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ECE 15B Computer OrganizationSpring 2011
Dmitri Strukov
Lecture 1: Introduction
Partially adapted from Computer Organization and Design, 4th edition, Patterson and Hennessy, and classes taught by Patterson at Berkeley, Ryan Kastner at UCSB and Mary Jane Irwin at Penn State
ECE 15B Spring 2011
Course Logistics : Instructor
Dmitri Strukov [email protected]
Office : HFH 5153Office hours: Wednesday 3:00 – 5:00 pm or
by appointment
please see my schedule online http://www.ece.ucsb.edu/~strukov/DmitriWebPage_files/calendar.htm
ECE 15B Spring 2011
Course Logistics : TAs
Sam Masooman [email protected] hours: Phelps 1435, Available time slots: Thursday 12:30 am -1:30 pmDiscussion session: Girvetz Hall 2119, Monday 5:00-5:50 pm
Jian Zhen [email protected] hours: ECI Lab (still tentative)Available time slots: Friday 10:00 am – 11:00 amDiscussion session: Phelps 1448, Friday 9:00-9:50 pm
ECE 15B Spring 2011
Course Logistics: Material
• URL– http://www.ece.ucsb.edu/~strukov/ece15bSpring
2011/ECE15bSpring2011.htm
• Software: MIPS-32bit simulator (“SPIM”)– Both software and documentation available
online for free– Can be installed on any common platform– See instructions on web for MACs– Try to install that software early
ECE 15B Spring 2011
Course Logistics: Textbooks
• Required: Computer Organization and Design: The Hardware/Software Interface, Fourth Edition, Patterson and Hennessy (COD). The third edition is also accepted.
• Recommended: MIPS Assembly Language Programming, Robert L. Britton, 2003.
• Additional (not required): The C Programming Language, Kernighan and Ritchie (K&R), 2nd edition
• C language manual webpage from Stanford University
• UCSB book store should have them all
ECE 15B Spring 2011
Course Logistics: Grading
• Homework Assignments (excluding HW #0): 10%
• Projects: 20%• Quiz 1: 15%• Quiz 2: 15%• Final: 40%• Class Participation: 5%
– Attendance & discussion in class
ECE 15B Spring 2011
• Approximate schedule on class syllabus– 1 hw/project/quiz per week– Hw/projects typically due Fridays at 11:00 pm in
HFH, 3rd floor (box labeled ECE15B)• Last year lecture viewgraphs will be replaced
with newest one on the day of lecture• Hw, projects description, and solutions will be
posted on the web (HW#0 already online)
Course Logistics: Approximate Schedule
ECE 15B Spring 2011
Course Logistics: Approximate ScheduleCourse introduction 1Overview of computer organization (hw) 1Arithmetic instructions 1Data transfer instructions 1Control flow instructions 1Logic/shift/overflow 1 Procedures 2 Instruction representation 1Memory addressing modes 1Floating point arithmetic 1Pointers and arrays 1 String, lists, stacks 1Memory management 2Compiling, assembling, linking and loading 1History of computing 1 Final review 1 In class quiz 2
ECE 15B Spring 2011
Key milestones in semiconductor industry and computer systems
• 1946 First digital electronic programmable computer by John Mauchy and J.P. Eckert (UPenn) , ENIAC (1,800 sq ft, 18,000 vacuum tubes, 50 tones
• 1954 First silicon transistor by TI• 1958 First integrated circuit by Jack Kilby by TI• 1971 First (single chip) microprocessor – Intel 4004
by Ted Hoff and others, 10-um, 2300 transistors• 2006 Intel Core 2 Duo now 45 nm, up to 1 billion transistors
ECE 15B Spring 2011
Technology and scaling
Technology Scaling Road Map (ITRS)
Year 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Feature size (nm) 90 65 45 32 22
Intg. Capacity (BT) 2 4 6 16 32
Gordon MooreIntel CofounderB.S. Cal 1950!
ECE 15B Spring 2011 Source: Prof. N Cheung, UCB
ECE 15B Spring 2011
Average price per transistor (source: Intel)
Source: Moore’s law at Forty, Chapter 7 from Understanding Moore’s Law: Four decades of Innovation, Edited by David C. Brock, 2006
ECE 15B Spring 2011 Source: Prof. N Cheung, UCB
ECE 15B Spring 2011
More fun facts about semiconductor industry
– 30 million can fit on the head of a pin– You could fit more than 2,000 across the width of a
human hair– If car prices had fallen at the same rate as the price
of a single transistor has since 1968, a new car today would cost about 1 cent
– More transistor produced each year than the number of grains of rice globally
ECE 15B Spring 2011
Technology Trends: Uniprocessor Performance (SPECint)
• VAX : 1.25x/year 1978 to 1986• RISC + x86: 1.52x/year 1986 to 2002• RISC + x86: 1.20x/year 2002 to present
1.25x/year
1.52x/year
1.20x/year
Perf
orm
ance
(vs.
VAX
-11/
780)
3X“Sea change” in chip design: multiple “cores” or processors per chip
ECE 15B Spring 2011
Other computing platforms (why not everything from silicon are microprocessors?)
ECE 15B Spring 2011
Cost = Nonrecurring engineering cost/volume + Production costProduction cost = (1+Defect density * Area/ alpha) alpha, where alpha = 1 to 5
Involves NRE cost
ASIC
μPmanufacturing cost (at small volumes)
performance
Other computing platforms (why not everything microprocessors?)
Market size:- Semiconductor industry >$1000B- Microprocessor (w. embedded) > $100BFor comparison: USA GDP ~ $14000B (24% of worlds total)
ASICFPGA
μPmanufacturing cost (at small volumes)
performance
Other computing platforms (why not everything microprocessors?)
GPU
ECE 15B Spring 2011
Layers of Abstractions
I/O systemProcessor
CompilerOperatingSystem(Mac OSX)
Application (ex: browser)
Digital DesignCircuit Design
Instruction Set Architecture
Datapath & Control
transistors
MemoryHardware
Software Assembler
Computation is implemented using many layers of abstractions – WHY?
ECE 15B Spring 2011
Need Many Layers to Handle Complexity
I/O systemProcessor
CompilerOperatingSystem(Mac OSX)
Application (ex: browser)
Digital DesignCircuit Design
Instruction Set Architecture
Datapath & Control
transistors
MemoryHardware
Software Assembler
Layers of AbstractionThis class is about this region
ECE 15B Spring 2011
Below the Program• High-level language program (in C)
swap (int v[], int k)(int temp;
temp = v[k];v[k] = v[k+1];v[k+1] = temp;
)
• Assembly language program (for MIPS)swap: sll $2, $5, 2
add $2, $4, $2lw $15, 0($2)lw $16, 4($2)sw $16, 0($2)sw $15, 4($2)jr $31
• Machine (object, binary) code (for MIPS) 000000 00000 00101 0001000010000000 000000 00100 00010 0001000000100000
. . .
C compiler
assembler
one-to-many
one-to-one
Below the Program
lw $t0, 0($2)lw $t1, 4($2)sw $t1, 0($2)sw $t0, 4($2)
High Level Language Program (e.g., C)
Assembly Language Program (e.g.,MIPS)
Machine Language Program (MIPS)
Hardware Architecture Description (e.g., block diagrams)
Compiler
Assembler
Machine Interpretation
temp = v[k];v[k] = v[k+1];v[k+1] = temp;
0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 10001010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110 1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001 0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111
Logic Circuit Description(Circuit Schematic Diagrams)
Architecture Implementation
ECE 15B Spring 2011
ECE 15B: So what’s in it for me?
• Learning computer systems from a programmer’s point of view– What the programmer writes– How it is converted to something the computer
understands– How computer interprets the program– What makes programs go slow
ECE 15B Spring 2011
The Rise of Embedded ComputersIn millions
Population 6.4B in 2004, i.e. ~ 1PC, 2.2 cell phones, and 2.5 televisions for every 8 people on the planet
Intel Atom, ~ 50 M Tran.
ECE 15B Spring 2011
Advantages of Higher-Level Languages ?
• Higher-level languages
• As a result, very little programming is done today at the assembler level
Allow the programmer to think in a more natural language and for their intended use (Fortran for scientific computation, Cobol for business programming, Lisp for symbol manipulation, Java for web programming, …)
Improve programmer productivity – more understandable code that is easier to debug and validate
Improve program maintainability Allow programs to be independent of the computer on which they
are developed (compilers and assemblers can translate high-level language programs to the binary instructions of any machine)
Emergence of optimizing compilers that produce very efficient assembly code optimized for the target machine
ECE 15B Spring 2011
ECE 15B: So what’s in it for me?
• Learn big ideas in computer engineering– Principle of abstraction used to build systems as
layers– 5 classic components of a computer– Data can be anything (integers, floating point,
characters): program determines what it is– Stored program concept: instructions just data– Principle of locality, exploited via memory hierarchy– Greater performance by exploiting parallelism
ECE 15B Spring 2011
ECE 15B: can also help you
• Assembly Language Programming– This is a skill you will pick up as a side effect of
understanding big ideas• Hardware Design
– Hardware at the abstract level with only a little bit of physical implementation details to give perspective
• Understand Language Concept– If you know one, you should be able to learn another “low”
level programming language on your own– C constructs used in many other “higher” level
programming languages
ECE 15B Spring 2011
ECE 15B: Does Not Teach
• A specific assembler language– 486 instruction set– ARM instruction set (i.e. Apple A5 processor with
ARM Cortex-A9 in iPad2, or iPhone) – PowerPC instruction set
• Because technologies change so dramatically – Learning the concepts is more important that
learning the language– Learning abstract ideas is more important that
learning the specific features
ECE 15B Spring 2011
MMT Simulator• Features
– Assembler & Debug– Cycle-accurate simulation – GUI and Script support– Detailed statistics including
runtime conflicts
• Implementation– C - 35 K lines of code– TCL - 7 K lines of code
My Own Background...
Memory latency reduction with fine-grain migrating threads in NUMA shared-memory multiprocessors” (with M. Dorojevets) in: Proc. PDCS’02, Cambridge, MA, Nov. 2002, pp. 762-767
ECE 15B Spring 2011
Summary
• Continued rapid improvement in computing– May end up soon but new paradigms and concept
will likely inherit a lot from traditional computer implantation, e.g. multi core
• Hardware/software interface is important layer in the hierarchy to understand how computing is implemented
