyalty• One child policy• Rise of Industry• Changing role of women• Pinyin • There is limited to no

religion

Page 24: Eastern Religions & Culture Religion in South Asia (India) Hinduism is the major religion in India. 80% of India’s population is Hindu. Muslims live.

Communism and MaoThe Chinese Communist Party was founded in 1921.• People wanted social reform• They wanted to fight western imperialismMao became Chairman after the Long March.

The Long March served as a symbol of the dedication of the revolutionaries to the CCP.

1949, established Peoples Republic of China after overthrowing the nationalist party in a civil war

China was hopeful and wanted to change its world image.Mao’s Hundred Flowers Movement, Great Leap Forward, and Cultural Revolution proved unsuccessful.

Page 25: Eastern Religions & Culture Religion in South Asia (India) Hinduism is the major religion in India. 80% of India’s population is Hindu. Muslims live.

Japan’s People and Their Beliefs

• Japanese consider themselves to be a homogeneous (all of the same or similar kind or nature) group.

• Almost all Japanese belong to the SAME ethnic group, speak the SAME language, share the SAME history and have SIMILAR values.

• They take great pride in being the same. Individuality is not emphasized in their culture like it is here in the USA.

Page 26: Eastern Religions & Culture Religion in South Asia (India) Hinduism is the major religion in India. 80% of India’s population is Hindu. Muslims live.

Feudal Japan

Page 27: Eastern Religions & Culture Religion in South Asia (India) Hinduism is the major religion in India. 80% of India’s population is Hindu. Muslims live.

Religion in Japan

•Most people in Japan are (all at once) - • Shinto - belief in kami, or spirits• Buddhist - believe that suffering is caused by

selfishness• Confucian - belief system that emphasizes the

importance of honoring one’s parents, of being honest, respecting others, working hard and acquiring learning

Page 28: Eastern Religions & Culture Religion in South Asia (India) Hinduism is the major religion in India. 80% of India’s population is Hindu. Muslims live.

Shinto

• Shinto ("the way of the gods") is the indigenous faith of the Japanese people and as old as Japan herself. It is only found in Japan.

• Shinto is based on belief in, and worship of, kami

• sacred spirits which take the form of things and concepts important to life, such as wind, rain, mountains, trees, and rivers

• Humans become kami after they die and are revered by their families as ancestral kami.

• So to review, Japanese believe that there are spirits (kami) in nature and ancestral spirits (kami)

Page 29: Eastern Religions & Culture Religion in South Asia (India) Hinduism is the major religion in India. 80% of India’s population is Hindu. Muslims live.

Characteristic features of Shinto

• Shinto regards the world as fundamentally a good place and human beings as fundamentally good.

• Shinto has no founder

• Shinto has no all seeing, all knowing, eternal, creator God

• Shinto does not require adherents to follow it as their only religion

• Many Japanese follow Buddhism as well as Shinto and for much of history Shinto and Buddhism were effectively combined in Japan.

• Shinto has no tradition of missionary work or making converts. It is part of Japanese culture uniquely and is only found in Japan.

Page 30: Eastern Religions & Culture Religion in South Asia (India) Hinduism is the major religion in India. 80% of India’s population is Hindu. Muslims live.

Values• Many Japanese

believe society is more important than any one person.

• At an early age children in Japan are taught loyalty and respect for the common good (the group is more important than the individual)

Page 31: Eastern Religions & Culture Religion in South Asia (India) Hinduism is the major religion in India. 80% of India’s population is Hindu. Muslims live.

Duty and Loyalty

• Responsibility is an important concept in Japanese culture.

• It is believed that everyone has a certain position in society and certain responsibilities.

• People are taught they have special responsibilities or duties to their families and their leaders.

• Failure to do one’s duty causes a person to “lose face.” This brings shame and disgrace to the entire family.

Page 32: Eastern Religions & Culture Religion in South Asia (India) Hinduism is the major religion in India. 80% of India’s population is Hindu. Muslims live.

Origin of tradition of respect

• Japanese values of RESPECT and LOYALTY evolved from the traditions associated with samurai warriors.

Page 33: Eastern Religions & Culture Religion in South Asia (India) Hinduism is the major religion in India. 80% of India’s population is Hindu. Muslims live.

Samurai

• Samurai (or bushi) were members of the military class, they were Japanese warriors.

• They used a variety of weapons such as bows and arrows, spears and guns; their most famous weapon and symbol was the sword.

Page 34: Eastern Religions & Culture Religion in South Asia (India) Hinduism is the major religion in India. 80% of India’s population is Hindu. Muslims live.

Bushido

• Samurai were to live their lives according to the ethic code of bushido (“the way of the warrior”)

• Bushido stressed concepts such as loyalty to one’s master, self-discipline and respectful, ethical behavior.

• The samurai's loyalty to the emperor and his overlord, or daimyo, was unsurpassed.

• They were trustworthy and honest.

• They lived frugal lives with no interest in riches and material things, but rather they were interested in honor and pride.

• They were men of true valor.

• Samurai had no fear of death.

• They would enter any battle no matter the odds.

• To die in battle would only bring honor to one's family and one's lord.

Page 35: Eastern Religions & Culture Religion in South Asia (India) Hinduism is the major religion in India. 80% of India’s population is Hindu. Muslims live.

Death and Dishonor

• Samurai would commit suicide for a variety of reasons including:

• avoiding capture in battle

• to mourn the loss of their daimyo

• to regain honor after committing a misdeed or unworthy act

• Seppuku--or disembowelment or hara-kiri (belly slicing)--is when a samurai stabs a knife into his abdomen and literally disembowels himself by cutting out his guts.

• After the samurai disembowels himself another samurai, usually a kinsman or friend, slices his head off.

• A samurai would rather kill himself than bring shame and disgrace to his family name and his lord. This was considered an act of true honor.


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