ECBC & Voluntary Green Rating Systems
Prof. Roshni Udyavar Yehuda
Rachana Sansad’s Institute of Environmental Architecture
TOT Workshop on ‘THOUGHTFUL COOLING’ 9 – 11 January 2015
Rachana Sansad Auditorium Mumbai
1. ECBC – background, overview & compliance
2. Voluntary Green Building Rating Systems
3. Indian context - LEED, GRIHA, Eco-housing & IGBC
4. Comparison of passive and active cooling measures in ECBC Green Building Rating Systems
5. Scaling up and implementation
Contents
ECBC
Background, overview & compliance
Industrial Domestic Agriculture Commercial RailwaysPublic Water
worksPublic
lightingMiscellaneo
us
1960-61 1853 260 15 198 339 35 20
2000-01 18363 11172 9940 4105 1581 1199 551 378
2010-11 34416 19546 16257 11527 2188 1983 846 633
2011-12 36486 21041 21693 11768 2229 2193 1077 157
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
Mill
ion
Un
its
Sectors
1960-61
2000-01
2010-11
2011-12
Source: Economic Survey of Maharashtra 2012-13, Planning Dept. GoM
19 times 80 times 1,446 times 59 times 6 times 62 times 53 times
Sectors to Target
Electricity Consumption in Sectors over the years, Maharashtra Why ECBC?
Source: MEDA
Sector-wise Consumption in 2009-10 for Maharashtra - MEDA
Commercial Buildigns 100 KVA & above
51.83%
Residential Buildigns 200 KW connected
load 41.20%
Hoardings 2kW and above 0.16%
Water Pumping 5.14%
Street Lighting 0.37%
Govt. Buildings 1.30%
Why ECBC?
• Per capita consumption has increased by 20 times in Commercial sector, Maharashtra in 2011 since 1960
5 10.9 15.1
27.5
42.7
102.9 103.6
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1960-61 1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2010-11 2011-12
Un
its
Years
Source: Economic Survey of Maharashtra 2012-13, Planning Dept. GoM and Central Electrical Authority, Power Scenario 2012
Per Capita Consumption of Electricity in Commercial Sector over the years, Maharashtra
Why ECBC?
The Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) launched by BEE in 2007 (amended 2010) under the Energy Conservation Act 2001.
The rules relating to Energy Conservation Building Codes can be notified under
clause (a) of section 15 of clause (l) of sub-section (2) of section 56, for buildings with a connected load of 100kW or contract demand of 120 kVA and above and intended
to be used for commercial purposes;
Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC)
The objective of ECBC is to provide minimum requirements for energy efficient design and design of buildings and their systems
SCOPE OF ECBC
• New buildings with: • Connected load in excess of 100 kW OR
• Contract demand in excess of 120 kVA
• Also applies to Additions & Major Renovations when: • Addition + Existing building area > 1000 m2
• Renovated portions of a 1000 m2 or larger building
• On conflict with safety regulations, safety regulations will precede
ECBC: TYPES OF BUILDING COVERED
• Large Commercial Buildings
• Office Buildings
• Large Amenity Buildings
• IT Parks
• Government Buildings
• Hospitals
• Retail Malls
• Hotels
• Major Residential Buildings
Building Applying For ECBC Compliance
Meet Mandatory Provisions of Sections 4-8
Prescriptive Method
Whole Building Performance
Method Trade-off option
(for ENVELOPE only)
ECBC Compliance
4.2 ENVELOPE
5.2 HVAC
6.2 SERVICE HOT WATER & PUMPING
7.2 LIGHTING
8.2 ELECTRICAL POWER
Ap
plic
able
Bu
ildin
g Sy
ste
ms
Steps to meet ECBC compliance
Compliance Approaches
Provides minimum
performance requirements
Flexibility in meeting or exceeding energy
efficiency requirements (as compared to a
baseline building)
balance of some low performance
components with other higher
performance components
ENVELOPE
• Fenestration
• Opaque Construction
• Building Envelope Sealing
HVAC
• Natural Ventilation
• Minimum Equipment Efficiencies
• Controls
• Piping And Ductwork
• System Balancing
• Condensers
SHW&P
• Solar Water Heating
• Equipment Efficiency
• Supplementary Water Heating System
• Piping Insulation
• Heat Traps
• Swimming Pools
• Compliance Documentation
LIGHTING
• Lighting Control
• Exit Signs
• Exterior Building Grounds Lighting
ELECTRICAL
POWER
• Transformers
• Energy Efficient Motors
• Power Factor Correction
• Check Metering & Monitoring
• Power Distribution Systems
Overview of ECBC Mandatory Requirements
Overview of ECBC Prescriptive Requirements
ENVELOPE
• Roofs
• Opaque Walls
• Vertical Fenestration
• Skylights
• OR TRADE-OFF OPTION
HVAC
• Prescriptive As Per Specs Given OR ASHRAE 90.1-2004
• Economizers
• Variable Flow Hydronic Systems
LIGHTING
• Building Area Method
• OR
• Space Function Method
• Installed Interior Lighting Power
• Exterior Lighting Power
ECBC ENVELOPE - Mandatory Requirements
1. Envelope – U-factor of roof, wall & U-factor & SHGC of fenestration
2. Envelope air leakage specifications
ECBC ENVELOPE - Prescriptive Requirements
1. Roof and opaque walls U-factor
2. Fenestration U-factor SHGC
3. Cool Roofs – initial solar reflectance
4. Minimum visual transmission & Window-wall ratio for daylighting windows and skylights
Solar Heat Gain Efficient
The ratio of the solar heat gain entering the space through the fenestration area to the incident solar radiation; A Ratio with value typically ranging from 0.9 to 0.1
Solar Heat Gain Efficient
Solar Heat Gain Coefficient = Directly Transmitted + Absorbed & Re-radiated
DEFAULTS FOR UNRATED VERTICAL FENESTRATION
MAX U-FACTOR & MAX SHGC AS PER CLIMATE & WWR FOR
VERTICAL FENESTRATION
MIN VLT AS PER WWR VERTICAL FENESTRATION
MAX U-FACTOR & MAX SHGC AS PER CLIMATE FOR SKY LIGHTS
MAX U-FACTOR & MIN R-VALUE AS PER CLIMATE & BUILDING TYPE FOR WALLS
MAX U-FACTOR & MIN R-VALUE AS PER CLIMATE & BUILDING TYPE FOR ROOFS
ECBC HVAC - Mandatory Requirements
ECBC HVAC - Prescriptive Requirements
1. Natural ventilation – as per guidelines in NBC
2. Minimum equipment efficiencies
3. Controls – time clock, temperature control & cooling tower and closed circuit fluid
1. Economizers
2. Variable Flow Hydronic systems
• By wind action: – Orientation- 00 - 300 to prevailing wind direction
OR 450 if wind direction E/W
– Inlet position - windward side at low level & outlet opening position – leeward side.
– Inlet size if wind direction constant, 30 -50% total area of openings OR equal area on all sides if variable wind
– Surrounding hedges, shrubs, trees don’t obstruct inlet, not planted within 8m from building
– Sill height 85% of critical ht. for max air movement – For only one wall exposed - 2 windows preferred to
1 – Width of window – 2/3rd of wall width, for identical
windows on opposite walls – Position of windows – diagonally opposite,
windward window near upstream corner – Roof overhangs – promote air motion in working
zone – Horizontal slot between wall & horizontal louver to
prevent wind deflection – Verandah open on 3 sides to increase air motion
for most orientations – Partition perpendicular to main flow at floor level
with 0.3m spacing in leeward side of wide span buildings
– Leeward side building shouldn’t be taller than adjoining windward block…etc.
• By Stack Effect: – Difference in air
temperature between outside and inside air
– If inside warmer, warm air rises through opening at higher level
– Provide ventilators closer to ceiling / roof
NBC 2005 PART 8 – SECTION 1 LIGHTING & VENTILATION –
5.4.3 DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR NATURAL VENTILATION
• 5.7.1.1 Maximum use of wind-induced natural ventilation by: – Adequate no. of fans in hot & dry and warm & humid
– Capacity of fan (55D m3/min) based on room length (D)
– Height of fan blades above floor (3H + W/ 4) (H=ht. of room, W= ht. of work plane)
– Min distance between blades and ceiling 0.3m
– Electronic regulators
– Size based on usable area of room
NBC 2005 PART 8 – SECTION 1 LIGHTING & VENTILATION –
5.7.1 ENERGY CONSERVATION IN VENTILATION SYSTEM
MINIMUM EFFICIENCY REQUIREMENTS FOR CHILLERS
COP ratio of the rate of heat removal to the rate of energy input EER ratio of net cooling capacity in BTU/hr to total rate of electric input in watts IPLV part load efficiency for air-conditioning and heat pump based on part-load EER, COP, or KW/ton
POWER CONSUMPTION RATING
FOR UNITARY AC - IS 1391 PART 1
POWER CONSUMPTION RATING
FOR SPLIT AC - IS 1391 PART 2
POWER CONSUMPTION RATING FOR PACKAGED AC - IS 8148
PIPING INSULATION OF HEATING
SYSTEMS
PIPING INSULATION OF COOLING
SYSTEMS
DUCTWORK INSULATION
Voluntary Green Building Rating Systems
What is a rating system? Method of evaluating performance against a set of criteria
Provides Quantification and ranking
Standardization of procedures and norms
Independent evaluation
Design & technical guidelines
Benchmarks & Base Case
A few existing green rating systems BREEAM
LEED
Green Globe
Green Star
Energy Star/ ECBC
Ecotel
Built Green
Earth Advantage
BEAM
GBTool
GRIHA
Eco-housing
Green Building Rating Systems…
Performance or Prescriptive Based
Comprehensive assessment tools
Design checklist
Energy & Environmental Performance
Framework to assess overall design
Standards in Energy Efficiency
Green Building Rating Systems
LEED INDIA/ IGBC 2004
Eco-Housing (municipality) 2005
GRIHA (government) 2006
ECBC (government energy ministry) 2007
ASHRAE 90.1 2004
LEED: Leadership in Energy &
Environmental Design
LEED Energy & Atmosphere
Mandatory Requirements
1. Fundamental Commissioning of Building Energy Systems – To verify project’s energy-related systems are installed,
and calibrated to perform according to the owner’s project requirements, basis of design and construction documents.
2. Minimum energy performance – WBP or prescriptive compliance - To establish the minimum level of
energy efficiency
3. Fundamental refrigerant management - To reduce
stratospheric ozone depletion
LEED Energy & Atmosphere
Prescriptive Requirements
1. Enhanced commissioning (2 points) - To begin the
commissioning process early in the design process and execute additional activities after systems performance verification is completed.
2. Optimize energy performance (Up to 19 points) - To
achieve increasing levels of energy performance beyond the prerequisite standard
3. Measurement and Verification (3 points) - To provide for
the ongoing accountability of building energy consumption
4. On-site Renewable energy (Up to 7 points) - To
encourage and recognize increasing levels of on-site renewable energy
5. Enhanced refrigerant management (2 points) - To
reduce ozone depletion and support early compliance with the Montreal Protocol
6. Green power (2 points) - To encourage the development and
use of grid-source, renewable energy technologies on a net zero pollution
Platinum
Gold
Silver
Certified
LEED: Leadership in Energy &
Environmental Design
The Eco-Housing Assessment Criteria are applicable to all residential building/ building complexes, and single family residences.
The criteria are based on local environmental issues and have a checklist of measures aimed at architects, builders, financial institutions, and homeowners.
To determine the environmental performance of a building, the Eco-Housing assessment criteria are divided into the following seven broad categories, with each individual category describing a set of measures that need to be fulfilled.
Eco-housing: Criteria, Points & Ratings
Site Planning
Environment Architecture
Energy Conservation and Management
Efficient Building Materials
Water Conservation
Solid Waste Management
Other Measures
Eco-housing: Criteria, Points & Ratings
Site Planning 140
Environment Architecture 80
Energy Conservation & Management 240
Efficient Building Materials 190
Water Conservation 150
Solid Waste Management 120
Other Measures 80
Total number of points 1000
Points can be earned by meeting the performance goals of the criteria. 27 mandatory measures have to be complied with and there is a choice as to the implementation of the voluntary measures.
Eco-housing: Criteria, Points & Ratings
Ecohousing – Environmental Architecture
Mandatory Requirements
1. Design strategies for Thermal Comfort (Upto 45 points)
2. Protection from rains (5 points)
Ecohousing – Environmental Architecture
Non-mandatory Requirements
1. Set up a Design Team (5 points)
2. Daylighting (Upto 15 points)
3. Computer simulation (10 points)
2.2.1. Design Strategies for
Thermal Comfort
(Composite Climate eg. Pune)
• Minimizing solar gain in summer 20 • Building orientation, window area and placement 5
• Shading Devices 5
• Building form and internal zoning 4
• Additional passive solar design systems 3
• Glazing systems 3
• Other systems such as solar chimney,etc.
• Facilitate air movement & ventialation 15 • Orientation 4
• Building Form & Design 4
• Window Placement & Design 3
• Additional Passive Design Systems 4
Mandatory 45 points
Ecohousing – Energy Management
Mandatory Requirements
1. Renewable energy for external and common area lighting (Upto 40 points)
2. Renewable energy for electric consumption (Upto 20 points)
3. Renewable energy for water heating (Upto 20 points)
4. Boosters for water heaters (10 points)
5. Hot water plumbing (10 points)
Ecohousing – Energy Management
Non-mandatory Requirements
1. Power Factor (10 points)
3.13. Renewable energy for external
and common area lighting
• Use renewable energy based (solar PV, biomass, wind,
fuel cells) lighting system for minimum of 25% external
lighting (wattage) requirement on site namely
walkways, driveways and landscaped areas or for
common/ circulation areas within a building like
passage, staircases, lifts, corridors, lobbies, rdfuse
areas with the provision of backup system for lighting
in case of any problems in renewable energy based
lighting system
– Between 25 – 40% of lights on renewable energy 20
– Between 41 - 60% of lights on renewable energy 30
– Between 61 - 100% of lights on renewable energy 40
Non-mandatory 40points
3.14. Renewable energy for electric
consumption
• Out of the total electric consumption (both indoor &
outdoor)
– Minimum 3% to be managed using renewable sources 5
– Minimum 5% to be managed using renewable sources 10
– Minimum 10% to be managed using renewable sources 15
– Minimum 15% to be managed using renewable sources 20
Non-mandatory 20points
3.15. Power Factor
• Power Factor to be more than 0.9
Mandatory 10points
The power factor of an AC electric power system is defined as the ratio of the real power to the apparent power It is a number between 0 to 1 inclusive. Real power is the capacity of the circuit for performing work in a particular time. Apparent power is the product of the current and voltage of the circuit. Due to energy stored in the load and returned to the source, or due to a non-linear load that distorts the wave shape of the current drawn from the source, the apparent power will be equal to or greater than the real power. Low power factor loads increase losses in a power distribution system and results in increased cost for electrical energy use.
3.16. Renewable energy for water
heating
• Providing water heating systems using renewable
energy
– Minimum 40% of total water requirement 15
– Between 60 - 75% of total water requirement 20
– Between 76 - 100% of total water requirement 25
– Total water requirement can be considered to be 25 liters per
person per day
Non-mandatory 25points
3.17. Boosters for water heaters
• Provide water heaters with non-electric booster or
electric boosters with heating COP>3
(COP = Coefficient of Performance)
Non-mandatory 10points
3.18. Hot water plumbing
• Provide plumbing for hot water to houses with HDPE/
MDPE insulation
Non-mandatory 10points
Rating system
POINTS ACHEIVED ECO-HOUISNG RATING
500
501 - 600
601 – 700
701 - 800
> 800
Minimum of 500 points to qualify for Eco- Housing rating.
Eco-housing: Criteria, Points & Ratings
Currently the system has been developed to help ‘design and evaluate’ new buildings (buildings that are still at the inception stages). A building is assessed based on its predicted performance over its entire life cycle – inception through operation
Griha: Green Rating for Integrated Habitat
Assesment
BUILDING OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE – monitoring of consumption, Occupant health & well-being, issues related to local and global environment
PRE-CONSTRUCTION STAGE – Inter and Intra-site issues
BUILDING DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION – Resource conservation, reduction in resource demand, resource utilization efficiency, resource recovery & reuse, occupant health and well being – land, water, energy, air & green cover
GRIHA: Green Rating for Integrated Habitat
Assessment
Sustainable Site Planning
Water Management
Energy Optimization
Sustainable Building Materials
Waste Management
Health and well being
Building Operation and Maintenance
GRIHA: Green Building Rating System
Innovation
GRIHA: Green Building Rating System
Griha – Energy Optimization
Applicable Criteria
1. Optimize building design to reduce conventional energy demand (8 points mandatory)
2. Optimize energy performance of building within specified comfort limits (16 points partly mandatory)
3. Renewable energy utilization (5 points partly mandatory)
4. Enhance outdoor lighting system efficiency and use renewable energy (3 points)
Griha – Energy Optimization
Selectively Applicable Criteria
1. Renewable energy based hot water system (3 points)
Points scored Rating
50–60 One star
61-70 Two star
71-80 Three star
81-90 Four star
91-100 Five star
Criteria: 33; Points: 100; Ratings: 5
GRIHA: Green Rating for Integrated Habitat
Assesment
Comparison of
Passive and Active Cooling Measures
in ECBC Green Building Rating Systems
Sustainable Sites, 26%
Water Efficiency, 10%
Energy and Atmosphere, 35%
Materials and Resources, 14%
Indoor Environmental Quality, 15%
LEED
LEED: Focus on Energy Efficiency
ECO-HOUSING: Focus on Energy Efficiency
GRIHA : Focus on Energy Efficiency
Sustainable Site Planning, 17%
Water Management , 13%
Energy Optimization, 35%
Sustainable Building Materials, 14%
Waste Management, 5%
Health and well being, 14%
Building Operation and Maintenance, 2%
GRIHA
Scaling Up and Implementation
• Estimates based on simulation models indicate ECBC compliant buildings can use 40 – 60% less energy than conventional buildings
• It is projected that a nationwide mandatory enforcement of ECBC will yield annual energy savings to the tune of 1.7 billion kwh
• At the lowest estimate, this implies an annual saving of nearly Rs. 6 billion; with new rates for commercial establishments, this amount would be far higher
Potential of ECBC
• It has been estimated that the implementation of ECBC for commercial
buildings with connected load above 100kW, will lead to energy savings to the tune 65 Million units which can supply electricity to 40,000 rural families for a year without additional installation of power plants, at current rate of commercial growth in cities.
Source: Draft Green Building Policy, RSIEA, Maharashtra ECBC
Notification Issued
Notification in Progress
Implementation Status of ECBC
Notification Issued
Rajasthan, Oddisha, Andhra Pradesh, Uttrakhand and the Union Territory (UT) of Puducherry have issued notifications for notified ECBC for their states while states like Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka and have amended their codes.
Punjab, Gujarat and Kerala have initiated the amendments process of ECBC for their states.
Notification Issued
Notification in Progress
Amendment Initiation
Next for 2012-13
Source: CEPT
Concepts in Efficiency Energy Efficiency in Buildings
Carbon Neutral Design aims to reduce the carbon emissions in the operating life as well as the construction and materials, and additionally the carbon associated with the commercial, institutional or residential use of the building by the occupants. This incorporates the nature of the work or activity that is carried on within a building. Locating the building to reduce transportation costs will factor into this equation, and thereby includes neighborhood and local or regional planning issues
Zero Energy Design (ZED) Reduction of the operating energy requirements for a building, focusing on the eventual use of zero fossil energy. The official ASHRAE definition for a Net Zero Energy building is “buildings which, on an annual basis, use no more energy than is provided by on-site renewable energy sources.”
Concepts in Efficiency
Energy Efficiency in Buildings
Net Zero Site Energy
Net Zero Source Energy
Net Zero Energy Cost
Net Zero Energy Emission
“The Principles of Sustainable Construction are actually quite
simple . . .
It’s just too bad that common sense is not commonplace!”
- Architect Alejandro Aravena, Chile Holcim Forum 2013
Thank You