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EC1 1-4 WIND MODELLER

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Tuesday 17 November 2009 11:25

page 4

EC1 1-4 Wind Modeller Handbook

Chapter 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Chapter 2 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Chapter 3 Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Chapter 4 Applying Walls and Roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Applying Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Applying Roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Chapter 5 Running the Wind Wizard. . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Chapter 6 Creating Wind Zones on the Building . . . . . . . . . . 13Basic Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Wall Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Wall Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Windward Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Leeward Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Side Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Parapets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Roof Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Scaling Dimension, e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Automatic Zoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Non-Automatic Zoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

User Modification of Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Chapter 7 Load Decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Chapter 8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Chapter 1 : Introduction EC1 1-4 Wind Modeller page 5EC1 1-4 Wind Modeller Handbook

Chapter 1 Introduction

This handbook describes the EC1 1-4 Wind Modeller, a component of Fastrak Building Designer which allows you to load a model for wind in accordance with EN 1991-1-4 : 2005, (abbreviated to EC1 1-4 in this document). The wind loading assessment is performed on the walls and roofs which are defined in your building model. The resulting wind loads are distributed back to the members for structural analysis and design.

You can use EC1 1-4 Wind Modeller: to determine peak wind velocity and velocity pressures, to determine the zones of wind pressure on walls and roofs, to determine standard values of Cpe for each zone, to determine wind pressures on each zone, to determine wind loads and load cases for your structure.

Unless explicitly stated all calculations in EC1 1-4 Wind Modeller are in accordance with the relevant sections of EC1 1-4(Ref. 1) and the chosen National Annex. It is essential that you have a copy of this code with you while assessing wind on any structure.

We would recommend having the following books to hand when using the software: Designers' Guide to EN 1991-1-4. Euro Code 1 : Actions on Structures, General Actions

Part 1-4 : Wind actions.(Ref. 5) Wind Loading - a practical guide to BS 6399-2 Wind Loads on buildings.(Ref. 6)

In addition, when published you may find the following book useful: Background paper to the National Annex to BS EN 1991-1-4. PD 6688 - 1(Ref. 4)

Unless explicitly noted otherwise, all clauses, figures and tables referred to in this document are from reference 1.

EC1 1-4 Wind Modeller is a very powerful tool which has been developed to aid engineers in their assessment of wind loads on buildings. You will find that the determination of wind velocities, zones, pressures is rigorous but the final wind loads adopted are your responsibility.

EC1 1-4 Wind Modeller page 6 Chapter 2 : ScopeChapter 2 Scope

EC1 1-4 Wind Modeller has been developed in order to provide you with a comprehensive design tool which can assess and apply wind loading to your Fastrak Building Designer model in advance of analysis and design.

The Fastrak Building Designer model has to be clothed in walls and roofs. Wind is applied intelligently to this building envelope within the scope below and the limitations clearly laid out in the next section.

There is no guidance in the standard for anything other than a cuboid building. In order to develop a tool for engineers, we have extended this capability to address non-rectilinear buildings. It is therefore the user's responsibility to ensure that the wind loading generated by the software meets the needs of any building with a shape that is beyond the scope of BS EN 1991-1-4:2005.

It is assumed that the wind loads are developed to assess the overall stability of the structure and for member design. The wind loads have not been specifically developed for the design of cladding and fixings.

The scope of EC1 1-4 Wind Modeller encompasses: Enveloping the building with walls and roofs is undertaken in Fastrak Building Designer in

the normal manner. There is only limited validation of the envelope defined (for example connected walls must have consistent normal directions). The onus is on you to model the building shape as completely and as accurately as you determine necessary.

Basic Wind Velocity and Peak Velocity Pressure is determined using BREVe Active X Control(Ref. 8)

Having defined walls and roofs (defaults are standard wall, flat or monopitch roof depending on the slope), you are able to specify the type in more detail e.g. multi-bay, monopitch / duopitch etc.).

The main wind parameters, are calculated for you but conservatively, (for example Crosswind Breadth, b, is determined for the enclosing rectangle of the whole building). Wherever possible other attributes are determined conservatively, but you are able to override the values should you need to.

Given the above, zoning is semi-automatic, (not attempted for roofs with more than 4 sides which are defaulted to single conservative coefficient), with full graphical feedback. Provision is made for you to modify the zoning. For example you can define a manual zone layout, you can override the coefficients

The software follows the UK NA(Ref. 2) recommendation that BS6399 roof zones and coefficients are used, including Mansard, Multipitch and Multibay roofs.

Load decomposition is fully automatic where valid, (walls and roofs need to be fully supported in the direction of span).

EC1 1-4 Wind Modeller is a very flexible tool that can, should you wish, be used purely for wind assessment by setting up a model of consisting only of walls and roofs (no members) the software can determine the wind loading on the building envelope.

Chapter 3 : Limitations EC1 1-4 Wind Modeller page 7Chapter 3 Limitations

Throughout the development of EC1 1-4 Wind Modeller extensive reference has been made to references 1-3 and we consider it advisable that you are fully familiar with these before using the software.

In addition, because wind loading is complex and its application to general structures even more so, it is essential that you read and fully appreciate the following limitations in the software:

Caution You should seek specialist advice for building shapes that are not covered by the Standard - BS EN 1991-1-4:2005.

Limitations

Geometry EC1 1-4 does not treat downwind re-entrant corners as special cases - see BS6399 Clause

2.4.3.1 c). So, they are ignored in the EC1 1-4 Wind Modeller and no warnings are given. EC1 1-4 does not handle inset storeys - see BS6399 clauses 2.4.4.2 and 2.5.1.7. Hence the

EC1 1-4 Wind Modeller does not handle them automatically, but does generate warnings if such cases are detected - so that you can manually edit the zones according to your engineering judgement.

Open sided buildings are beyond scope. Free standing walls and sign boards are not considered. Canopies are not considered. Exposed members are not considered, for example lattices, trusses...... Barrel-vault roofs and domes are not considered. Dominant Faces are not explicitly handled - Clause 7.2.9 (5). However, you can use Table

17 to calculate the necessary Cpi value or values and manually apply to a loadcase or individual zone loads.

Loaded Areas The difference between the loaded area of walls and roofs defined at the centre-line rather

than the sheeting dimension is ignored.

Wind Direction All outward faces within 60 degs of being perpendicular to wind direction - loads applied

as windward normal to face. All inside faces within 60 degs to wind direction - loads applied as leeward normal to face. All other faces considered as side.

Orthogonal wind directions at the definition of the user.

EC1 1-4 Wind Modeller page 8 Chapter 3 : LimitationsOverall Loads Lack of correlation of pressures between the windward and leeward sides. For Overall

loadcases, EC1 1-4 Wind Modeller automatically reduces the windward and leeward wall pressures only. EC1 1-4 and the UK NA both suggest that the reduction may be applied to roofs as well.

Division by Parts rule for slender buildings -Clause 7.2.2 and Figure 7.4 - not applied. Net pressure coefficients for vertical walls - UK NA Table NA.4. - not applied. Friction Forces - Clause 5.3 (3), equation 5.7 and Clause 7.5.

During the Update Zones process, EC1 1-4 Wind Modeller checks to see if the effects can be disregarded, (Clause 5.3 (4)), and generates a warning if not.

Beneficial Loads Asymmetric and Counteracting Pressures and Forces - Clause 7.1.2 and NA.2.23.

Beneficial loads are not automatically removed - instead you are able to flag individual loads to be reduced to zero.

Wind loading on walls Automatic zoning applies to all walls subject to the limitations described below:

Vertical Walls on rectangular buildings -Clause 7.2.2 - the assumption for wall wind forces is that the building is rectangular or close to being rectangular.

Walls that are more than 15 from the vertical are outside the scope. Internal Wells are not covered by EC1 1-4 and in any case are not automatically identified

but you can manually edit the zones to apply the roof coefficient or otherwise as you see fit - see BS6399 Clause 2.4.3.2a.

EC1 1-4 does not specify how to treat recesses in side walls - see BS6399 clauses 2.4.3.2 b) and 2.4.3.3 and 3.3.1.5. So, they are ignored but warnings are given.

Wind loading on roofs Automatic zoning only applies to all triangular roof items and quadrilateral roof items that

are not concave, i.e. all of the internal angles < 180 Special care should be taken for winds blowing on duopitch with slopes that differ by more

than 5. If the wind is blowing on the steeper slope (that is that the less steep slope is downwind of ridge), the downwind slope should be set to be a flat roof with mansard at eaves for this wind direction.

Mansard and Multipitch Roofs are not detected automatically, although certain special cases can be handled if you set the appropriate type manually - see Creating Wind Zones on the Building.

BS 6399 Table 8 curved and mansard eaves - zones start from edge of horizontal roof. Roof Overhangs are not explicitly handled. It is suggested that you should define two

separate roof objects - one forming the overhang and the other covering the inside of the building. For a small overhang, you can then manually define Cpi values to be the same as

Chapter 3 : Limitations EC1 1-4 Wind Modeller page 9Cpe for the adjacent wall, (Clause 7.2.1 (3)). Reference 5, p45, implies that larger overhangs can be manually handled by using BS6399, Clauses 2.5.9.3 and 2.6.3, i.e. standard external coefficients for the top surface and Table 18 for the internal coefficients.

Note The only slight issue here is that there are two sets of edge zones which will occupy a slightly larger area than strictly necessary.

Additional wind loads There may be situations when you perceive a need to manually define loads that can not be

determined automatically. You can do this by defining additional wind load cases to contain these loads and then include these with the relevant system generated loads in design combinations in the normal way.

Load decomposition onto shear wallsAll wall loads are decomposed into loads on columns. In a building that contains shear walls, the analytical model of the shear wall consists partly of a mid-pier vertical column at the centre of the shear wall, hence wind wall loads will be decomposed onto the mid-pier column.

Wall loads are only decomposed as nodal loads on this mid-pier vertical column. (For real columns and/or gable posts, wall loads can optionally be decomposed as either nodal loads or element loads.)

This decomposition on to the mid pier column could in certain cases result in an averaging of the wind pressure profile that removes the localised pressure increase at the corners of the building.

The example below illustrates the problem and provides an alternative model as a workaround:

Physical model of shear wall

Although not shown here, wind walls are also added to all four faces of the building.

Wind zones from EC1 1-4

The zones are generated on the wind wall faces.

EC1 1-4 Wind Modeller page 10 Chapter 3 : LimitationsResulting stepped wind pressure on wind wall faces

Highest pressure occurs in Zone A, lesser pressure exists in other zones

Wind pressure decomposed on to the shear wall

Stepped pressure gradient is averaged over the face of the shear wall and then decomposed on to the mid-pier column at its centre. Hence only a single point load is applied at each floor level.

Alternative Model

Define two adjacent shear walls, making the first as wide as wind zone A. This results in a more accurate decomposition of the wind load, reflecting the stepped profile of the wind pressure.

Chapter 4 : Applying Walls and Roofs EC1 1-4 Wind Modeller page 11Chapter 4 Applying Walls and Roofs

All the calculations for wind depend on the geometry and interconnectivity of the walls and roofs that envelope the building. You must therefore define the model, together with its walls and roofs before you can start to calculate the wind loading using EC1 1-4 Wind Modeller.

Whilst defining the models walls and roofs, it is essential that you define the largest planar surfaces possible for these if you want to get the best results from the software. If you ignore this advice, then the calculation of the reference height can be unconservative.

Applying Walls A single wall is determined to be a single planar surface. The outward face is vitally important for determining the wind direction relative to the wall, that is windward or leeward.

It is recommended that you use EC1 1-4 Wind Modellers Show/Alter State feature to check the face orientation quickly and correct any mistakes by clicking once on an item to reverse the direction. However, whenever automatic zoning is carried out, for example at the end of the Wind Wizard, the connected walls are checked to ensure that the normal directions are not inconsistent.

The following additional wall properties can be specified: Span Direction Funnelling Gap Parapet Load on Member

To set this information you should use the Structure window, and select the walls in the usual manner. You can then use the Properties pane to set the details you require. For details refer to What information can I change which is Wind direction independent? in the EC1 1-4 Wind Modeller Help.

Applying Roofs A single roof is determined to be a single planar surface. The orientation of a roof is automatically determined when placed based upon the slope vector the line of maximum roof slope.

Initially the roof type is set to Default. This is interpreted as Flat if the roof slope < 5 degrees, otherwise it is interpreted as Monopitch. You should use EC1 1-4 Wind Modellers Show/Alter State feature to adjust the roof type as necessary for all other situations (i.e. For Duopitch, Hip Main, Hip Gable or Mansard).

To set the span direction you should use the Structure window, and select the roofs in the usual manner. You can then use the Properties pane to set the span direction you require. This is defined as an angle, where 0 is parallel to the X axis and 90 is parallel to the Y axis.

EC1 1-4 Wind Modeller page 12 Chapter 5 : Running the Wind WizardChapter 5 Running the Wind Wizard

Once the walls and roofs are in place, you use the Wind Wizard to define sufficient site information to calculate the peak wind velocity and velocity pressures for the required wind directions and heights around the building, (that is the Reference Heights (ze and zi) for each wall or roof). The BREVe ActiveX control is used for this purpose, 2009 CSC (UK) Ltd; BRE Ltd; Ordnance Survey.

BREVe automates the wind velocity calculations. The data source for the calculations is either: taken directly from the BREVe database which is based upon the Ordnance Survey data of

Great Britain, Input directly for the worst case, Input directly for each direction.

Chapter 6 : Creating Wind Zones on the Building EC1 1-4 Wind Modeller page 13Chapter 6 Creating Wind Zones on the Building

At the end of the Wind Wizard, the system creates default zones for all the walls and roof items for each of the defined wind directions.

Whenever this process occurs, any error and/or warning messages are written to the Output window. Where appropriate, double clicking on a message highlights the item, (although if the problem is direction specific, then you may have to switch to the relevant view).

Basic Geometry The basic building geometry is assessed as follows:

Reference Height (ze) is taken as the difference between highest point on wall or roof and ground level.

Wall height (h) is taken as the difference between highest and lowest points on the wall.

These definitions apply to walls without parapets and the actual parapets. Walls with parapets above them will take their highest point from the parapet. See the diagram below.

Roof height (h) as ze - taken as the difference between highest point on wall or roof and ground level. This definition does not handle the upper roof of inset storey but is conservative.

EC1 1-4 Wind Modeller page 14 Chapter 6 : Creating Wind Zones on the Building The Building Breadth, b is calculated from the smallest enclosing rectangle around the whole building (considered over all roof and walls only) for the given direction. You can override the calculated value in case the Fastrak Building Designer model does not include the whole building.

Wall Zones

Wall Type We assess each wall to determine if it is a windward, leeward or side wall. We classify the type of wall dependent on :

Windward, Leeward, Other walls are classed as Side.

Windward Walls Windward walls have a single zone and Table 7.1 is used with interpolation for h/d.

Leeward Walls

60 120Leeward walls have a single zone and Table 7.1 is used with interpolation for h/d.

Chapter 6 : Creating Wind Zones on the Building EC1 1-4 Wind Modeller page 15Side Walls In all cases, side walls have the relevant number of zones from Figure 7.5 and Table 7.1 is used.

There is no guidance in the standard for Irregular Flushed Faces, Recesses and Downwind Re-entrant Corners that are covered in BS6399. However, it is reasonable to automatically detect Irregular Flushed Faces and process them as described in BS6399 Clause 2.4.4.1 and Figure 14. The program also detects potential Recesses but only generates a warning and no special handling occurs. You should manually edit the zones if your engineering judgement deems it appropriate. Downwind re-entrant corners are conservatively ignored.

Parapets Parapets are assessed for return corners and then classified as windward, windward oblique, leeward or leeward oblique dependent on Depending on the classification, parapets will either have a single zone, or up to seven zones (determined by extrapolation from Figure 7.19). Table 7.9 is used with interpolation for Solidity and l/h.

Note An r suffix on zone name indicates return corners have been detected.

Side Parapets are Special Zero zones, i.e. no nett pressure.

Roof Zones EC1 1-4 Wind Modeller automatically generates roof zones, where possible, for each wind direction. In essence each roof item is assessed in its own right based on its properties. The interconnectivity of touching roof items is not generally considered.

Note The Advisory note on page 34 of the UK NA is followed so that zones and coefficients are generated according to BS6399.

Direction Internally the roof slope vector (line of maximum slope) is determined from the normal vector, with its direction always giving a positive slope angle, i.e. the roof slope vector must always point up the slope.

We calculate the angle between the wind direction and projection of roof slope vector onto horizontal plane ( in range -180 to +180).

EC1 1-4 Wind Modeller page 16 Chapter 6 : Creating Wind Zones on the BuildingScaling Dimension, e

The scaling dimension e = min(b, 2h)

Automatic Zoning Automatic zoning normally only applies to all triangular roof items and quadrilateral roof items that are not concave, that is that all of the internal angles < 180. However, additionally, it only applies to Hip Gable roofs if they are triangular, and Hip Main roofs if they are quadrilateral. Further, Downwind Slope Hip Gables must not have 2 upwind corners.

Dimensions All zone dimensions are specified in plan.

Flat Roofs See BS 6399 Clause 2.5.1, Figure 16 and Table 8.

Monopitch Roofs See BS 6399 Clause 2.5.2.3, Figure 19 and Table 9.

Duopitch Roofs See BS 6399 Clause 2.5.2.4, Figure 20 and Table 10.

Hip Gable

See BS 6399 Clause 2.5.3, Figure 21 and Table 11.

Chapter 6 : Creating Wind Zones on the Building EC1 1-4 Wind Modeller page 17Hip Main See BS 6399 Clause 2.5.3, Figure 21 and Table 11.

Mansard Roofs If you manually set the connected roof types to Mansard, then the program will correctly identify the special cases in BS6399 Figures 17c, 22a and 22b, and use the correct tables and values. See BS 6399 Clauses 2.5.1.6.2 & 2.5.4

Multi-bay Roofs We allow you to interpret BS 6399 Clause 2.5.5 and Figure 23 as you think appropriate and manually define the roof types and sub-types accordingly. You also have the ability to manually set the multi-bay position for each roof item for each wind direction:

Not Multi-Bay - for this wind direction (conservative default), Upwind Bay first bay of many for this wind direction, Second Bay for this wind direction, Third or more Bay for this wind direction.

Where the reduction applies, the values of all coefficients are reduced according to Table 12.

Non-Automatic Zoning Where automatic zoning does not apply, the system creates a single zone covering the entire roof as follows:

Flat B, Monopitch B, Duopitch B for upwind, A for downwind, B for side, Hip Gable B for upwind, B for downwind, D for side, Hip Main B for upwind, A for downwind, D for side.

User Modification of Zones Initially the expectation is that only Expert users may want to make changes to the actual zone layouts or other data.

Whenever you edit the zones for a wall or roof item, please note that the zone layout will not be updated to reflect changes elsewhere in the model, you must make any necessary changes yourself.

EC1 1-4 Wind Modeller page 18 Chapter 7 : Load DecompositionChapter 7 Load Decomposition

Roofs The direction of the one way decomposition of the wind zone loads to roof members is as specified by the span direction of the roof. All types of elements (except bracing and cold rolled members) are considered during the load decomposition.

Walls Wall load decomposition depends on the setting of the Load on Member wall attribute:

The default setting for this attribute is No and results in nodal loads on the supporting members. This setting is generally appropriate to avoid lateral loads on simple beams and distributed loads on simple columns.

Setting Load on Member to Yes allows the generation of UDL's on portal stanchions and gable posts without the need to model side rails.

Irrespective of the setting of this attribute, the initial decomposition of wind zone loads to wall members is similar to the roof decomposition. Again all types of elements are considered except bracing and cold rolled members.

If Load on Member is set to No a second decomposition stage is undertaken: Full/partial UDLs and VDLs on elements (lengths of beams/columns between nodes) are

distributed back to nodes as if the elements were simply supported at either end. The final nodal load is the sum of all incoming element loads.

Note This second stage is always performed if the members supporting the wall are simple columns or shear walls, irrespective of the Load on Member setting.

Chapter 8 : References EC1 1-4 Wind Modeller page 19Chapter 8 References

1. British Standards Institution (25/04/05). Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 1-4: General actions - Wind actions. BS EN 1991-1-4:2005.

2. British Standards Institution (September 2008). UK National Annex to Eurocode 1: Actions on structures. NA to BS EN 1991-1-4:2005.

3. British Standards Institution (July 2002). Loading for Buildings Part 2: Code of practice for wind loads. BS6399-2:1997.

4. British Standards Institution (to be published). Background paper to the National Annex to BS EN 1991-1-4. PD 6688 - 1.

5. Cook, N.J. Designers' Guide to EN 1991-1-4. Euro Code 1 : Actions on Structures, General Actions Part 1-4 : Wind actions. Thomas Telford, London. ISBN 978-0-7277-3152-4.

6. Cook, N.J. (1999). Wind Loading - a practical guide to BS 6399-2 Wind Loads on buildings. Thomas Telford, London. ISBN: 0 7277 2755 9.

7. Bailey, C.G. (2003). Guide to Evaluating Design Wind Loads to BS6399-2:1997.SCI Publication P286.

8. BREVe software package version 3. Copyright 2009 CSC (UK) Ltd; BRE Ltd; Ordnance Survey.

EC1 1-4 Wind Modeller HandbookContentsChapter 1 IntroductionChapter 2 ScopeChapter 3 LimitationsLimitationsGeometryLoaded AreasWind DirectionOverall LoadsBeneficial LoadsWind loading on wallsWind loading on roofsAdditional wind loadsLoad decomposition onto shear walls

Chapter 4 Applying Walls and RoofsApplying WallsApplying Roofs

Chapter 5 Running the Wind WizardChapter 6 Creating Wind Zones on the BuildingBasic GeometryWall ZonesWall TypeWindward WallsLeeward WallsSide WallsParapets

Roof ZonesDirectionScaling Dimension, eAutomatic ZoningNon-Automatic Zoning

User Modification of Zones

Chapter 7 Load DecompositionRoofsWalls

Chapter 8 References

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