Eating disorders - Royal College of Psychiatrists

Eating disordersCore interventions in the treatment and management of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and related eating disorders

Clinical Guideline 9January 2004

Developed by the National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health

The quick reference guide has been distributed to:• NHS Trust Chief Executives in England and Wales• Primary Care Trust (PCT) Chief Executives• Local Heath Group General Managers• Local Health Board (LHB) chief executives• Strategic health authority chief executives in

England and Wales• Medical and nursing directors in England and

Wales• Clinical governance leads in England and Wales• Audit leads in England and Wales• NHS trust, PCT and LHT libraries in England

and Wales• Patient advice and liaison co-ordinators in

England and Wales• Consultant psychiatrists in England and Wales• Consultant psychologists in England and Wales• GPs in England and Wales• Directors of health and social care• NHS Director Wales

• Chief Executive of the NHS in England• Chief Medical, Nursing and Pharmaceutical

Officers in England and Wales• Medical Director & Head of NHS Quality –

Welsh Assembly Government• Community health councils in England and

Wales• NHS Clinical Governance Support Team• Patient advocacy groups• Representative bodies for health services,

professional organisations and statutory bodies,and the Royal Colleges

• Specialist eating disorder clinics • Mental health nurse consultants• Senior pharmacists and pharmaceutical advisors

in England and Wales• Directors of directorates of health and

social care• Community psychiatric nurses

Clinical Guideline 9Eating disordersCore interventions in the treatment and management of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa andrelated eating disorders

Issue date: January 2004

This document, which contains the Institute’s guidance on eating disorders, is available from theNICE website (www.nice.org.uk/CG009NICEguideline).

An abridged version of this guidance (a ‘quick reference guide’) is also available from the NICEwebsite (www.nice.org.uk/CG009quickrefguide). Printed copies of the quick reference guide canbe obtained from the NHS Response Line: telephone 0870 1555 455 and quote reference numberN0406.

Information for the Public is available from the NICE website in English(www.nice.org.uk/CG009publicinfoenglish) and Welsh (www.nice.org.uk/CG009publicinfowelsh).Printed copies are available from the NHS Response Line (quote reference number N0407 for anEnglish version, and N0408 for a version in English and Welsh).

This guidance is written in the following context:This guidance represents the view of the Institute, which was arrived at after careful considerationof the evidence available. Health professionals are expected to take it fully into account whenexercising their clinical judgment. The guidance does not, however, override the individualresponsibility of health professionals to make decisions appropriate to the circumstances of theindividual patient, in consultation with the patient and/or guardian or carer.

National Institute for Clinical Excellence

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© Copyright National Institute for Clinical Excellence, January 2004. All rights reserved. This material may be freelyreproduced for educational and not-for-profit purposes within the NHS. No reproduction by or for commercialorganisations is allowed without the express written permission of the National Institute for Clinical Excellence.

Contents

Key priorities for implementation

1 Guidance

1.1 Care across all conditions

1.2 Anorexia nervosa

1.3 Bulimia nervosa

1.4 Atypical eating disorders including binge eating disorder

2 Notes on the scope of the guidance

3 Implementation in the NHS

3.1 In general

3.2 Audit

4 Research recommendations

5 Full guideline

6 Review date

Appendix A: Grading scheme

Appendix B: The Guideline Development Group

Appendix C: The Guideline Review Panel

Appendix D: Technical detail on the criteria for audit

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4 NICE guideline – Eating disorders

Key priorities for implementation

The following recommendations have been identified as keypriorities for implementation.

Anorexia nervosa

• Most people with anorexia nervosa should be managed on anoutpatient basis with psychological treatment provided by aservice that is competent in giving that treatment and assessingthe physical risk of people with eating disorders.

• People with anorexia nervosa requiring inpatient treatmentshould be admitted to a setting that can provide the skilledimplementation of refeeding with careful physical monitoring(particularly in the first few days of refeeding) in combinationwith psychosocial interventions.

• Family interventions that directly address the eating disordershould be offered to children and adolescents with anorexianervosa.

Bulimia nervosa

• As a possible first step, patients with bulimia nervosa should beencouraged to follow an evidence-based self-help programme.

• As an alternative or additional first step to using an evidence-based self-help programme, adults with bulimia nervosa may be offered a trial of an antidepressant drug.

• Cognitive behaviour therapy for bulimia nervosa (CBT-BN), aspecifically adapted form of CBT, should be offered to adults with bulimia nervosa. The course of treatment should be for 16 to 20 sessions over 4 to 5 months.

• Adolescents with bulimia nervosa may be treated with CBT-BN,adapted as needed to suit their age, circumstances and level ofdevelopment, and including the family as appropriate.

5NICE guideline – Eating disorders

Atypical eating disorders

• In the absence of evidence to guide the management of atypicaleating disorders (eating disorders not otherwise specified) otherthan binge eating disorder, it is recommended that the clinicianconsiders following the guidance on the treatment of the eatingproblem that most closely resembles the individual patient’seating disorder.

• Cognitive behaviour therapy for binge eating disorder (CBT-BED),a specifically adapted form of CBT, should be offered to adultswith binge eating disorder.

For all eating disorders

• Family members, including siblings, should normally be included inthe treatment of children and adolescents with eating disorders.Interventions may include sharing of information, advice onbehavioural management and facilitating communication.


1 Guidance

The following guidance is evidence based. The grading scheme used for the recommendations (A, B, C) is described in Appendix A; a summary of the evidence on which the guidance is based can befound in the full guideline (see Section 5).

This guideline makes recommendations for the identification,treatment and management of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosaand atypical eating disorders (including binge eating disorder) inprimary, secondary and tertiary care. The guideline applies to adults,adolescents and children aged 8 years and older.

1.1 Care across all conditions

1.1.1 Assessment and coordination of care

1.1.1.1 Assessment of people with eating disorders should becomprehensive and include physical, psychological and socialneeds, and a comprehensive assessment of risk to self.

1.1.1.2 The level of risk to the patient’s mental and physical healthshould be monitored as treatment progresses because itmay increase – for example, following weight change or at times of transition between services in cases of anorexia nervosa.

1.1.1.3 For people with eating disorders presenting in primary care, GPs should take responsibility for the initial assessment and the initial coordination of care. This includes the determination of the need for emergencymedical or psychiatric assessment.

1.1.1.4 Where management is shared between primary andsecondary care, there should be clear agreement amongindividual healthcare professionals on the responsibility for monitoring patients with eating disorders. Thisagreement should be in writing (where appropriate using the care programme approach) and should be shared with the patient and, where appropriate, his or her family and carers.

1.1.2 Providing good information and support

1.1.2.1 Patients and, where appropriate, carers should be providedwith education and information on the nature, course andtreatment of eating disorders.

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1.1.2.2 In addition to the provision of information, family andcarers may be informed of self-help groups and supportgroups, and offered the opportunity to participate in suchgroups where they exist.

1.1.2.3 Healthcare professionals should acknowledge that manypeople with eating disorders are ambivalent abouttreatment. Healthcare professionals should also recognisethe consequent demands and challenges this presents.

1.1.3 Getting help early

1.1.3.1 People with eating disorders should be assessed and receivetreatment at the earliest opportunity.

1.1.3.2 Early treatment is particularly important for those with or at risk of severe emaciation and such patients should be prioritised for treatment.

1.1.4 Management of physical aspects

1.1.4.1 Where laxative abuse is present, patients should be advisedto gradually reduce laxative use and informed that laxativeuse does not significantly reduce calorie absorption.

1.1.4.2 Treatment of both subthreshold and clinical cases of aneating disorder in people with diabetes is essential becauseof the greatly increased physical risk in this group.

1.1.4.3 People with type 1 diabetes and an eating disorder shouldhave intensive regular physical monitoring because they areat high risk of retinopathy and other complications.

1.1.4.4 Pregnant women with eating disorders require carefulmonitoring throughout the pregnancy and in thepostpartum period.

1.1.4.5 Patients with an eating disorder who are vomiting shouldhave regular dental reviews.

1.1.4.6 Patients with an eating disorder who are vomiting should begiven appropriate advice on dental hygiene, which shouldinclude: avoiding brushing after vomiting; rinsing with anon-acid mouthwash after vomiting; and reducing an acidoral environment (for example, limiting acidic foods).

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1.1.4.7 Healthcare professionals should advise people with eatingdisorders and osteoporosis or related bone disorders torefrain from physical activities that significantly increase the likelihood of falls.

1.1.5 Additional considerations for children and adolescents

1.1.5.1 Family members, including siblings, should normally beincluded in the treatment of children and adolescents witheating disorders. Interventions may include sharing ofinformation, advice on behavioural management andfacilitating communication.

1.1.5.2 In children and adolescents with eating disorders, growthand development should be closely monitored. Wheredevelopment is delayed or growth is stunted despiteadequate nutrition, paediatric advice should be sought.

1.1.5.3 Healthcare professionals assessing children and adolescentswith eating disorders should be alert to indicators of abuse(emotional, physical and sexual) and should remain sothroughout treatment.

1.1.5.4 The right to confidentiality of children and adolescents witheating disorders should be respected.

1.1.5.5 Healthcare professionals working with children andadolescents with eating disorders should familiarisethemselves with national guidelines and their employers’policies in the area of confidentiality.

1.1.6 Identification and screening of eating disorders in primarycare and non-mental health settings

1.1.6.1 Target groups for screening should include young womenwith low body mass index (BMI) compared with age norms,patients consulting with weight concerns who are notoverweight, women with menstrual disturbances oramenorrhoea, patients with gastrointestinal symptoms,patients with physical signs of starvation or repeatedvomiting, and children with poor growth.

1.1.6.2 When screening for eating disorders one or two simplequestions should be considered for use with specific targetgroups (for example, “Do you think you have an eatingproblem?” and “Do you worry excessively about yourweight?”).

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1.1.6.3 Young people with type 1 diabetes and poor treatmentadherence should be screened and assessed for the presenceof an eating disorder.

1.2 Anorexia nervosa

1.2.1 Assessment and management of anorexia nervosa inprimary care

1.2.1.1 In anorexia nervosa, although weight and BMI areimportant indicators they should not be considered the soleindicators of physical risk (as they are unreliable in adultsand especially in children).

1.2.1.2 In assessing whether a person has anorexia nervosa,attention should be paid to the overall clinical assessment(repeated over time), including rate of weight loss, growthrates in children, objective physical signs and appropriatelaboratory tests.

1.2.1.3 Patients with enduring anorexia nervosa not under the careof a secondary care service should be offered an annualphysical and mental health review by their GP.

1.2.2 Psychological interventions for anorexia nervosa

The delivery of psychological interventions should be accompaniedby regular monitoring of a patient’s physical state including weightand specific indicators of increased physical risk.

Common elements of the psychological treatment of anorexianervosa

1.2.2.1 Therapies to be considered for the psychological treatmentof anorexia nervosa include cognitive analytic therapy (CAT),cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT), interpersonalpsychotherapy (IPT), focal psychodynamic therapy and familyinterventions focused explicitly on eating disorders.

1.2.2.2 Patient and, where appropriate, carer preference should be taken into account in deciding which psychologicaltreatment is to be offered.

1.2.2.3 The aims of psychological treatment should be to reducerisk, to encourage weight gain and healthy eating, toreduce other symptoms related to an eating disorder, and to facilitate psychological and physical recovery.

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Outpatient psychological treatments in first episode and later episodes

1.2.2.4 Most people with anorexia nervosa should be managed on an outpatient basis, with psychological treatment (withphysical monitoring) provided by a healthcare professionalcompetent to give it and to assess the physical risk ofpeople with eating disorders.

1.2.2.5 Outpatient psychological treatment for anorexia nervosashould normally be of at least 6 months’ duration.

1.2.2.6 For patients with anorexia nervosa, if during outpatientpsychological treatment there is significant deterioration, or the completion of an adequate course of outpatientpsychological treatment does not lead to any significantimprovement, more intensive forms of treatment (forexample, a move from individual therapy to combinedindividual and family work; or day-care or inpatient care)should be considered.

1.2.2.7 Dietary counselling should not be provided as the soletreatment for anorexia nervosa.

Psychological aspects of inpatient care

1.2.2.8 For inpatients with anorexia nervosa, a structured symptom-focused treatment regimen with the expectation of weightgain should be provided in order to achieve weightrestoration. It is important to carefully monitor the patient’s physical status during refeeding.

1.2.2.9 Psychological treatment should be provided which has afocus both on eating behaviour and attitudes to weight and shape, and on wider psychosocial issues with theexpectation of weight gain.

1.2.2.10 Rigid inpatient behaviour modification programmes shouldnot be used in the management of anorexia nervosa.

Post-hospitalisation psychological treatment

1.2.2.11 Following inpatient weight restoration, people withanorexia nervosa should be offered outpatient psychologicaltreatment that focuses both on eating behaviour andattitudes to weight and shape, and on wider psychosocialissues, with regular monitoring of both physical andpsychological risk.

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1.2.2.12 The length of outpatient psychological treatment andphysical monitoring following inpatient weight restorationshould typically be at least 12 months.

Additional considerations for children and adolescents with anorexia nervosa

1.2.2.13 Family interventions that directly address the eatingdisorder should be offered to children and adolescents with anorexia nervosa.

1.2.2.14 Children and adolescents with anorexia nervosa should be offered individual appointments with a healthcareprofessional separate from those with their family members or carers.

1.2.2.15 The therapeutic involvement of siblings and other familymembers should be considered in all cases because of theeffects of anorexia nervosa on other family members.

1.2.2.16 In children and adolescents with anorexia nervosa, the needfor inpatient treatment and the need for urgent weightrestoration should be balanced alongside the educationaland social needs of the young person.

1.2.3 Pharmacological interventions for anorexia nervosa

There is a very limited evidence base for the pharmacologicaltreatment of anorexia nervosa. A range of drugs may be used in the treatment of comorbid conditions but caution should beexercised in their use given the physical vulnerability of many people with anorexia nervosa.

1.2.3.1 Medication should not be used as the sole or primarytreatment for anorexia nervosa.

1.2.3.2 Caution should be exercised in the use of medication for comorbid conditions such as depressive or obsessive–compulsive features as they may resolve with weight gain alone.

1.2.3.3 When medication is used to treat people with anorexianervosa, the side effects of drug treatment (in particular,cardiac side effects) should be carefully considered anddiscussed with the patient because of the compromisedcardiovascular function of many people with anorexianervosa.

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1.2.3.4 Healthcare professionals should be aware of the risk of drugs that prolong the QTc interval on the ECG; forexample, antipsychotics, tricyclic antidepressants, macrolideantibiotics, and some antihistamines. In patients withanorexia nervosa at risk of cardiac complications, theprescription of drugs with side effects that may compromisecardiac functioning should be avoided.

1.2.3.5 If the prescription of medication that may compromisecardiac functioning is essential, ECG monitoring should be undertaken.

1.2.3.6 All patients with a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa shouldhave an alert placed in their prescribing record concerningthe risk of side effects.

1.2.4 Physical management of anorexia nervosa

Anorexia nervosa carries considerable risk of serious physicalmorbidity. Awareness of the risk, careful monitoring and, whereappropriate, close liaison with an experienced physician areimportant in the management of the physical complications of anorexia nervosa.

Managing weight gain

1.2.4.1 In most patients with anorexia nervosa, an average weeklyweight gain of 0.5–1 kg in inpatient settings and 0.5 kg inoutpatient settings should be an aim of treatment. Thisrequires about 3500 to 7000 extra calories a week.

1.2.4.2 Regular physical monitoring, and in some cases treatmentwith a multi-vitamin/multi-mineral supplement in oral form,is recommended for people with anorexia nervosa duringboth inpatient and outpatient weight restoration.

1.2.4.3 Total parenteral nutrition should not be used for peoplewith anorexia nervosa, unless there is significantgastrointestinal dysfunction.

Managing risk

1.2.4.4 Healthcare professionals should monitor physical risk in patients with anorexia nervosa. If this leads to theidentification of increased physical risk, the frequency of the monitoring and nature of the investigations should be adjusted accordingly.

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1.2.4.5 People with anorexia nervosa and their carers should beinformed if the risk to their physical health is high.

1.2.4.6 The involvement of a physician or paediatrician withexpertise in the treatment of medically at-risk patients withanorexia nervosa should be considered for all individualswho are medically at-risk.

1.2.4.7 Pregnant women with either current or remitted anorexianervosa should be considered for more intensive prenatalcare to ensure adequate prenatal nutrition and fetaldevelopment.

1.2.4.8 Oestrogen administration should not be used to treat bonedensity problems in children and adolescents as this maylead to premature fusion of the epiphyses.

1.2.4.9 Whenever possible patients should be engaged and treatedbefore reaching severe emaciation. This requires both earlyidentification and intervention. Effective monitoring andengagement of patients at severely low weight, or withfalling weight, should be a priority.

Feeding against the will of the patient

1.2.4.10 Feeding against the will of the patient should be anintervention of last resort in the care and management of anorexia nervosa.

1.2.4.11 Feeding against the will of the patient is a highly specialised procedure requiring expertise in the care andmanagement of those with severe eating disorders and thephysical complications associated with it. This should only be done in the context of the Mental Health Act 1983 orChildren Act 1989.

1.2.4.12 When making the decision to feed against the will of thepatient, the legal basis for any such action must be clear.

1.2.5 Service interventions for anorexia nervosa

This section considers those aspects of the service system relevant tothe treatment and management of anorexia nervosa.

1.2.5.1 Most people with anorexia nervosa should be treated on anoutpatient basis.

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1.2.5.2 Inpatient treatment or day patient treatment should beconsidered for people with anorexia nervosa whose disorderhas not improved with appropriate outpatient treatment, or for whom there is a significant risk of suicide or severeself-harm.

1.2.5.3 Inpatient treatment should be considered for people withanorexia nervosa whose disorder is associated with high ormoderate physical risk.

1.2.5.4 Where inpatient management is required for people withanorexia nervosa, this should be provided within reasonabletravelling distance to enable the involvement of relativesand carers in treatment, to maintain social and occupationallinks and to avoid difficulty in transition between primaryand secondary care services. This is particularly important in the treatment of children and adolescents.

1.2.5.5 People with anorexia nervosa requiring inpatient treatmentshould be admitted to a setting that can provide the skilledimplementation of refeeding with careful physicalmonitoring (particularly in the first few days of refeeding),in combination with psychosocial interventions.

1.2.5.6 Healthcare professionals without specialist experience ofeating disorders, or in situations of uncertainty, shouldconsider seeking advice from an appropriate specialist whencontemplating a compulsory admission for a patient withanorexia nervosa, regardless of the age of the patient.

1.2.5.7 Healthcare professionals managing patients with anorexianervosa, especially those with the binge–purging sub-type,should be aware of the increased risk of self-harm andsuicide, particularly at times of transition between servicesor service settings.


1.2.6.1 Healthcare professionals should ensure that children andadolescents with anorexia nervosa who have reached ahealthy weight have the increased energy and necessarynutrients available in their diet to support further growthand development.

1.2.6.2 In the nutritional management of children and adolescentswith anorexia nervosa, carers should be included in anydietary education or meal planning.

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1.2.6.3 Admission of children and adolescents with anorexianervosa should be to age-appropriate facilities (with thepotential for separate children and adolescent services),which have the capacity to provide appropriate educationaland related activities.

1.2.6.4 When a young person with anorexia nervosa refusestreatment that is deemed essential, consideration should be given to the use of the Mental Health Act 1983 or theright of those with parental responsibility to override theyoung person’s refusal.

1.2.6.5 Relying indefinitely on parental consent to treatment shouldbe avoided. It is recommended that the legal basis underwhich treatment is being carried out should be recorded inthe patient’s case notes, and this is particularly important inthe case of children and adolescents.

1.2.6.6 For children and adolescents with anorexia nervosa, whereissues of consent to treatment are highlighted, healthcareprofessionals should consider seeking a second opinion froman eating disorders specialist.

1.2.6.7 If the patient with anorexia nervosa and those with parentalresponsibility refuse treatment, and treatment is deemed tobe essential, legal advice should be sought in order toconsider proceedings under the Children Act 1989.

1.3 Bulimia nervosa

1.3.1 Psychological interventions for bulimia nervosa

1.3.1.1 As a possible first step, patients with bulimia nervosa should be encouraged to follow an evidence-based self-help programme.

1.3.1.2 Healthcare professionals should consider providing directencouragement and support to patients undertaking anevidence-based self-help programme as this may improveoutcomes. This may be sufficient treatment for a limitedsubset of patients.

1.3.1.3 Cognitive behaviour therapy for bulimia nervosa (CBT-BN), a specifically adapted form of CBT, should be offered toadults with bulimia nervosa. The course of treatment should be for 16 to 20 sessions over 4 to 5 months.

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1.3.1.4 When people with bulimia nervosa have not responded toor do not want CBT, other psychological treatments shouldbe considered.

1.3.1.5 Interpersonal psychotherapy should be considered as analternative to CBT, but patients should be informed it takes8–12 months to achieve results comparable with cognitivebehaviour therapy.

1.3.2 Pharmacological interventions for bulimia nervosa

1.3.2.1 As an alternative or additional first step to using anevidence-based self-help programme, adults with bulimianervosa may be offered a trial of an antidepressant drug.

1.3.2.2 Patients should be informed that antidepressant drugs canreduce the frequency of binge eating and purging, but thelong-term effects are unknown. Any beneficial effects willbe rapidly apparent.

1.3.2.3 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) (specificallyfluoxetine) are the drugs of first choice for the treatment of bulimia nervosa in terms of acceptability, tolerability and reduction of symptoms.

1.3.2.4 For people with bulimia nervosa, the effective dose offluoxetine is higher than for depression (60 mg daily).

1.3.2.5 No drugs, other than antidepressants, are recommended for the treatment of bulimia nervosa.

1.3.3 Management of physical aspects of bulimia nervosa

Patients with bulimia nervosa can experience physical problems as a result of a range of behaviours associated with the condition.Awareness of the risks and careful monitoring should be a concern of all healthcare professionals working with people with this disorder.

1.3.3.1 Patients with bulimia nervosa who are vomiting frequentlyor taking large quantities of laxatives (especially if they arealso underweight) should have their fluid and electrolytebalance assessed.

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1.3.3.2 When electrolyte disturbance is detected, it is usuallysufficient to focus on eliminating the behaviour responsible.In the small proportion of cases where supplementation isrequired to restore electrolyte balance, oral rather thanintravenous administration is recommended, unless thereare problems with gastrointestinal absorption.

1.3.4 Service interventions for bulimia nervosa

The great majority of patients with bulimia nervosa can be treatedas outpatients. There is a very limited role for the inpatienttreatment of bulimia nervosa. This is primarily concerned with the management of suicide risk or severe self-harm.

1.3.4.1 The great majority of patients with bulimia nervosa shouldbe treated in an outpatient setting.

1.3.4.2 For patients with bulimia nervosa who are at risk of suicideor severe self-harm, admission as an inpatient or daypatient, or the provision of more intensive outpatient care, should be considered.

1.3.4.3 Psychiatric admission for people with bulimia nervosa shouldnormally be undertaken in a setting with experience ofmanaging this disorder.

1.3.4.4 Healthcare professionals should be aware that patients with bulimia nervosa who have poor impulse control,notably substance misuse, may be less likely to respond to a standard programme of treatment. As a consequencetreatment should be adapted to the problems presented.


1.3.5.1 Adolescents with bulimia nervosa may be treated with CBT-BN adapted as needed to suit their age, circumstancesand level of development, and including the family as appropriate.

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1.4 Atypical eating disorders including binge eatingdisorder

1.4.1 General treatment of atypical eating disorders

1.4.1.1 In the absence of evidence to guide the management ofatypical eating disorders (also known as eating disorders not otherwise specified) other than binge eating disorder, it is recommended that the clinician considers following theguidance on the treatment of the eating problem that mostclosely resembles the individual patient’s eating disorder.

1.4.2 Psychological treatments for binge eating disorder

1.4.2.1 As a possible first step, patients with binge eating disordershould be encouraged to follow an evidence-based self-helpprogramme.

1.4.2.2 Healthcare professionals should consider providing directencouragement and support to patients undertaking anevidence-based self-help programme as this may improveoutcomes. This may be sufficient treatment for a limitedsubset of patients.

1.4.2.3 Cognitive behaviour therapy for binge eating disorder (CBT-BED), a specifically adapted form of CBT, should beoffered to adults with binge eating disorder.

1.4.2.4 Other psychological treatments (interpersonalpsychotherapy for binge eating disorder and modifieddialectical behaviour therapy) may be offered to adults with persistent binge eating disorder.

1.4.2.5 Patients should be informed that all psychologicaltreatments for binge eating disorder have a limited effect on body weight.

1.4.2.6 When providing psychological treatments for patients with binge eating disorder, consideration should be given to the provision of concurrent or consecutive interventionsfocusing on the management of any comorbid obesity.

1.4.2.7 Suitably adapted psychological treatments should beoffered to adolescents with persistent binge eating disorder.

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1.4.3 Pharmacological interventions for binge eating disorder

1.4.3.1 As an alternative or additional first step to using anevidence-based self-help programme, consideration shouldbe given to offering a trial of an SSRI antidepressant drug to patients with binge eating disorder.

1.4.3.2 Patients with binge eating disorders should be informedthat SSRIs can reduce binge eating, but the long-termeffects are unknown. Antidepressant drug treatment may be sufficient treatment for a limited subset of patients.

2 Notes on the scope of the guidance

All NICE guidelines are developed in accordance with a scopedocument that defines what the guideline will and will not cover.The scope of this guideline was established at the start of thedevelopment of this guideline, following a period of consultation; it is available from www.nice.org.uk/Docref.asp?d=22703

This guideline is relevant to people aged 8 years and over withanorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa or related conditions, to theircarers, and to all healthcare professionals involved in the help,treatment and care of people with eating disorders. These include:

• professional groups who share in the treatment and care for people with a diagnosis of an eating disorder, includingpsychiatrists, clinical psychologists, mental health nurses,community psychiatric nurses, social workers, practice nurses,secondary care medical staff, dietitians, dental, nursing andparamedical staff, occupational therapists, pharmacists,paediatricians, other physicians, general medical and dentalpractitioners, physiotherapists and family/other therapists

• professionals in other health and non-health sectors who may have direct contact with or are involved in the provision of health and other public services for those diagnosed with eatingdisorders, which may include prison doctors, the police, andprofessionals who work in the criminal justice and educationsectors

• those with responsibility for planning services for people with a diagnosis of an eating disorder and their carers, includingdirectors of public health, NHS trust managers and managers in primary care trusts.

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The guidance does not specifically address:

• the diagnosis or treatment of people with eating disorders in thecontext of a separate physical or other primary mental disorder ofwhich a disorder of eating is a symptom

• the practice of other professionals such as A&E staff and thosewho work in education sectors

• the management of the wider range of eating disturbancestypically occurring in children (for example, food avoidanceemotional disorder).

Although this guideline addresses the issue of identifying eatingdisorders, it has not made evidence-based recommendations in thisregard nor has it referred to evidence regarding primary preventionor assessment.

3 Implementation in the NHS

3.1 In general

Local health communities should review their existing practice in the treatment and management of anorexia nervosa, bulimianervosa and related eating disorders (core interventions) against this guideline. The review should consider the resources required to implement the recommendations set out in Section 1, the people and processes involved and the timeline over which fullimplementation is envisaged. It is in the interests of patients that the implementation timeline is as rapid as possible.

Relevant local clinical guidelines, care pathways and protocols shouldbe reviewed in the light of this guidance and revised accordingly.This guideline should be used in conjunction with the NationalService Framework for Mental Health, which is available fromwww.doh.gov.uk/nsf/mentalhealth.htm

3.2 Audit

Suggested audit criteria are listed in Appendix C. These can be usedas the basis for local clinical audit, at the discretion of those inpractice.


4 Research recommendations

The following research recommendations have been identified toaddress gaps in the evidence base.

• Adequately powered efficacy studies of specific treatments andservices for people with anorexia nervosa are needed.

• Efficacy studies of the treatment of atypical eating disorders(eating disorders not otherwise specified) are needed.

• Efficacy studies of the treatment of adolescents with bulimianervosa, and non-responders to cognitive behaviour therapy are needed.

• Effectiveness studies of the treatment of bulimia nervosa in adultsare needed.

• Patient and carer satisfaction is an important outcome and mayinfluence treatment approaches. It should be considered a routineoutcome in research.

• Further research is needed to assess the validity of screeninginstruments in primary care.

5 Full guideline

The National Institute for Clinical Excellence commissioned thedevelopment of this guidance from the National CollaboratingCentre for Mental Health. The Centre established a GuidelineDevelopment Group, which reviewed the evidence and developedthe recommendations. The full guideline Eating Disorders: CoreInterventions in the Treatment and Management of AnorexiaNervosa, Bulimia Nervosa and Related Eating Disorders will bepublished by the National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health; it will be available from its website (www.bps.org.uk/eatingdisorders), the NICE website (www.nice.org.uk/CG009fullguideline)and on the website of the National Electronic Library for Health(www.nelh.nhs.uk).

The members of the Guideline Development Group are listed inAppendix A. Information about the independent Guideline ReviewPanel is given in Appendix B.


The booklet The Guideline Development Process – Information for the Public and the NHS has more information about theInstitute’s guideline development process. It is available from the Institute’s website and copies can also be ordered bytelephoning 0870 1555 455 (quote reference N0038).

6 Review date

The process of reviewing the evidence is expected to begin 4 yearsafter the date of issue of this guideline. Reviewing may begin earlierthan 4 years if significant evidence that affects the guidelinerecommendations is identified sooner. The updated guideline will be available within 2 years of the start of the review process.

A version of this guideline for people with eating disorders, their families and carers, and for the public, is available from the NICE website (www.nice.org.uk) or from the NHS ResponseLine (telephone 0870 1555 455; quote reference number N0407for an English version and N0408 for an English and Welshversion). This is a good starting point for explaining to patientsthe kind of care they can expect.

A quick reference guide for health professionals is also availablefrom the NICE website (www.nice.org.uk) or from the NHSResponse Line (telephone 0870 1555 455; quote referencenumber N0406).

Appendix A: Grading scheme

All evidence was classified according to an accepted hierarchy ofevidence (see table below). Recommendations were then graded Ato C based on the level of associated evidence. This grading schemeis based on a scheme formulated by the Clinical Outcomes Group of the NHS Executive (1996).

Table 1: Hierarchy of evidence and recommendations grading scheme


Level Type of evidence Grade Evidence

I Evidence obtained from a A At least one randomisedsingle randomised controlled trial as part of a bodycontrolled trial or a meta- of literature of overall goodanalysis of randomised quality and consistencycontrolled trials addressing the specific

recommendation (evidence level I) without extrapolation

IIa Evidence obtained from B Well-conducted clinical studiesat least one well-designed but no randomised clinical trialscontrolled study without on the topic of recommendationrandomisation (evidence levels II or III); or

extrapolated from level IIIb Evidence obtained evidence

from at least one other well-designed quasi-experimental study

III Evidence obtained from well-designed non-experimental descriptive studies, such as comparative studies, correlation studies and case-control studies

IV Evidence obtained from C Expert committee reports expert committee reports or opinions and/or clinicalor opinions and/or clinical experiences of respectedexperiences of respected authorities (evidence level IV) orauthorities extrapolated from level I or II

evidence. This grading indicates that directly applicable clinical studies of good quality are absent or not readily available

Adapted from Eccles, M and Mason, J (2001). How to develop cost-conscious guidelines.Health Technology Assessment 5: 16.NHS Executive (1996) Clinical guidelines: using clinical guidelines to improve patient carewithin the NHS. London: DH.


Appendix B: The Guideline Development Group

Professor Simon Gowers (Chair)Professor of Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Liverpool; Cheshireand Merseyside Eating Disorders Service for Adolescents; Cheshireand Wirral Partnership NHS Trust

Mr Stephen Pilling Co-Director, National Collaborating Centre for Mental HealthUniversity College London and Camden and Islington Mental Health and Social Care TrustGuideline Facilitator

Professor Janet TreasureProfessor of Psychiatry Eating Disorders UnitGuy’s, King’s and St Thomas’ School of Medicine King’s College LondonSouth London and Maudsley NHS Trust Lead, Topic Group on Physical Management

Professor Christopher FairburnWellcome Principal Research Fellow and Professor of PsychiatryDepartment of Psychiatry, Oxford UniversityLead, Topic Group on Psychological Interventions

Dr Bob PalmerSenior Lecturer in PsychiatryUniversity of LeicesterLead, Topic Group on Service-level Interventions

Dr Lorraine BellConsultant Clinical PsychologistEating Disorders Team, Portsmouth Health Care NHS Trust

Ms Nicky BryantChief Executive Eating Disorders Association (March 2002–March 2003)

Dr Rachel Bryant-WaughConsultant Clinical Psychologist, West Hampshire NHS TrustHonorary Senior Lecturer, University of Southampton

Mr Peter HonigFamily TherapistPhoenix Centre Eating Disorder ServiceCambridgeshire and Peterborough Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust


Dr Pippa HugoChild and Adolescent PsychiatristSt George’s Eating Disorder ServiceSouth West London and St George’s Mental Health NHS Trust

Dr Robert MayerGeneral PractitionerHighgate Group Practice, London

Mr Ciaran NewellConsultant NurseEating Disorder Service, Dorset Healthcare NHS Trust

Ms Jane Nodder Patient Representative, London

Dr Deborah WallerGeneral Practitioner19 Beaumont Street, Oxford

Ms Susan RingwoodChief Executive, Eating Disorders Association (December 2002 –January 2004)

Dr Ulrike SchmidtSenior Lecturer in Eating DisordersEating Disorders Unit, Institute of Psychiatry

National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health Staff

Dr Catherine Pettinari, Senior Project ManagerDr Craig Whittington, Senior Systematic ReviewerDr Judit Simon, Health EconomistMs Heather Wilder, Information ScientistMs Ellen Boddington, Research AssistantMr Lawrence Howells, Research Assistant

Appendix C: The Guideline Review Panel

The Guideline Review Panel is an independent panel that overseesthe development of the guideline and takes responsibility formonitoring its quality. The Panel includes experts on guidelinemethodology, healthcare professionals and people with experienceof the issues affecting patients and carers. The members of theGuideline Review Panel were as follows.

Dr Chaand NagpaulGP, Stanmore

Dr Marcia KelsonDirector, Patient Involvement Unit for NICECollege of Health, London

Mr John SeddonPatient Representative

Professor Kenneth WilsonProfessor of Psychiatry of Old Age and Honorary Consultant PsychiatristCheshire and Wirral Partnership NHS Trust

Professor Shirley ReynoldsProfessor of Clinical PsychologySchool of Medicine, Health Policy and PracticeUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich

Dr Roger PaxtonR&D Director, Newcastle, North Tyneside and NorthumberlandMental Health NHS Trust



Appendix D: Technical detail on the criteria for audit

Possible objectives for an audit

One or more audits could be carried out in different care settings toensure that:

• individuals with an eating disorder are involved in their care

• treatment options, including psychological interventions, areappropriately offered and provided for individuals with an eatingdisorder.

People that could be included in an audit

A single audit could include all individuals with an eating disorder.Alternatively, individual audits could be undertaken on specificgroups such as:

• people with a specific eating disorder, for example, bulimianervosa

• a sample of patients from particular populations in primary care.

Measures that could be used as a basis for an audit

Please see tables overleaf.


1. P

sych

olo

gic

al t

reat

men

t in

an

ore

xia

ner

vosa

Cri

teri

on

Stan

dar

dEx

cep

tio

nD

efin

itio

n o

f te

rms

Mo

st p

eop

le w

ith

an

ore

xia

Psyc

ho

log

ical

tre

atm

ent

sho

uld

Ind

ivid

ual

s w

ho

dec

line

such

an

The

no

tes

sho

uld

ind

icat

e th

atn

ervo

sa s

ho

uld

be

man

aged

b

e o

ffer

ed t

o a

ll in

div

idu

als

wit

ho

ffer

of

trea

tmen

t an

d t

ho

seth

e h

ealt

hca

re p

rofe

ssio

nal

on

an

ou

tpat

ien

t b

asis

wit

h

ano

rexi

a n

ervo

sa a

sses

sed

as

wit

h s

ever

e co

mo

rbid

ity

of

are

spo

nsi

ble

has

dis

cuss

ed t

he

psy

cho

log

ical

tre

atm

ent

nee

din

g o

utp

atie

nt

trea

tmen

tty

pe

that

will

inte

rfer

e w

ith

th

ep

roce

ss a

nd

po

ten

tial

ben

efit

s p

rovi

ded

by

a se

rvic

e co

mp

eten

t in

sec

on

dar

y ca

re s

ervi

ces.

pat

ien

t b

enef

itin

g f

rom

of

the

inte

rven

tio

n.

in t

he

psy

cho

log

ical

tre

atm

ent

psy

cho

log

ical

tre

atm

ent

(fo

ro

f ea

tin

g d

iso

rder

s.ex

amp

le, s

ever

e d

epre

ssio

n,

The

no

tes

sho

uld

rec

ord

if t

he

mar

ked

su

bst

ance

ab

use

).p

atie

nt

com

ple

tes

a fu

ll co

urs

eo

f tr

eatm

ent.

The

cou

rse

of

trea

tmen

t sh

ou

ld

The

cou

rse

of

trea

tmen

t sh

ou

ldTh

e co

urs

e o

f th

e tr

eatm

ent

no

rmal

ly la

st f

or

at le

ast

no

rmal

ly b

e fo

r at

leas

tsh

ou

ld a

lso

be

des

crib

ed in

th

e6

mo

nth

s.6

mo

nth

s.n

ote

s an

d it

sh

ou

ld h

ave

follo

wed

th

e sp

ecif

ic s

trat

egie

sse

t o

ut

for

the

cho

sen

inte

rven

tio

n.


2. In

pat

ien

t ca

re o

f an

ore

xia

ner

vosa

Cri

teri

on

Stan

dar

dEx

cep

tio

nD

efin

itio

n o

f te

rms

Pati

ents

wit

h a

no

rexi

a n

ervo

sa

All

pat

ien

ts r

equ

irin

g in

pat

ien

tIn

div

idu

als

wh

o a

re a

dm

itte

dA

n a

nn

ual

rev

iew

of

all

wh

o r

equ

ire

adm

issi

on

to

a

care

sh

ou

ld b

e ad

mit

ted

to

aas

psy

chia

tric

em

erg

enci

es t

oad

mis

sio

ns

for

ano

rexi

a in

eac

hp

sych

iatr

ic u

nit

sh

ou

ld b

e p

sych

iatr

ic u

nit

exp

erie

nce

d in

gen

eral

psy

chia

tric

war

ds.

PCT

sho

uld

be

con

du

cted

fo

r ad

mit

ted

to

a u

nit

exp

erie

nce

d

the

trea

tmen

t o

f ea

tin

g

all s

ervi

ces

that

hav

e p

rovi

ded

in t

he

trea

tmen

t o

f ea

tin

g

dis

ord

ers.

inp

atie

nt

serv

ices

fo

r an

ore

xia

dis

ord

ers.

ner

vosa

.


3. F

amily

inte

rven

tio

ns

in a

no

rexi

a n

ervo

sa

Cri

teri

on

Stan

dar

dEx

cep

tio

nD

efin

itio

n o

f te

rms

Fam

ily in

terv

enti

on

s th

at d

irec

tly

Fam

ily in

terv

enti

on

s th

at d

irec

tly

Fam

ilies

wh

o d

eclin

e su

ch a

nTh

e n

ote

s sh

ou

ld in

dic

ate

that

add

ress

th

e ea

tin

g d

iso

rder

ad

dre

ss t

he

eati

ng

dis

ord

ero

ffer

of

trea

tmen

t, a

nd

po

ssib

lyth

e h

ealt

hca

re p

rofe

ssio

nal

sho

uld

be

off

ered

to

ch

ildre

n

sho

uld

be

off

ered

to

all

fam

ilies

wh

ere

the

child

or

ado

lesc

ent

isre

spo

nsi

ble

has

dis

cuss

ed t

he

and

ad

ole

scen

ts w

ith

an

ore

xia

wit

h a

ch

ild o

r ad

ole

scen

t w

ith

eng

aged

in in

div

idu

alp

roce

ss a

nd

po

ten

tial

ben

efit

s o

fn

ervo

sa.

ano

rexi

a n

ervo

sa.

psy

cho

log

ical

tre

atm

ent.

the

inte

rven

tio

n. I

f th

e o

ffer

of

inte

rven

tio

n w

as n

ot

take

n u

p,

the

no

tes

sho

uld

rec

ord

wh

eth

er

the

par

ent,

ch

ild o

r b

oth

d

eclin

ed t

he

off

er a

nd

th

e n

um

ber

alr

ead

y in

ind

ivid

ual

p

sych

olo

gic

al t

reat

men

t.

The

no

tes

sho

uld

rec

ord

th

e fo

rm o

f fa

mily

inte

rven

tio

n

(sep

arat

e o

r co

njo

int)

an

d if

th

e fa

mily

co

mp

lete

d a

fu

ll co

urs

e o

f tr

eatm

ent.

The

cou

rse

of

the

trea

tmen

t sh

ou

ld a

lso

be

des

crib

ed in

th

e n

ote

s an

d it

sh

ou

ld h

ave

follo

wed

th

e sp

ecif

ic s

trat

egie

s an

d p

roce

du

res

emp

loye

d in

fa

mily

inte

rven

tio

ns

for

ano

rexi

a n

ervo

sa.


4. P

hys

ical

hea

lth

rev

iew

in a

no

rexi

a n

ervo

sa

Cri

teri

on

Stan

dar

dEx

cep

tio

nD

efin

itio

n o

f te

rms

All

pat

ien

ts w

ith

en

du

rin

g

Phys

ical

an

d m

enta

l hea

lth

No

ne.

The

no

tes

sho

uld

ind

icat

e th

atan

ore

xia

ner

vosa

no

t u

nd

er t

he

revi

ew o

ffer

ed b

y G

P to

100

%th

e o

ffer

of

a re

view

was

mad

eca

re o

f se

con

dar

y ca

re s

ervi

ces

of

pat

ien

ts w

ith

en

du

rin

gto

th

e p

atie

nt

and

wh

eth

er o

rsh

ou

ld b

e o

ffer

ed a

n a

nn

ual

an

ore

xia

ner

vosa

wh

o a

re n

ot

no

t th

e p

atie

nt

atte

nd

edh

ealt

h r

evie

w b

y th

eir

GP.

in

co

nta

ct w

ith

sec

on

dar

y fo

r re

view

.ca

re s

ervi

ces


5. C

og

nit

ive

beh

avio

ur

ther

apy

(CB

T) in

bu

limia

ner

vosa

in a

du

lts

Cri

teri

on

Stan

dar

dEx

cep

tio

nD

efin

itio

n o

f te

rms

In p

atie

nts

wit

h b

ulim

ia n

ervo

sa,

CB

T sh

ou

ld b

e o

ffer

ed t

o a

llIn

div

idu

als

wh

o d

eclin

e su

chTh

e n

ote

s sh

ou

ld in

dic

ate

that

CB

T sp

ecia

lly a

dap

ted

fo

r th

e in

div

idu

als

wit

h b

ulim

ia n

ervo

saan

off

er o

f tr

eatm

ent,

wh

oth

e h

ealt

hca

re p

rofe

ssio

nal

dis

ord

er s

ho

uld

be

off

ered

to

as

sess

ed a

s n

eed

ing

tre

atm

ent

cho

ose

an

alt

ern

ativ

ere

spo

nsi

ble

has

dis

cuss

ed t

he

adu

lt p

atie

nts

ass

esse

d a

s in

sec

on

dar

y ca

re s

ervi

ces.

psy

cho

log

ical

inte

rven

tio

n (

such

pro

cess

an

d p

ote

nti

al b

enef

its

nee

din

g t

reat

men

t in

sec

on

dar

y as

inte

rper

son

al p

sych

oth

erap

y)o

f th

e in

terv

enti

on

.ca

re s

ervi

ces.

an

d t

ho

se w

ith

sev

ere

com

orb

idit

y o

f a

typ

e th

at

The

no

tes

sho

uld

rec

ord

if t

he

will

inte

rfer

e w

ith

th

e p

atie

nt

pat

ien

t co

mp

lete

s a

full

cou

rse

ben

efit

ing

fro

m C

BT

(fo

ro

f tr

eatm

ent.

exam

ple

, sev

ere

dep

ress

ion

,m

arke

d s

ub

stan

ce a

bu

se).

The

cou

rse

of

trea

tmen

t sh

ou

ld

The

cou

rse

of

trea

tmen

t sh

ou

ldTh

e co

urs

e o

f th

e tr

eatm

ent

no

rmal

ly b

e 16

to

20

ind

ivid

ual

n

orm

ally

be

16 t

o 2

0 in

div

idu

alsh

ou

ld a

lso

be

des

crib

ed in

se

ssio

ns

ove

r 4

to 5

mo

nth

s.se

ssio

ns

ove

r 4

to 5

mo

nth

s.th

e n

ote

s an

d it

sh

ou

ld h

ave

follo

wed

th

e sp

ecif

ic s

trat

egie

s.

and

pro

ced

ure

s em

plo

yed

inC

BT-

BN

fo

r b

ulim

ia n

ervo

sa(F

airb

urn

CG

et

al. 1

993.

C

og

nit

ive-

beh

avio

ral t

her

apy

for

bin

ge

eati

ng

an

d b

ulim

ia

ner

vosa

: a c

om

pre

hen

sive

tr

eatm

ent

man

ual

. In

: Fa

irb

urn

C

G, W

ilso

n G

T, e

dit

ors

. Bin

ge

Eati

ng

: Nat

ure

, Ass

essm

ent

and

Tr

eatm

ent.

New

Yo

rk: G

uilf

ord

Pr

ess,

p 3

61–4

04).


6. C

og

nit

ive

beh

avio

ur

ther

apy

(CB

T) in

bu

limia

ner

vosa

in a

do

lesc

ents

Cri

teri

on

Stan

dar

dEx

cep

tio

nD

efin

itio

n o

f te

rms

Ad

ole

scen

ts w

ith

bu

limia

ner

vosa

C

BT

sho

uld

be

off

ered

to

th

eIn

div

idu

als

wit

h s

ever

eTh

e n

ote

s sh

ou

ld in

dic

ate

that

may

be

trea

ted

wit

h C

BT-

BN

m

ajo

rity

of

old

er a

do

lesc

ents

com

orb

idit

y o

r d

evel

op

men

tal

the

hea

lth

care

pro

fess

ion

alad

apte

d a

s n

eed

ed t

o s

uit

th

eir

wit

h b

ulim

ia n

ervo

sa a

sses

sed

pro

ble

ms

of

a ty

pe

that

will

resp

on

sib

le h

as d

iscu

ssed

th

eag

e, c

ircu

mst

ance

s an

d le

vel o

f as

nee

din

g t

reat

men

t in

inte

rfer

e w

ith

th

e p

atie

nt

pro

cess

an

d p

ote

nti

al b

enef

its

dev

elo

pm

ent,

an

d in

clu

din

g t

he

seco

nd

ary

care

ser

vice

s.b

enef

itin

g f

rom

CB

T.o

f th

e in

terv

enti

on

.fa

mily

as

app

rop

riat

e.Th

e n

ote

s sh

ou

ld r

eco

rd if

th

ep

atie

nt

com

ple

tes

a fu

ll co

urs

eo

f tr

eatm

ent.

The

cou

rse

of

trea

tmen

t sh

ou

ld

The

cou

rse

of

trea

tmen

t sh

ou

ldTh

e co

urs

e o

f th

e tr

eatm

ent

no

rmal

ly b

e 16

to

20

ind

ivid

ual

n

orm

ally

be

16 t

o 2

0 in

div

idu

alsh

ou

ld a

lso

be

des

crib

ed in

se

ssio

ns

ove

r 4

to 5

mo

nth

s.se

ssio

ns

ove

r 4

to 5

mo

nth

s.th

e n

ote

s an

d it

sh

ou

ld h

ave

follo

wed

th

e sp

ecif

ic s

trat

egie

san

d p

roce

du

res

emp

loye

d in

CB

T-B

N f

or

bu

limia

ner

vosa

.


7. A

typ

ical

eat

ing

dis

ord

ers

Cri

teri

on

Stan

dar

dEx

cep

tio

nD

efin

itio

n o

f te

rms

In t

he

abse

nce

of

evid

ence

to

Pa

tien

ts w

ith

aty

pic

al e

atin

gN

on

e.Th

e re

cord

sys

tem

sh

ou

ld r

eco

rdg

uid

e th

e m

anag

emen

t o

f d

iso

rder

s ar

e ex

pec

ted

to

the

dia

gn

osi

s o

f al

l pat

ien

tsat

ypic

al e

atin

g d

iso

rder

s (e

atin

g

com

pri

se a

t le

ast

40%

of

asse

ssed

an

d t

aken

on

fo

rd

iso

rder

s n

ot

oth

erw

ise

spec

ifie

d)

pat

ien

ts a

sses

sed

an

d t

aken

tr

eatm

ent

in a

ser

vice

.o

ther

th

an b

ing

e ea

tin

g d

iso

rder

, o

n f

or

trea

tmen

t fo

r ea

tin

git

is r

eco

mm

end

ed t

hat

th

e d

iso

rder

s.cl

inic

ian

co

nsi

der

s fo

llow

ing

th

e g

uid

ance

on

tre

atm

ent

of

the

eati

ng

pro

ble

m t

hat

mo

st

clo

sely

res

emb

les

the

ind

ivid

ual

’s

eati

ng

dis

ord

er.

8. P

atie

nt

sati

sfac

tio

n

Cri

teri

on

Stan

dar

dEx

cep

tio

nD

efin

itio

n o

f te

rms

All

pat

ien

ts t

reat

ed in

sec

on

dar

y A

ll p

atie

nts

sh

ou

ld b

e as

ked

to

Ind

ivid

ual

s w

ho

dec

line

toTh

e re

po

rt s

ho

uld

sp

ecif

y th

eca

re f

or

an e

atin

g d

iso

rder

co

mp

lete

a s

atis

fact

ion

com

ple

te t

he

qu

esti

on

nai

re.

per

cen

tag

e o

f q

ues

tio

nn

aire

ssh

ou

ld b

e as

ked

to

co

mp

lete

q

ues

tio

nn

aire

at

the

end

retu

rned

an

d t

he

char

acte

rist

ics

a sa

tisf

acti

on

qu

esti

on

nai

re a

t o

f tr

eatm

ent.

of

tho

se w

ho

did

an

d d

id n

ot

the

end

of

trea

tmen

t.co

mp

lete

th

e q

ues

tio

nn

aire

.Th

e ex

pec

ted

co

mp

leti

on

rat

e fo

r th

e q

ues

tio

nn

aire

is 5

0%.

National Institute forClinical Excellence

MidCity Place71 High Holborn

LondonWC1V 6NA

www.nice.org.uk

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Eating disorders - Royal College of Psychiatrists

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