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2.4 Addressing Schemes forTCP/IP Suites

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a unique number used by machines (computers) torefer to each other when sending information via theInternet. (merupakan nombor unik yang digunakan oleh mesin (komputer) untukmerujuk antara satu sama lain apabila menghantar maklumat melalui internet)

It consists of 4-byte addresses (w, x, y, z) to beassigned to each node in the network.(Ia terdiri dari alamat 4-byte(w,x,y,z) yang perlu diumpukkan kepada setiap nod dalam rangkaian)

Exp: 207.142.131.236

TCP/IP addressing

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Addressing schemes for TCP/IP suite is: TCP/IP classes

Binary

Dotted decimal notation Subnet mask

TCP/IP addressing

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The Internet Protocol Suite is the set of communicationsprotocols used for the Internet and other similarnetworks.

It is commonly also known as TCP/IP, named from two of

the most important protocols in it: the TransmissionControl Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP),which were the first two networking protocols defined inthis standard.

Modern IP networking represents a synthesis of several

developments that began to evolve in the 1960s and1970s, namely the Internet and local area networks,which emerged during the 1980s, together with theadvent of the World Wide Web in the early 1990s.

Addressing Scheme For TCP/IP suite

2.4.1

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The Internet Protocol Suite, like many protocol suites, isconstructed as a set of layers. Each layer solves a set ofproblems involving the transmission of data. In particular, thelayers define the operational scope of the protocols within.

Often a component of a layer provides a well-defined serviceto the upper layer protocols and may be using services fromthe lower layers.

Upper layers are logically closer to the user and deal withmore abstract data, relying on lower layer protocols totranslate data into forms that can eventually be physicallytransmitted.

The TCP/IP model consists of four layers (RFC 1122). Fromlowest to highest, these are the Link Layer, the Internet Layer,

the Transport Layer, and the Application Layer.

Addressing Scheme For TCP/IP suite (2)

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TCP/IP Classes

Class type Address range

class A 1 to 126

class B 128 to 191

class C 192 to 223

class D 224 to 239.

class E 240 to 255.

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Class A first bit must start with 0.

Class B 2 initial bit must start with 10.

Class C 3 initial bit must start with 110.

Class D 4 initial bit must start with 1110. Class E 4 initial bit must start with 1111.

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The first bit must be 0 refers to the eight bits in w.So, the bits starting from 00000000 to 01111111. (Bityang pertama mesti 0 merujuk kepada 8 bit pada w. Maka nilai bit bermula dari 00000000sehingga 01111111)

IP class A from 0 to 127 BUT the value 0 is the

network number and can not be used and the value127 is local loop back (used to perform tests onthemselves, such as using the ping command on itsown IP address), also can not be used. So IP class Afrom 1 to 126. (IP kelas A bermula dari 0 hingga 127 TETAPI nilai 0 merupakannetwork number dan tidak boleh digunakan dan 127 merupakan local loop back (digunakanuntuk melakukan ujian terhadap diri sendiri seperti menggunakan arahan ping pada alamatIP sendiri), juga tidak boleh digunakan. Oleh itu IP kelas A bermula dari 1 sehingga 126)

Exp:1.10.134.8, 13.233.222.32

Class A

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2 initial bits is 10 (from right), referring to the eightbits in w. So, the bits starting from 10000000 to10111111. (2 bit permulaan mestilah 10 (dari sebelah kanan), merujuk kepada 8 bit

pada w. Maka nilai bit bermula dari 10000000 sehingga 10111111)

class B IP address range starting from 128 to 191. (julatalamat IP kelas B bermula dari 128 sehingga 191)

Exp: 155.76.76.8

Class B

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3 initial bits is 110 (from right), referring to the eightbits in w. So, the bits starting from 11000000 to11011111. (23bit permulaan mestilah 110 (dari sebelah kanan), merujuk kepada 8bit pada w. Maka nilai bit bermula dari 10000000 sehingga 11011111)

class C IP address range starting from 192 to 223. (julatalamat IP kelas C bermula dari 128 sehingga 191)

Exp: 200.56.17.8

Class C

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4 initial bits is 1110 (from right), referring to theeight bits in w. So, the bits starting from 11100000to 11101111. (4 bit permulaan mestilah 1110 (dari sebelah kanan), merujukkepada 8 bit pada w. Maka nilai bit bermula dari 11100000 sehingga 11101111)

class D IP address range starting from 224 to 239. (julatalamat IP kelas D bermula dari 128 sehingga 191)

Exp: 230.76.76.8

Class D

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4 initial bits is 1111 (from right), referring to theeight bits in w. So, the bits starting from 11110000to 11111111. (4 bit permulaan mestilah 10 (dari sebelah kanan), merujuk kepada8 bit pada w. Maka nilai bit bermula dari 11110000 sehingga 11111111)

class E IP address range starting from 240 to 255. (julatalamat IP kelas E bermula dari 128 sehingga 191)

Exp: 243.76.76.8

Class E

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Each IP address is divided into two parts, theNetwork ID and Host ID. (Setiap alamat IP terbahagi kepada 2 bahagian,iaitu Network ID dan Host ID)

There are two ways to read the IP address, which isbinary and decimal. (Ada 2 cara membaca alamat IP, iaitu cara binari dandecimal)

Binary numbers are represented by numbers 0 and1. (Nombor binari diwakili dengan nombor 0 dan 1)

Decimal numbers are represented by 0 to 9. (NomborDecimal diwakili dengan nombor 0 sehingga 9)

TCP/IP addressingCont

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A binary code is any system of representing text orcomputer processor instructions by the use of the binarynumber system's two-binary digits "0" and "1".

This is accomplished by assigning a number to eachparticular symbol or instruction.

A binary string of eight digits (bits), for example, canrepresent any of 256 possible values and can therefore

correspond to a variety of different symbols, letters orinstructions.

In the 8-bit ASCII code, a lowercase "a" is represented bythe bit string 01100001.

Binary

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_texthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_number_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_number_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_digithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_digithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_number_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_number_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_digithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_stringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_stringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_stringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_stringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_digithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_number_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_number_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_text

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Example:

5310 => 53 / 2 = 26 balance 1

26 / 2 = 13 balance 0

13 / 2 = 6 balance 1

6 / 2 = 3 balance 0

3 / 2 = 1 balance 1

1 / 2 = 0 balance 1

= 1101012 (6 bit)

= 001101012 (8 bit)

1. Decimal To Binary ConversionCont

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Multiply each bit in binary number with weights (2).(Darabkan setiap bit dalam nombor binary dengan pemberat(2))

Sum of all the product. (Jumlahkan kesemua hasil darab)

Decimal number that is required is the sum of theproduct. (Nombor decimal yang dikehendaki adalah jumlah hasil darab tersebut)

2. Binary To Decimal Conversion

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Example:

a) 1110012 (6 bit)

(1x25

) + (1x24

) + (1x23

) + (0x22

) + (0x21

) + (1x20

) 32 + 16 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 1

5710

b) 000110102 (8 bit)

24 + 23 + 21

16 + 8 + 2

2610

1. Binary To Decimal ConversionCont

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Binary to decimal

00011011.00100001.00101010.00001111

00000110.00010101.00001110.00001010

00001100.00011000.00000001.00111000

EXERCISE

Jawapan:27.33.42.15

6.21.14.10

12.24.1.56

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Decimal to binary

56.78.100.121

127.3.44.8

192.168.67.10

EXERCISE

Jawapan:

00111000.01001110.01100100.01111001

01111111.00000011.00101100.00001000

11000000.10101000.01000011.00001010

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Dot-decimal notation is a method of writing binarynumbers in octet grouped base-10 (decimal) numbers

separated by dots (full stops).

IPv4 addresses are almost universally presented in dot-

decimal notation (see illustration).

For example, the hexadecimal number 0xFF000000 is

expressed in dot-decimal notation as 255.0.0.0.

Dotted Decimal Notation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octet_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_stophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_addresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_addresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_stophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octet_(computing)

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If leading zeros are added to the decimal numbers,some utility programs interpret them as octal numbers

rather than decimal numbers.

For example, 022.101.31.153 would be interpreted as

18.101.31.153 in decimal notation.

Dotted Decimal Notation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_software

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Dotted Decimal Notation

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2 4 2 Sambung pada 13/08/2012

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Public

any IP address that is not in any of the private networking

schemes and is routable on the Internet.

Private

There are some specific address in each class of IP addressesthat can not be used because each packet with this destination

address will not be continued on the Internet.(Terdapat beberapaalamat tertentu dalam setiap kelas IP address yang tidak dapat digunakan karena setiap paket

dengan alamat tujuan ini tidak akan diteruskan di internet)

Private addresses can be used by the host using the networkthe address translation (NAT), or a proxy server to connectedto a public network; or by the host that not connected to the

Internet.(Private addresses dapat digunakan oleh host yang menggunakan networkaddress translation (NAT), atau sebuah proxy server, untuk terhubung ke sebuah public

network; atau oleh host yang sama sekali tidak terhubung ke Internet)

Public & Private IP Address

2.4.2 Sambung pada 13/08/2012.....

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2 4 3

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Unicast

It normally refers to a single sender or a single receiver, andcan be used for both sending and receiving. (Biasanya merujuk pada satu

penghantar atau penerima tunggal, dan boleh digunakan untuk kedua-dua menghantar dan menerima)

Some individual PCs have several distinct unicast addresses,each for its own distinct purpose. (Beberapa PC individu mempunyai beberapaalamat Unicast yang berbeza, setiapnya untuk tujuan yang berbeza)

Sending the same data to multiple unicast addresses requiresthe sender to send all the data many times over, once foreach recipient. (Menghantar data yang sama untuk beberapa alamat Unicast menghendaki

penghantar untuk menghantar semua data berkali-kali, sekali untuk setiap penerima)

Form of IP Addressing2.4.3

Figure : Illustration of Unicast

Form of IP Addressing Cont

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Broadcast

to send data to all possible destinations ("all-hosts

broadcast"), which permits the sender to send the dataonly once, and all receivers receive a copy of it. (untukmenghantar data ke semua destinasi yang mungkin ("semua-host siaran"), yang membolehkan penghantar untukmenghantar data hanya sekali, dan semua penerima menerima salinannya)

In addition, a directed (limited) broadcast can be madeby combining the network prefix with a host suffixcomposed entirely of binary 1s.

For example, the destination address used for a directedbroadcast to devices on the 192.0.2.0/24 network is

192.0.2.255.

Form of IP AddressingCont

Figure : Illustration of Broadcast

Form of IP Addressing Cont

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Multicast

A multicast address is associated with a group of

interested receivers. (Alamat Multicast adalah berkaitan dengan sekumpulanpenerima)

The sender sends a single datagram (from the

sender's unicast address) to the multicast address,and the intermediary routers take care of makingcopies and sending them to all receivers that haveregistered their interest in data from that sender.(Penghantar menghantar datagram tunggal (dari alamat penghantar Unicast) ke alamat

Multicast, dan router perantara mengurus dalam membuat salinan dan menghantarnyakepada semua penerima yang telah berdaftar untuk mendapatkan data dari penghantar itu)

Form of IP AddressingCont

Figure : Illustration of Multicast

2 4 4

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Static IP address manually assigned to a device. (Alamat IP ditentukan

secara manual kepada peranti)

manageable for small networks. (diuruskan untuk rangkaian yang kecil)

requires careful checks to avoid IP conflict. (memerlukanpemeriksaan yang teliti untuk mengelakkan konflik IP)

Dynamic

IP address automatically assigned by server when host

boots. (Alamat IP ditentukan secara automatik oleh server apabila hos dibootkan)

derived automatically from a range of addresses. (diturunkansecara automatik dari julat alamat)

How IP Addresses are obtained

2.4.4

2.4.4

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Static IP address - configuration IP address does notchange when a dial-up connection to the Internet isdone. (konfigurasi IP address yg tidak bertukar setiap kali sambungan dialup ke internetdibuat)

Dynamic IP address - configuration IP address isexchange when a dialup connection to the Internet isdone.(konfigurasi IP address yg bertukar-tukar setiap kali sambungan dialup ke internetdibuat)

Dynamic IP address will be given each time you login(should have DHCP server). (IP address secara dinamik akan diberisetiap kali anda login(perlu ada server DHCP))

TCP/IP addressingCont

2.4.4

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DHCP (2)

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DHCP (2)

A DHCP client retrieve those parameters and usethem to join the existing network.

DHCP allows network administrators centrallymanage and automate the assignment of the IPaddresses without having to worry about assigning

duplicate addresses, making network administrationa lot easier to manage.

DHCP (3)

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DHCP (3)

Depending on implementation, the DHCP server may

have three methods of allocating IP-addresses: dynamic allocation: A network administrator assigns a

range of IP addresses to DHCP, and each client computeron the LAN has its IP software configured to request an IPaddress from the DHCP server during network

initialization. automatic allocation: The DHCP server permanently

assigns a free IP address to a requesting client from therange defined by the administrator.

static allocation: The DHCP server allocates an IP address

based on a table with MAC address/IP address pairs,which are manually filled in (perhaps by a networkadministrator).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_administratorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_addresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_addresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_addresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_addresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_administratorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_administratorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_administratorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_administratorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_administratorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_administratorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_administratorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_addresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_addresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_administrator

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DHCP Leasing Process

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DHCP Leasing Process

Device borrows (leases) IP address

Devices use IP address temporarily

Specified time limit

Lease time Determine when client obtains IP address at log

on

User may force lease termination

DHCP service configuration

Specify leased address range

Configure lease duration

DHCP Leasing Process

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DHCP Leasing Process

Figure : Several steps to negotiate clients first lease

Terminating a DHCP Lease

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Terminating a DHCP Lease

Lease expiration Automatic

Established in server configuration Manually terminated at any time

Clients TCP/IP configuration

Servers DHCP configuration

Circumstances requiring lease termination DHCP server fails and replaced

Windows: release of TCP/IP settings

DHCP services run on several server types Installation and configurations vary

i d dd2.4.6

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STEP 1: Go to Start > All Programs > Accessories >Command Prompt. This opens the Command Prompt.

Alternatively, go to Start > Run, type "cmd," and pressOK.

How to Find out Your IP Address

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