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Labour marketWages and labour costs

Figure 1: Estimated hourly labour costs, 2016(EUR)

EU-28 25.40 19.30 6.10Euro area (EA-19) 29.80 22.10 7.70

Denmark 42.00 36.20 5.80Belgium (¹) 39.20 28.40 10.80Sweden (¹) 38.00 25.70 12.30Luxembourg 36.60 31.70 4.90France 35.60 23.80 11.80Netherlands 34.30 26.20 8.20Finland (¹) 33.20 25.90 7.40Germany 33.00 25.60 7.40Austria (¹) 32.70 24.10 8.60Ireland (¹) 30.40 26.20 4.20Italy 27.80 20.20 7.60United Kingdom 26.70 22.30 4.40Spain (¹) 21.30 15.90 5.40Slovenia (¹) 16.20 13.50 2.60Cyprus (¹) 15.80 13.10 2.70Greece 14.20 10.80 3.40Portugal (¹) 13.70 10.90 2.80Malta (¹) 13.20 12.40 0.90Estonia 10.90 8.00 2.90Slovakia (¹) 10.40 7.70 2.70Czech Republic 10.20 7.40 2.70Croatia (²) 10.00 8.50 1.50Poland 8.60 7.00 1.60Hungary 8.30 6.30 2.00Latvia 7.50 6.00 1.50Lithuania 7.30 5.30 2.00Romania (¹) 5.50 4.40 1.10Bulgaria (¹) 4.40 3.70 0.70

Norway (¹) 50.20 41.10 9.10

START Note: enterprises with 10 or more employees. NACE Rev. 2 Sections B to S excluding O. Provisional data.(¹) Provisional.(²) Estimates.

STOPBookmark:http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?query=BOOKMARK_DS-307272_QID_2478CA9D_UID_-3F171EB0&layout=TIME,C,X,0;LCSTRUCT,L,X,1;GEO,L,Y,0;CURRENCY,L,Z,0;NACE_R2,L,Z,1;INDICATORS,C,Z,2;&zSelection=DS-307272CURRENCY,EUR;DS-307272INDICATORS,OBS_FLAG;DS-307272NACE_R2,B-S_X_O;&rankName1=CURRENCY_1_2_-1_2&rankName2=INDICATORS_1_2_-1_2&rankName3=NACE-R2_1_2_-1_2&rankName4=TIME_1_0_0_0&rankName5=LCSTRUCT_1_2_1_0&rankName6=GEO_1_2_0_1&sortC=ASC_-1_FIRST&rStp=&cStp=&rDCh=&cDCh=&rDM=true&cDM=true&footnes=false&empty=false&wai=false&time_mode=ROLLING&time_most_recent=true&lang=EN&cfo=%23%23%23%2C%23%23%23.%23%23%23

DE n insgesamtnd Gehälter Andere ArbeitskostenFR ain-d'oeuvre Salaires et Autre coût du travail

Total labour cost

Wages and

salaries

Other labour costs

Source: Eurostat (online data code: lc_lci_lev)

EU

-28

Eur

o ar

ea (E

A-1

9)

Den

mar

k

Bel

gium

(¹)

Sw

eden

(¹)

Luxe

mbo

urg

Fran

ce

Net

herla

nds

Finl

and

(¹)

Ger

man

y

Aus

tria

(¹)

Irela

nd (¹

)

Italy

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

Spa

in (¹

)

Slo

veni

a (¹

)

Cyp

rus

(¹)

Gre

ece

Por

tuga

l (¹)

Mal

ta (¹

)

Est

onia

Slo

vaki

a (¹

)

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

Cro

atia

(²)

Pol

and

Hun

gary

Latv

ia

Lith

uani

a

Rom

ania

(¹)

Bul

garia

(¹)

Nor

way

(¹)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Other labour costs

Wages and salaries

EU

-28

Eur

o ar

ea (E

A-1

9)

Den

mar

k

Bel

gium

(¹)

Sw

eden

(¹)

Luxe

mbo

urg

Fran

ce

Net

herla

nds

Finl

and

(¹)

Ger

man

y

Aus

tria

(¹)

Irela

nd (¹

)

Italy

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

Spa

in (¹

)

Slo

veni

a (¹

)

Cyp

rus

(¹)

Gre

ece

Por

tuga

l (¹)

Mal

ta (¹

)

Est

onia

Slo

vaki

a (¹

)

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

Cro

atia

(²)

Pol

and

Hun

gary

Latv

ia

Lith

uani

a

Rom

ania

(¹)

Bul

garia

(¹)

Nor

way

(¹)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Other labour costs

Wages and salaries

http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?query=BOOKMARK_DS-307272_QID_2478CA9D_UID_-3F171EB0&layout=TIME,C,X,0;LCSTRUCT,L,X,1;GEO,L,Y,0;CURRENCY,L,Z,0;NACE_R2,L,Z,1;INDICATORS,C,Z,2;&zSelection=DS-307272CURRENCY,EUR;DS-307272INDICATORS,OBS_FLAG;DS-307272NACE_R2,B-S_X_O;&rankName1=CURRENCY_1_2_-1_2&rankName2=INDICATORS_1_2_-1_2&rankName3=NACE-R2_1_2_-1_2&rankName4=TIME_1_0_0_0&rankName5=LCSTRUCT_1_2_1_0&rankName6=GEO_1_2_0_1&sortC=ASC_-1_FIRST&rStp=&cStp=&rDCh=&cDCh=&rDM=true&cDM=true&footnes=false&empty=false&wai=false&time_mode=ROLLING&time_most_recent=true&lang=EN&cfo=%23%23%23%2C%23%23%23.%23%23%23

EU

-28

Eur

o ar

ea (E

A-1

9)

Den

mar

k

Bel

gium

(¹)

Sw

eden

(¹)

Luxe

mbo

urg

Fran

ce

Net

herla

nds

Finl

and

(¹)

Ger

man

y

Aus

tria

(¹)

Irela

nd (¹

)

Italy

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

Spa

in (¹

)

Slo

veni

a (¹

)

Cyp

rus

(¹)

Gre

ece

Por

tuga

l (¹)

Mal

ta (¹

)

Est

onia

Slo

vaki

a (¹

)

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

Cro

atia

(²)

Pol

and

Hun

gary

Latv

ia

Lith

uani

a

Rom

ania

(¹)

Bul

garia

(¹)

Nor

way

(¹)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Other labour costs

Wages and salaries

EU

-28

Eur

o ar

ea (E

A-1

9)

Den

mar

k

Bel

gium

(¹)

Sw

eden

(¹)

Luxe

mbo

urg

Fran

ce

Net

herla

nds

Finl

and

(¹)

Ger

man

y

Aus

tria

(¹)

Irela

nd (¹

)

Italy

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

Spa

in (¹

)

Slo

veni

a (¹

)

Cyp

rus

(¹)

Gre

ece

Por

tuga

l (¹)

Mal

ta (¹

)

Est

onia

Slo

vaki

a (¹

)

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

Cro

atia

(²)

Pol

and

Hun

gary

Latv

ia

Lith

uani

a

Rom

ania

(¹)

Bul

garia

(¹)

Nor

way

(¹)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Other labour costs

Wages and salaries






Figure 2: Median gross hourly earnings, all employees (excluding apprentices), 2014

EUR PPSEU-28 13.20 13.2Euro area (EA-19) 14.08 13.9

Denmark 25.52 18.3Ireland 20.16 16.5Sweden 18.46 14.7Luxembourg 18.38 15.3Belgium 17.32 15.9Finland 17.24 14.1Netherlands 16.00 14.6Germany 15.67 15.4France 14.94 13.9United Kingdom 14.81 12.2Austria 14.02 13.3Italy 12.49 12.1Spain 9.83 10.7Greece (¹) 9.06 9.8Malta 8.48 10.5Cyprus 8.35 9.3Slovenia 7.32 9.0Portugal 5.12 6.3Estonia 4.91 6.5Croatia (¹) 4.86 6.9Czech Republic 4.56 7.2Slovakia 4.40 6.5Poland 4.29 7.7Hungary 3.59 6.2Latvia 3.35 4.8Lithuania 3.11 5.0Romania 2.03 3.8Bulgaria 1.67 3.5

Switzerland 29.46 19.8Norway 27.99 19.1Iceland 14.27 12.1Montenegro 3.42 6.2Serbia 2.63 5.2Turkey 2.41 4.0FYR of Macedonia 2.20 4.7

START Note: enterprises with 10 or more employees. Whole economy excluding agriculture, fishing, public administration, private households and extra-territorial organisations.(¹) 2010.Source: Eurostat (online data code: earn_ses_pub2s)

Bookmark:http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?query=BOOKMARK_DS-286393_QID_-727D15FA_UID_-3F171EB0&layout=TIME,C,X,0;CURRENCY,L,X,1;GEO,L,Y,0;SIZECLAS,L,Z,0;SEX,L,Z,1;INDICATORS,C,Z,2;&zSelection=DS-286393SEX,T;DS-286393INDICATORS,OBS_FLAG;DS-286393SIZECLAS,GE10;&rankName1=INDICATORS_1_2_-1_2&rankName2=SEX_1_2_-1_2&rankName3=SIZECLAS_1_2_-1_2&rankName4=TIME_1_0_0_0&rankName5=CURRENCY_1_2_1_0&rankName6=GEO_1_2_0_1&sortC=ASC_-1_FIRST&rStp=&cStp=&rDCh=&cDCh=&rDM=true&cDM=true&footnes=false&empty=false&wai=false&time_mode=ROLLING&time_most_recent=true&lang=EN&cfo=%23%23%23%2C%23%23%23.%23%23%23

EU

-28

Eur

o ar

ea (E

A-1

9)

Den

mar

k

Irela

nd

Sw

eden

Luxe

mbo

urg

Bel

gium

Finl

and

Net

herla

nds

Ger

man

y

Fran

ce

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

Aus

tria

Italy

Spa

in

Gre

ece

(¹)

Mal

ta

Cyp

rus

Slo

veni

a

Por

tuga

l

Est

onia

Cro

atia

(¹)

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

Slo

vaki

a

Pol

and

Hun

gary

Latv

ia

Lith

uani

a

Rom

ania

Bul

garia

Sw

itzer

land

Nor

way

Icel

and

Mon

tene

gro

Ser

bia

Turk

ey

FYR

of M

aced

onia

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

EUR PPS

Figure 2: Median gross hourly earnings, all employees (excluding apprentices), 2014

Note: enterprises with 10 or more employees. Whole economy excluding agriculture, fishing, public administration, private households and extra-territorial organisations.

STOP

http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?query=BOOKMARK_DS-286393_QID_-727D15FA_UID_-3F171EB0&layout=TIME,C,X,0;CURRENCY,L,X,1;GEO,L,Y,0;SIZECLAS,L,Z,0;SEX,L,Z,1;INDICATORS,C,Z,2;&zSelection=DS-286393SEX,T;DS-286393INDICATORS,OBS_FLAG;DS-286393SIZECLAS,GE10;&rankName1=INDICATORS_1_2_-1_2&rankName2=SEX_1_2_-1_2&rankName3=SIZECLAS_1_2_-1_2&rankName4=TIME_1_0_0_0&rankName5=CURRENCY_1_2_1_0&rankName6=GEO_1_2_0_1&sortC=ASC_-1_FIRST&rStp=&cStp=&rDCh=&cDCh=&rDM=true&cDM=true&footnes=false&empty=false&wai=false&time_mode=ROLLING&time_most_recent=true&lang=EN&cfo=%23%23%23%2C%23%23%23.%23%23%23

EU

-28

Eur

o ar

ea (E

A-1

9)

Den

mar

k

Irela

nd

Sw

eden

Luxe

mbo

urg

Bel

gium

Finl

and

Net

herla

nds

Ger

man

y

Fran

ce

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

Aus

tria

Italy

Spa

in

Gre

ece

(¹)

Mal

ta

Cyp

rus

Slo

veni

a

Por

tuga

l

Est

onia

Cro

atia

(¹)

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

Slo

vaki

a

Pol

and

Hun

gary

Latv

ia

Lith

uani

a

Rom

ania

Bul

garia

Sw

itzer

land

Nor

way

Icel

and

Mon

tene

gro

Ser

bia

Turk

ey

FYR

of M

aced

onia

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

EUR PPS







Figure 3: Low-wage earners — employees (excluding apprentices) earning less than two thirds of the median gross hourly earnings, 2014(% of employees)

2014EU-28 17.2Euro area (EA-19) 15.9

Latvia 25.5Romania 24.4Lithuania 24.0Poland 23.6Estonia 22.8Germany 22.5Ireland 21.6Croatia (¹) 21.4United Kingdom 21.3Cyprus 19.3Slovakia 19.2Czech Republic 18.7Netherlands 18.5Slovenia 18.5Bulgaria 18.2Hungary 17.8Malta 15.1Austria 14.8Spain 14.6Greece (¹) 12.8Portugal 12.0Luxembourg 11.9Italy 9.4France 8.8Denmark 8.6Finland 5.3Belgium 3.8Sweden 2.6

Montenegro 27.3FYR of Macedonia 25.1Serbia 22.9Switzerland 9.4Norway 8.3Iceland 7.5Turkey 0.5

START Note: enterprises with 10 or more employees. Whole economy excluding agriculture, fishing, public administration, private households and extra-territorial organisations.(¹) 2010.Source: Eurostat (online data code: earn_ses_pub1s)

Bookmark:http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?query=BOOKMARK_DS-286381_QID_-6FF0EF91_UID_-3F171EB0&layout=TIME,C,X,0;GEO,L,Y,0;UNIT,L,Z,0;SEX,L,Z,1;SIZECLAS,L,Z,2;INDICATORS,C,Z,3;&zSelection=DS-286381SIZECLAS,GE10;DS-286381INDICATORS,OBS_FLAG;DS-286381UNIT,PC;DS-286381SEX,T;&rankName1=UNIT_1_2_-1_2&rankName2=INDICATORS_1_2_-1_2&rankName3=SEX_1_2_-1_2&rankName4=SIZECLAS_1_2_-1_2&rankName5=TIME_1_0_0_0&rankName6=GEO_1_2_0_1&sortC=ASC_-1_FIRST&rStp=&cStp=&rDCh=&cDCh=&rDM=true&cDM=true&footnes=false&empty=false&wai=false&time_mode=ROLLING&time_most_recent=true&lang=EN&cfo=%23%23%23%2C%23%23%23.%23%23%23

EU

-28

Eur

o ar

ea (E

A-1

9)

Latv

ia

Rom

ania

Lith

uani

a

Pol

and

Est

onia

Ger

man

y

Irela

nd

Cro

atia

(¹)

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

Cyp

rus

Slo

vaki

a

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

Net

herla

nds

Slo

veni

a

Bul

garia

Hun

gary

Mal

ta

Aus

tria

Spa

in

Gre

ece

(¹)

Por

tuga

l

Luxe

mbo

urg

Italy

Fran

ce

Den

mar

k

Finl

and

Bel

gium

Sw

eden

Mon

tene

gro

FYR

of M

aced

onia

Ser

bia

Sw

itzer

land

Nor

way

Icel

and

Turk

ey

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Figure 3: Low-wage earners — employees (excluding apprentices) earning less than two thirds of the median gross hourly earnings, 2014

Note: enterprises with 10 or more employees. Whole economy excluding agriculture, fishing, public administration, private households and extra-territorial organisations.

http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?query=BOOKMARK_DS-286381_QID_-6FF0EF91_UID_-3F171EB0&layout=TIME,C,X,0;GEO,L,Y,0;UNIT,L,Z,0;SEX,L,Z,1;SIZECLAS,L,Z,2;INDICATORS,C,Z,3;&zSelection=DS-286381SIZECLAS,GE10;DS-286381INDICATORS,OBS_FLAG;DS-286381UNIT,PC;DS-286381SEX,T;&rankName1=UNIT_1_2_-1_2&rankName2=INDICATORS_1_2_-1_2&rankName3=SEX_1_2_-1_2&rankName4=SIZECLAS_1_2_-1_2&rankName5=TIME_1_0_0_0&rankName6=GEO_1_2_0_1&sortC=ASC_-1_FIRST&rStp=&cStp=&rDCh=&cDCh=&rDM=true&cDM=true&footnes=false&empty=false&wai=false&time_mode=ROLLING&time_most_recent=true&lang=EN&cfo=%23%23%23%2C%23%23%23.%23%23%23

EU

-28

Eur

o ar

ea (E

A-1

9)

Latv

ia

Rom

ania

Lith

uani

a

Pol

and

Est

onia

Ger

man

y

Irela

nd

Cro

atia

(¹)

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

Cyp

rus

Slo

vaki

a

Cze

ch R

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lic

Net

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Slo

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garia

Hun

gary

Mal

ta

Aus

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Spa

in

Gre

ece

(¹)

Por

tuga

l

Luxe

mbo

urg

Italy

Fran

ce

Den

mar

k

Finl

and

Bel

gium

Sw

eden

Mon

tene

gro

FYR

of M

aced

onia

Ser

bia

Sw

itzer

land

Nor

way

Icel

and

Turk

ey

0

5

10

15

20

25

30







Figure 4: Gender pay gap, 2015(% difference between average gross hourly earnings of male and female employees, as % of male gross earnings, unadjusted form)

(%)EU-28 16.3Euro area (EA-19) 16.8

Estonia 26.9Czech Republic 22.5Germany (¹) 22.0Austria 21.7United Kingdom (²) 20.8Slovakia 19.6Portugal 17.8Finland (¹) 17.3Latvia 17.0Netherlands 16.1France (¹) 15.8Bulgaria 15.4Denmark 15.1Spain (¹) 14.9Lithuania 14.2Cyprus 14.0Hungary 14.0Sweden 14.0Ireland (³) 13.9Malta (³) 10.6Croatia (¹)(³) 10.4Slovenia 8.1Poland (¹) 7.7Belgium 6.5Romania (²) 5.8Italy 5.5Luxembourg 5.5

Switzerland 17.7Iceland 17.5Norway 14.9FYR of Macedonia (³) 9.1

START Note: enterprises with 10 or more employees. NACE Rev. 2 Sections B to S excluding O. Greece: not available.(¹) Provisional.(²) Estimate.(³) 2014.

Bookmark:http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?query=BOOKMARK_DS-057360_QID_-36206BC9_UID_-3F171EB0&layout=TIME,C,X,0;GEO,L,Y,0;UNIT,L,Z,0;NACE_R2,L,Z,1;INDICATORS,C,Z,2;&zSelection=DS-057360INDICATORS,OBS_FLAG;DS-057360UNIT,PC;DS-057360NACE_R2,B-S_X_O;&rankName1=UNIT_1_2_-1_2&rankName2=INDICATORS_1_2_-1_2&rankName3=NACE-R2_1_2_-1_2&rankName4=TIME_1_0_0_0&rankName5=GEO_1_2_0_1&sortC=ASC_-1_FIRST&rStp=&cStp=&rDCh=&cDCh=&rDM=true&cDM=true&footnes=false&empty=false&wai=false&time_mode=ROLLING&time_most_recent=true&lang=EN&cfo=%23%23%23%2C%23%23%23.%23%23%23

Source: Eurostat (online data code: earn_gr_gpgr2)

EU

-28

Eur

o ar

ea (E

A-1

9)

Est

onia

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

Ger

man

y (¹

)

Aus

tria

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

(²)

Slo

vaki

a

Por

tuga

l

Finl

and

(¹)

Latv

ia

Net

herla

nds

Fran

ce (¹

)

Bul

garia

Den

mar

k

Spa

in (¹

)

Lith

uani

a

Cyp

rus

Hun

gary

Sw

eden

Irela

nd (³

)

Mal

ta (³

)

Cro

atia

(¹)(

³)

Slo

veni

a

Pol

and

(¹)

Bel

gium

Rom

ania

(²)

Italy

Luxe

mbo

urg

Sw

itzer

land

Icel

and

Nor

way

FYR

of M

aced

onia

(³)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

EU

-28

Eur

o ar

ea (E

A-1

9)

Est

onia

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

Ger

man

y (¹

)

Aus

tria

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

(²)

Slo

vaki

a

Por

tuga

l

Finl

and

(¹)

Latv

ia

Net

herla

nds

Fran

ce (¹

)

Bul

garia

Den

mar

k

Spa

in (¹

)

Lith

uani

a

Cyp

rus

Hun

gary

Sw

eden

Irela

nd (³

)

Mal

ta (³

)

Cro

atia

(¹)(

³)

Slo

veni

a

Pol

and

(¹)

Bel

gium

Rom

ania

(²)

Italy

Luxe

mbo

urg

Sw

itzer

land

Icel

and

Nor

way

FYR

of M

aced

onia

(³)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

(% difference between average gross hourly earnings of male and female employees, as % of male gross earnings, unadjusted form)

STOP

http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?query=BOOKMARK_DS-057360_QID_-36206BC9_UID_-3F171EB0&layout=TIME,C,X,0;GEO,L,Y,0;UNIT,L,Z,0;NACE_R2,L,Z,1;INDICATORS,C,Z,2;&zSelection=DS-057360INDICATORS,OBS_FLAG;DS-057360UNIT,PC;DS-057360NACE_R2,B-S_X_O;&rankName1=UNIT_1_2_-1_2&rankName2=INDICATORS_1_2_-1_2&rankName3=NACE-R2_1_2_-1_2&rankName4=TIME_1_0_0_0&rankName5=GEO_1_2_0_1&sortC=ASC_-1_FIRST&rStp=&cStp=&rDCh=&cDCh=&rDM=true&cDM=true&footnes=false&empty=false&wai=false&time_mode=ROLLING&time_most_recent=true&lang=EN&cfo=%23%23%23%2C%23%23%23.%23%23%23

EU

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Eur

o ar

ea (E

A-1

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Est

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Cze

ch R

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lic

Ger

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y (¹

)

Aus

tria

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

(²)

Slo

vaki

a

Por

tuga

l

Finl

and

(¹)

Latv

ia

Net

herla

nds

Fran

ce (¹

)

Bul

garia

Den

mar

k

Spa

in (¹

)

Lith

uani

a

Cyp

rus

Hun

gary

Sw

eden

Irela

nd (³

)

Mal

ta (³

)

Cro

atia

(¹)(

³)

Slo

veni

a

Pol

and

(¹)

Bel

gium

Rom

ania

(²)

Italy

Luxe

mbo

urg

Sw

itzer

land

Icel

and

Nor

way

FYR

of M

aced

onia

(³)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

EU

-28

Eur

o ar

ea (E

A-1

9)

Est

onia

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

Ger

man

y (¹

)

Aus

tria

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

(²)

Slo

vaki

a

Por

tuga

l

Finl

and

(¹)

Latv

ia

Net

herla

nds

Fran

ce (¹

)

Bul

garia

Den

mar

k

Spa

in (¹

)

Lith

uani

a

Cyp

rus

Hun

gary

Sw

eden

Irela

nd (³

)

Mal

ta (³

)

Cro

atia

(¹)(

³)

Slo

veni

a

Pol

and

(¹)

Bel

gium

Rom

ania

(²)

Italy

Luxe

mbo

urg

Sw

itzer

land

Icel

and

Nor

way

FYR

of M

aced

onia

(³)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30





Figure 5: Annual net earnings, 2015(EUR)

EU-28 24,162 28,213 51,130 48,364 Euro area (EA-19) 24,772 29,901 52,912 49,604

Belgium 27,062 36,083 59,174 54,254 Bulgaria 4,334 4,855 8,668 8,668 Czech Republic 8,941 11,459 19,489 17,881 Denmark 34,878 40,627 73,187 69,756 Germany 28,383 37,066 62,054 56,767 Estonia 10,545 12,364 22,539 21,089 Ireland 27,991 34,940 59,640 56,400 Greece 15,357 17,223 33,166 33,166 Spain 20,618 22,589 42,231 41,236 France 26,856 31,007 56,774 53,712 Croatia 8,842 10,603 18,984 17,683 Italy 21,147 24,836 44,310 42,294 Latvia 10,578 13,105 23,034 21,155 Lithuania 6,652 7,233 13,520 13,304 Luxembourg 38,490 52,451 86,359 78,837 Hungary 6,702 8,506 15,209 13,405 Malta 16,924 18,979 35,399 33,849 Netherlands 34,499 37,536 73,012 68,998 Austria 28,307 34,197 61,873 56,613 Poland 8,967 9,765 18,466 17,934 Portugal 12,390 14,819 26,372 24,781 Romania 5,119 6,008 10,713 10,238 Slovenia 12,072 16,051 26,388 24,144 Slovakia 8,170 9,971 17,418 16,339 Finland 30,065 32,546 62,673 60,131 Sweden 33,920 36,806 70,726 67,839 United Kingdom 37,995 40,473 78,469 75,991

Iceland 36,066 42,447 72,131 72,131 Norway 44,161 47,482 90,923 88,322 Switzerland 69,870 81,037 146,391 136,952 Turkey 7,678 7,857 15,464 15,357 United States 34,158 39,633 72,109 68,316 Japan 29,063 31,384 59,913 58,126

Note: Cyprus, not available.

STOP

Bookmark:http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?query=BOOKMARK_DS-052700_QID_-7B296E3F_UID_-3F171EB0&layout=TIME,C,X,0;ECASE,L,X,1;GEO,L,Y,0;CURRENCY,L,Z,0;ESTRUCT,L,Z,1;INDICATORS,C,Z,2;&zSelection=DS-052700INDICATORS,OBS_FLAG;DS-052700ESTRUCT,NET;DS-052700CURRENCY,EUR;&rankName1=CURRENCY_1_2_-1_2&rankName2=INDICATORS_1_2_-1_2&rankName3=ESTRUCT_1_2_-1_2&rankName4=TIME_1_0_0_0&rankName5=ECASE_1_2_1_0&rankName6=GEO_1_2_0_1&sortC=ASC_-1_FIRST&rStp=&cStp=&rDCh=&cDCh=&rDM=true&cDM=true&footnes=false&empty=false&wai=false&time_mode=ROLLING&time_most_recent=true&lang=EN&cfo=%23%23%23%2C%23%23%23.%23%23%23

Single person without children, 100 % of

average worker

One-earner married couple with two children, 100 % of average worker

Two-earner married couple with two children,

both 100 % of average worker

Two-earner married couple without children, both 100 % of average

worker

Source: Eurostat (online data code: earn_nt_net)

EU

-28

Eur

o ar

ea (E

A-1

9)

Bel

gium

Bul

garia

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

Den

mar

k

Ger

man

y

Est

onia

Irela

nd

Gre

ece

Spa

in

Fran

ce

Cro

atia

Italy

Latv

ia

Lith

uani

a

Luxe

mbo

urg

Hun

gary

Mal

ta

Net

herla

nds

Aus

tria

Pol

and

Por

tuga

l

Rom

ania

Slo

veni

a

Slo

vaki

a

Finl

and

Sw

eden

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

Icel

and

Nor

way

Sw

itzer

land

Turk

ey

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

Japa

n

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

90,000

100,000

110,000

120,000

130,000

140,000

150,000

Two-earner married couple with two children, both 100 % of average workerTwo-earner married couple without children, both 100 % of average workerOne-earner married couple with two children, 100 % of average workerSingle person without children, 100 % of average worker

EU

-28

Eur

o ar

ea (E

A-1

9)

Bel

gium

Bul

garia

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

Den

mar

k

Ger

man

y

Est

onia

Irela

nd

Gre

ece

Spa

in

Fran

ce

Cro

atia

Italy

Latv

ia

Lith

uani

a

Luxe

mbo

urg

Hun

gary

Mal

ta

Net

herla

nds

Aus

tria

Pol

and

Por

tuga

l

Rom

ania

Slo

veni

a

Slo

vaki

a

Finl

and

Sw

eden

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

Icel

and

Nor

way

Sw

itzer

land

Turk

ey

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

Japa

n

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

90,000

100,000

110,000

120,000

130,000

140,000

150,000

Two-earner married couple with two children, both 100 % of average workerTwo-earner married couple without children, both 100 % of average workerOne-earner married couple with two children, 100 % of average workerSingle person without children, 100 % of average worker

http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?query=BOOKMARK_DS-052700_QID_-7B296E3F_UID_-3F171EB0&layout=TIME,C,X,0;ECASE,L,X,1;GEO,L,Y,0;CURRENCY,L,Z,0;ESTRUCT,L,Z,1;INDICATORS,C,Z,2;&zSelection=DS-052700INDICATORS,OBS_FLAG;DS-052700ESTRUCT,NET;DS-052700CURRENCY,EUR;&rankName1=CURRENCY_1_2_-1_2&rankName2=INDICATORS_1_2_-1_2&rankName3=ESTRUCT_1_2_-1_2&rankName4=TIME_1_0_0_0&rankName5=ECASE_1_2_1_0&rankName6=GEO_1_2_0_1&sortC=ASC_-1_FIRST&rStp=&cStp=&rDCh=&cDCh=&rDM=true&cDM=true&footnes=false&empty=false&wai=false&time_mode=ROLLING&time_most_recent=true&lang=EN&cfo=%23%23%23%2C%23%23%23.%23%23%23

http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?query=BOOKMARK_DS-052700_QID_-7B296E3F_UID_-3F171EB0&layout=TIME,C,X,0;ECASE,L,X,1;GEO,L,Y,0;CURRENCY,L,Z,0;ESTRUCT,L,Z,1;INDICATORS,C,Z,2;&zSelection=DS-052700INDICATORS,OBS_FLAG;DS-052700ESTRUCT,NET;DS-052700CURRENCY,EUR;&rankName1=CURRENCY_1_2_-1_2&rankName2=INDICATORS_1_2_-1_2&rankName3=ESTRUCT_1_2_-1_2&rankName4=TIME_1_0_0_0&rankName5=ECASE_1_2_1_0&rankName6=GEO_1_2_0_1&sortC=ASC_-1_FIRST&rStp=&cStp=&rDCh=&cDCh=&rDM=true&cDM=true&footnes=false&empty=false&wai=false&time_mode=ROLLING&time_most_recent=true&lang=EN&cfo=%23%23%23%2C%23%23%23.%23%23%23


Table 1: Tax rate indicators on low wage earners, 2015(%)

Tax wedge on labour cost

EU-28 38.4 Euro area (EA-19) 41.4 Belgium 49.5 Bulgaria 33.6 Czech Republic 39.9 Denmark 34.3 Germany 45.3 Estonia 38.0 Ireland 21.6 Greece 34.7 Spain 36.0 France 43.7 Croatia 35.3 Italy 42.0 Cyprus (¹) 11.9 Latvia 41.9 Lithuania 39.2 Luxembourg 31.1 Hungary 49.0 Malta 19.0 Netherlands 31.0 Austria 45.0 Poland 33.7 Portugal 36.2 Romania 38.3 Slovenia 38.6 Slovakia 38.8 Finland 38.3 Sweden 40.7 United Kingdom 26.0 Iceland 29.9 Norway 33.7 Switzerland 19.5 Turkey 36.1 Japan 30.8 United States 29.5

(¹) 2007.

Bookmarks:http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?query=BOOKMARK_DS-052648_QID_193671C0_UID_-3F171EB0&layout=TIME,C,X,0;GEO,L,Y,0;INDICATORS,C,Z,0;&zSelection=DS-052648INDICATORS,OBS_FLAG;&rankName1=INDICATORS_1_2_-1_2&rankName2=TIME_1_0_0_0&rankName3=GEO_1_2_0_1&sortC=ASC_-1_FIRST&rStp=&cStp=&rDCh=&cDCh=&rDM=true&cDM=true&footnes=false&empty=false&wai=false&time_mode=ROLLING&time_most_recent=true&lang=EN&cfo=%23%23%23%2C%23%23%23.%23%23%23http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?query=BOOKMARK_DS-052650_QID_-68658254_UID_-3F171EB0&layout=TIME,C,X,0;GEO,L,Y,0;INDICATORS,C,Z,0;&zSelection=DS-052650INDICATORS,OBS_FLAG;&rankName1=INDICATORS_1_2_-1_2&rankName2=TIME_1_1_0_0&rankName3=GEO_1_2_0_1&sortC=DESC_-1_FIRST&rStp=&cStp=&rDCh=&cDCh=&rDM=true&cDM=true&footnes=false&empty=false&wai=false&time_mode=ROLLING&time_most_recent=true&lang=EN&cfo=%23%23%23.%23%23%23%2C%23%23%23http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?query=BOOKMARK_DS-052644_QID_17FDC7C5_UID_-3F171EB0&layout=TIME,C,X,0;ECASE,L,X,1;GEO,L,Y,0;INDICATORS,C,Z,0;&zSelection=DS-052644INDICATORS,OBS_FLAG;&rankName1=INDICATORS_1_2_-1_2&rankName2=TIME_1_0_0_0&rankName3=ECASE_1_2_1_0&rankName4=GEO_1_2_0_1&sortC=ASC_-1_FIRST&rStp=&cStp=&rDCh=&cDCh=&rDM=true&cDM=true&footnes=false&empty=false&wai=false&time_mode=ROLLING&time_most_recent=true&lang=EN&cfo=%23%23%23.%23%23%23%2C%23%23%23

Source: Eurostat (online data codes: earn_nt_taxwedge, earn_nt_unemtrp and earn_nt_lowwtrp)

Table 1: Tax rate indicators on low wage earners, 2015

Unemployment trap

74.0 44.6 59.8 76.5 44.9 58.0 92.0 60.6 48.4 81.6 21.6 31.4 80.3 49.3 87.5 89.3 40.1 88.9 73.1 47.3 83.2 62.9 22.9 42.9 71.6 44.1 73.0 50.4 21.7 18.2 81.6 27.0 13.8 76.5 50.3 81.3 80.1 28.1 23.7 80.7 41.0 5.2 61.5 6.3 106.0 88.1 31.1 34.2 81.6 27.1 84.8 87.6 57.2 105.8 78.4 34.5 36.7 57.1 22.4 22.8 82.4 75.2 68.7 68.1 44.0 97.9 82.2 56.0 46.1 80.3 30.8 28.2 49.4 31.3 33.4 89.6 48.4 74.3 44.7 29.7 50.3 76.3 56.7 100.0 68.6 38.2 68.7 61.6 46.8 80.9 84.7 48.0 60.7 75.6 33.7 95.1

: : : : : :

49.3 56.7 89.9 70.7 28.5 71.4

http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?query=BOOKMARK_DS-052648_QID_193671C0_UID_-3F171EB0&layout=TIME,C,X,0;GEO,L,Y,0;INDICATORS,C,Z,0;&zSelection=DS-052648INDICATORS,OBS_FLAG;&rankName1=INDICATORS_1_2_-1_2&rankName2=TIME_1_0_0_0&rankName3=GEO_1_2_0_1&sortC=ASC_-1_FIRST&rStp=&cStp=&rDCh=&cDCh=&rDM=true&cDM=true&footnes=false&empty=false&wai=false&time_mode=ROLLING&time_most_recent=true&lang=EN&cfo=%23%23%23%2C%23%23%23.%23%23%23http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?query=BOOKMARK_DS-052650_QID_-68658254_UID_-3F171EB0&layout=TIME,C,X,0;GEO,L,Y,0;INDICATORS,C,Z,0;&zSelection=DS-052650INDICATORS,OBS_FLAG;&rankName1=INDICATORS_1_2_-1_2&rankName2=TIME_1_1_0_0&rankName3=GEO_1_2_0_1&sortC=DESC_-1_FIRST&rStp=&cStp=&rDCh=&cDCh=&rDM=true&cDM=true&footnes=false&empty=false&wai=false&time_mode=ROLLING&time_most_recent=true&lang=EN&cfo=%23%23%23.%23%23%23%2C%23%23%23http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?query=BOOKMARK_DS-052644_QID_17FDC7C5_UID_-3F171EB0&layout=TIME,C,X,0;ECASE,L,X,1;GEO,L,Y,0;INDICATORS,C,Z,0;&zSelection=DS-052644INDICATORS,OBS_FLAG;&rankName1=INDICATORS_1_2_-1_2&rankName2=TIME_1_0_0_0&rankName3=ECASE_1_2_1_0&rankName4=GEO_1_2_0_1&sortC=ASC_-1_FIRST&rStp=&cStp=&rDCh=&cDCh=&rDM=true&cDM=true&footnes=false&empty=false&wai=false&time_mode=ROLLING&time_most_recent=true&lang=EN&cfo=%23%23%23.%23%23%23%2C%23%23%23

Low wage trap — single person without children

Low wage trap — one earner couple with two

children

Eurostat (online data codes: earn_nt_taxwedge, earn_nt_unemtrp and earn_nt_lowwtrp)

STOP




http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?query=BOOKMARK_DS-052644_QID_17FDC7C5_UID_-3F171EB0&layout=TIME,C,X,0;ECASE,L,X,1;GEO,L,Y,0;INDICATORS,C,Z,0;&zSelection=DS-052644INDICATORS,OBS_FLAG;&rankName1=INDICATORS_1_2_-1_2&rankName2=TIME_1_0_0_0&rankName3=ECASE_1_2_1_0&rankName4=GEO_1_2_0_1&sortC=ASC_-1_FIRST&rStp=&cStp=&rDCh=&cDCh=&rDM=true&cDM=true&footnes=false&empty=false&wai=false&time_mode=ROLLING&time_most_recent=true&lang=EN&cfo=%23%23%23.%23%23%23%2C%23%23%23

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