ECEN5553 Telecom SystemsDr. George ScheetsWeek 15 & 16Read [36a] "Dish network for the enterprise"[36b] "Lighting up Copper"[36c] "Bell Labs Claims New Speed Record Over Old

Copper Wiring"[37a] "IPTV and Video Networks in the 2015 Time

Frame: The Evolution to Medianets"[37b] "Netflix Factor has University Networks

Creaking Under Streaming Video Strain"[38] "The Broadcast Empire Strikes Back"Final Exam

Friday, 11 December, 1400 – 1550 (Live)< 18 December (Distance Learning)

ECEN5553 Telecom SystemsDr. George ScheetsWeek 15 & 16Read [36a] "Dish network for the enterprise"[36b] "Lighting up Copper"[36c] "Bell Labs Claims New Speed Record Over Old

Copper Wiring"[37a] "IPTV and Video Networks in the 2015 Time

Frame: The Evolution to Medianets"[37b] "Netflix Factor has University Networks

Creaking Under Streaming Video Strain"[38] "The Broadcast Empire Strikes Back"Final Exam

Friday, 11 December, 1400 – 1550 (Live)< 18 December (Distance Learning)

Comprehensive Final ExamComprehensive Final Exam Everything from Day 1 is testableEverything from Day 1 is testable

NotesNotes Power Point slidesPower Point slides Required ReadingsRequired Readings

Work 5 of 7 pages on final.Work 5 of 7 pages on final. 2-3 pages will be from last year2-3 pages will be from last year

Address the questionAddress the question Use the space providedUse the space provided

Give the instructor the feeling you could've said Give the instructor the feeling you could've said more!more!

Rule of thumb: Provide Rule of thumb: Provide >> one fact per point one fact per point

MPEG 1MPEG 1 Standard since 1992 Compression of motion video & audio at about 1.5

Mbps (VHS Quality < NTSC) Targeted at digital playback & storage Has Random Access capabilities Somewhat Obsolete

Divides picture up into 8x8 pixel blocksConverts blocks to bit stream

MPEG 2MPEG 2 Targets higher quality compression,

typically at 3-6 Mbps bit rates Being used for Direct Broadcast TV Large chunks of MPEG2 used in

U.S. HDTV standard Standard since 1994

MP3 MP3 Web audio clipsWeb audio clips Uses audio compression from MPEG 1Uses audio compression from MPEG 1

12-1 typical compression ratio12-1 typical compression ratio

MPEG 4MPEG 4

Aimed at Multimedia Coding Bit rates from 8 Kbps - 40+ Mbps Can codes objects as opposed to NxN blocks

Ability to interact & manipulate objects Standard in 1999 Used in Quicktime 6, Direct TV

H.261, H.263, & H.264H.261, H.263, & H.264 Target real time videoconferencing Subset of MPEG Wide variety of bit rates

64 Kbps - 128 Kbps: Face shot (video phone)384 Kbps: considered to be minimum speed for decent full

screen videoconferencing New OSU gear is using H.263/4 @ 1.92 Mbps

H.264 quality > H.263 > H.261Newer protocols require more processing powerH.261 less common today

Thermal Noise Power in 6 MHzThermal Noise Power in 6 MHz 70 degrees Fahrenheit?70 degrees Fahrenheit?

≈ ≈ 24.01(1024.01(10-15-15) watts) watts 32.3 Mbps → 32.3 Mbps →

Channel Capacity says SNR needs to be Channel Capacity says SNR needs to be >> 40.64 40.64 Need Signal Power Need Signal Power >> 975.8(10 975.8(10-15-15) watts) watts

out of out of receivingreceiving antenna antenna Analog NTSC required SNR ≈ 15,800…Analog NTSC required SNR ≈ 15,800…

… … for a good quality picturefor a good quality picture Needed Signal Power = 379.4(10Needed Signal Power = 379.4(10-12-12) watts) watts

out of out of receivingreceiving antenna antenna

Video Delivery: Over the AirVideo Delivery: Over the Air

300 mATSC

Digital FDMSince June 2009

(FCC edict)

40-50 miles

Video Delivery SystemsVideo Delivery Systems Geo-Synchronous Satellite

Analog NTSC (Obsolete) 1 channel per 6 MHZ of RF bandwidth 10 foot satellite dish

Newer Systems digital MPEG2/4 Can get 4-6 "NTSC quality" SDTV channels

per 6 MHz of RF bandwidth (TDM) 1-2 HDTV signals per 6 MHz RF bandwidth 18 inch satellite dish MPEG4 = same quality, fewer bps

Video Delivery SystemsVideo Delivery Systems Cable TV

Tree configuration Distribution systems originally all coax Originally Analog NTSC BW ≈ 700 MHz

HeadendAMP

AMP

...

...

AMP ...Initially Simplex Copper Coax

Video Delivery SystemsVideo Delivery Systems Cable TV

Tree configuration Fiber deployed from Head End side moving

out

HeadendAMP

AMP

...

...

AMP ...

Copper CoaxFiber

2nd GenerationHybrid Fiber Coax

a.k.a. FTTx

Video Delivery SystemsVideo Delivery Systems Cable TV

Now mostly digital ATSC, MPEG2/4 Cable Modems require 2-way commo

Some 6 MHz channels pulled from TV pool

HeadendAMP

AMP

...

...

AMP ...

Copper CoaxFiber

2nd GenerationHybrid Fiber Coax

FTT curb

Video Delivery SystemsVideo Delivery Systems Cable TV

Ultimate Goal: Fiber to the Home (FTTH) Passive Optical Network

No active electronics in access network

Headend Splitter

...Fiber

3rd GenerationFTT home

...Splitter

...Splitter

Representative Video Bit Rates (Hi ↓ Lo Quality)

Representative Video Bit Rates (Hi ↓ Lo Quality)

1.2 Gbps Uncompressed HDTV1.2 Gbps Uncompressed HDTV 19.4 Mbps ATSC ( ≈ HDTV quality)19.4 Mbps ATSC ( ≈ HDTV quality) 8 - 8 - 9 Mbps MPEG4 ( ≈ HDTV quality)9 Mbps MPEG4 ( ≈ HDTV quality) 90 Mbps Uncompressed NTSC (SDTV) 90 Mbps Uncompressed NTSC (SDTV) 3 - 6 Mbps MPEG2 ( ≈ SDTV quality)3 - 6 Mbps MPEG2 ( ≈ SDTV quality) 1.5 Mbps MPEG4 ( ≈ SDTV quality)1.5 Mbps MPEG4 ( ≈ SDTV quality) 1.5 Mbps MPEG1 ( ≈ VHS < SDTV quality)1.5 Mbps MPEG1 ( ≈ VHS < SDTV quality) How Much More Compression is Still Possible?How Much More Compression is Still Possible?

H.264 uses 30% less bits than MPEG4H.264 uses 30% less bits than MPEG4 November 2008 IEEE Communications MagazineNovember 2008 IEEE Communications Magazine

CompressionCompression Requires a Signal with Requires a Signal with

Redundant informationRedundant information Must be some predictability Must be some predictability

Compressing a Signal Compressing a Signal Makes Result Less RedundantMakes Result Less Redundant

You can't compress foreverYou can't compress forever Information TheoryInformation Theory

Math that puts bounds on amount of Math that puts bounds on amount of compressioncompression

Last Mile Options for Home & SOHOMbps for Data & DTV

Last Mile Options for Home & SOHOMbps for Data & DTV

Dial up ModemsDial up Modems Pathetic BWPathetic BW

Point-to-Point WirelessPoint-to-Point Wireless WiMax, WiFi, ProprietaryWiMax, WiFi, Proprietary

SatellitesSatellites GEOS, GEOS, LEOSLEOS

Power LinesPower Lines Possible in Europe, Possible in Europe, Not economical in U.S.Not economical in U.S.

Cable ModemsCable Modems

PSTN 33.6 Kbps Dial-Up ModemPSTN 33.6 Kbps Dial-Up Modem

Server

CO CO

2 Wire 2 Wire‘4 Wire’

ModemProtocol

Digital TDM (1's & 0's)64 Kbps

CO Input Line Card Low Pass Filter limits BW (3 - 3.5 KHZ)CO Input Line Card Low Pass Filter limits BW (3 - 3.5 KHZ) M-Ary Signaling (256 QAM or something even more complex)M-Ary Signaling (256 QAM or something even more complex)

Channel Capacity says max transfer is around 35 KbpsChannel Capacity says max transfer is around 35 Kbps

PC

ModemProtocol

56 Kbps Modem requires Digital Source

56 Kbps Modem requires Digital Source

Server

COPC

Digital TDM1's & 0's(ISDN,

T Carrier, SONET, OTN)

DiscreteVoltage

(128 possible values)(7 bits, 8000x/sec)

PC to Server traffic will be slower, similar to previous slide.

COModemBank

ISP

Digital StatMux1's & 0's

Dial Up: PC to ISP Connectivity Dial Up: PC to ISP Connectivity

CO

VoiceSwitch

Local Loop

Home

Modem

ISP Modem Bank

To Internet

This configuration used to causecall blocking problems at some CO switches due to longer than designed-for call holding times.

Voicenetwork

PC

Fine print indicatesFine print indicates Uses Acceleration (compression)Uses Acceleration (compression) Some material won't be compressedSome material won't be compressed Actual data transmission rates = Actual data transmission rates =

standard dial up ratesstandard dial up rates

Last Mile Options to the HomeLast Mile Options to the Home Point-to- Point MicrowavePoint-to- Point Microwave

Cellular type technologyCellular type technology Fixed sites using directional antennasFixed sites using directional antennas

Last Mile Options to the HomeLast Mile Options to the Home Geo-synchronous SatelliteGeo-synchronous Satellite

High Speed down links High Speed down links Very Slow Speed Phone Line ‘up link’Very Slow Speed Phone Line ‘up link’

ServerISP

Phone

Last Mile Options to the HomeLast Mile Options to the Home Geo-synchronous SatelliteGeo-synchronous Satellite

High Speed down linkHigh Speed down link Not-so-High speed up linkNot-so-High speed up link

Server

Hughes Net (2013)Hughes Net (2013)

@ 15 Mbps, to go full blast needTCP Window = 15 Mbps*RTT

= 15 Mbps*0.5/(8 b/B) = 937.5 KB(Sat uplink & downlink)

Last Mile Options to the HomeLast Mile Options to the Home Low Earth Orbiting SatelliteLow Earth Orbiting Satellite

Teledesic Teledesic 2004? 2004? 2005? 2005? Never!Never! 300+ Kbps300+ Kbps Cellular type technologyCellular type technology

Cells MoveCells MoveEarth units ‘fixed’Earth units ‘fixed’

RIP

Last Mile Options to the HomeLast Mile Options to the Home

Point-to-Point LaserPoint-to-Point Laser Currently proprietary. Up to 2.5 Gbps speeds.Currently proprietary. Up to 2.5 Gbps speeds. Aimed at BusinessesAimed at Businesses

Leased Lines (a.k.a. Private Lines)Leased Lines (a.k.a. Private Lines) ExpensiveExpensive Aimed at BusinessesAimed at Businesses

Power LinesPower Lines Not as currently configured on MANNot as currently configured on MAN Usable in home LANUsable in home LAN

Powerline HANPowerline HAN

10/100BaseT Ethernet: PC ↔ Adapter500 Mbps: Adapter ↔ Adapter

Last Mile OptionsLast Mile Options Cable Modem Network (DOCSIS)

Simplex 6 MHz downstream channels Simplex 200 KHz to 6+ MHz upstream channels All traffic traverses the Headend

HeadendAMP

AMP

...

...

AMP ...

Copper CoaxFiber

2nd GenerationHybrid Fiber Coax

FTT curb

Cable NetworksCable Networks Have a Lot of BW (XXX MHz)Have a Lot of BW (XXX MHz) Allocate 6 MHz channels for various servicesAllocate 6 MHz channels for various services

FDMFDM 6 MHz Channel can carry6 MHz Channel can carry

2 MPEG4 HDTV signals2 MPEG4 HDTV signals 3-6 MPEG2/4 SDTV signals3-6 MPEG2/4 SDTV signals 30-40 Mbps Cable Modem Traffic30-40 Mbps Cable Modem Traffic

DOCSIS (Data over Cable Service Interface Specification)DOCSIS (Data over Cable Service Interface Specification) InternetInternet VoIPVoIP

Cable Modem Connectivity Cable Modem Connectivity

HeadendVoiceSwitch

Cable TV Network

Home

ISP Router

To Internet

Cable Modem uses sharedbandwidth to get to Cable TV Headend.

Voicenetwork

Mux

Legacy Voice

DataIPTVVoIP

PC

Cable Modem

Voice

LegacyVideo

PC

Cable ModemsCable Modems Use FDM 6 MHz channelsUse FDM 6 MHz channels

Ethernet Frames mapped to QPSK or QAM RF signalEthernet Frames mapped to QPSK or QAM RF signal 30 - 40 Mbps downstream30 - 40 Mbps downstream 320 Kbps to 30 Mbps upstream320 Kbps to 30 Mbps upstream

DownstreamDownstream Head End controls useHead End controls use TDM time slots, possibly assigned for a very short durationTDM time slots, possibly assigned for a very short duration

UpstreamUpstream Head End assigns frequency band to end users (FDM)Head End assigns frequency band to end users (FDM) Head End assigns time slots (Vendor specific algorithms)Head End assigns time slots (Vendor specific algorithms)

Long term assignments (TDMA-like)Long term assignments (TDMA-like) Short term assignments (StatMux-like)Short term assignments (StatMux-like)

Last Mile OptionsLast Mile Options Digital Subscriber Line (xDSL)

Rides on top of Telco access network Runs over twisted pair cabling Various flavors exist

CO

...

ADSL ConnectivityADSL Connectivity

COVoiceSwitch

Local LoopVoice (analog)Data (ATM)

ISP Router

To Internet

ADSL off loads data traffic fromCO voice switches, & providesmore CO↔Home bandwidth.

Voicenetwork

DSLAM

Legacy Voice

Data

Home

PC

ADSL Modem Voice

PC

Splitter

DataIPTV

ADSLADSL Plain Vanilla ADSLPlain Vanilla ADSL

384 Kbps - 8 Mbps downstream384 Kbps - 8 Mbps downstream 16 Kbps - 640 Kbps upstream16 Kbps - 640 Kbps upstream

Uses FDMUses FDM POTS analog voice stays in 0 - 4 KHz bandPOTS analog voice stays in 0 - 4 KHz band Upstream and Downstream signals mappedUpstream and Downstream signals mapped

to higher frequency bandsto higher frequency bands Uses OFDMUses OFDM

ATM or Ethernet frame formatsATM or Ethernet frame formats To & From CO To & From CO

Some of the Flavored VersionsSome of the Flavored Versions ADSL2ADSL2

Needs higher SNR than ADSLNeeds higher SNR than ADSL 8 -12 Mbps downstream8 -12 Mbps downstream 800 Kbps - 3.5 Mbps upstream800 Kbps - 3.5 Mbps upstream

ADSL2+ADSL2+ Doubles used Bandwidth & Bit RatesDoubles used Bandwidth & Bit Rates Can also bond multiple twisted pairsCan also bond multiple twisted pairs

Inverse MultiplexInverse Multiplex VDSL2VDSL2

4 - 8 MHz BW, Inverse Multiplexing4 - 8 MHz BW, Inverse Multiplexing 100 Mbps over short distances100 Mbps over short distances

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber LineAsymmetric Digital Subscriber Line Can carryCan carry

A handful of 1.5 Mbps SDTV signalsA handful of 1.5 Mbps SDTV signals Internet traffic (in left over BW)Internet traffic (in left over BW) Standard voice callStandard voice call 0 HDTV signals0 HDTV signals

ADSL2+ potentially can carry 2 HDTV channelsADSL2+ potentially can carry 2 HDTV channels Two 9 Mbps MPEG4Two 9 Mbps MPEG4

To Support Triple Play ServiceTo Support Triple Play Service TelCo's need to drive fiber down towards homesTelCo's need to drive fiber down towards homes FTTH: Gbps speeds possibleFTTH: Gbps speeds possible VDSL2+ can support 100 Mbps on copper out to 1/3 KmVDSL2+ can support 100 Mbps on copper out to 1/3 Km

DSL SpeedsDSL Speeds

source: www.convergedigest.com/blueprints/ttp03/bp1.asp?ID=232&ctgy=Loop

(Copper)

(Triple) Double Play Provider(Triple) Double Play Provider 100 Mbps minimum BW100 Mbps minimum BW

VoiceVoice Several Mbps for DataSeveral Mbps for Data Several HDTV ChannelsSeveral HDTV Channels

May not be enough for 3D HDTVMay not be enough for 3D HDTV

Advantage Cable TV providersAdvantage Cable TV providers More BW availableMore BW available

May change depending on FTTHMay change depending on FTTH Who get's there first? Who get's there first?

Video Delivery SystemsVideo Delivery Systems Telco Digital Subscriber Line

Ultimate Goal: Fiber to the Home (FTTH) Passive Optical Network

No active electronics in access network

Central Office Splitter

...Fiber

3rd GenerationFTT home

...Splitter

...Splitter

IPTV & ISP BackbonesIPTV & ISP Backbones 150 HDTV MPEG4 TV channels

1.45 Gbps of traffic to move StatMux, need ≈ 2.9 Gbps trunk capacity Two OC-48's Not a show stopper

Especially using multicastOne video stream services many customers

Video on Demand Could be a problem One video stream may service one customer

IPTV & Last Mile NetworksIPTV & Last Mile Networks On the Access NetworkOn the Access Network

Cable TV/Cable Modem: No ProblemCable TV/Cable Modem: No Problem FTTH : No ProblemFTTH : No Problem xDSL: ProblemxDSL: Problem

Unless Next Door to COUnless Next Door to CO Or near FTTC terminationOr near FTTC termination Either way, can't stream 150 HDTV channelsEither way, can't stream 150 HDTV channels Solution: Selectively feed a fewSolution: Selectively feed a few

On the Home NetworkOn the Home Network 100 Mbps can handle several HDTV channels100 Mbps can handle several HDTV channels Leaves significant BW available for data & Leaves significant BW available for data &

yet-to-be-invented appsyet-to-be-invented apps

150 HDTV Channels?150 HDTV Channels? Cable TV/Modem Network

150 HDTV Signals over 75 RF Channels (450 MHz) Simulcast (2 TDM over each 6 MHz FDM)

1.2 – 1.6 Gbps (250 MHz) available for data

HeadendAMP

AMP

...

...

AMP ...

Copper CoaxFiber

2nd GenerationHybrid Fiber Coax

FTT curb

Delivering 150 HDTV ChannelsDelivering 150 HDTV Channels Fiber to the Home (FTTH)

Passive Optical Network (PON) BW in the THz Shared via WDM, TDM, TDMA

CO orHeadend Splitter

...Fiber

...Splitter

...Splitter

Delivering 150 HDTV ChannelsDelivering 150 HDTV Channels Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)

Can't do it. BW ≈ XX MHz (lower double digit) At best, can simulcast 2 with ADSL2+

CO

...

Twisted Pair

Fiber to the Curb & VDSL2 Can't do it 100 Mbps over last 1,000 feet

Could selectively stream an extra channel or two Active electronics required on last segment

Delivering 150 HDTV ChannelsDelivering 150 HDTV Channels

CO Splitter

Twisted PairFiber

FTTC

...VDSL2

...VDSL2

IPTV - Replacement for Cable TV?IPTV - Replacement for Cable TV? On the ISP BackboneOn the ISP Backbone

150 MPEG4 HDTV Channels150 MPEG4 HDTV Channels Not a show stopperNot a show stopper

On the Access NetworkOn the Access Network Cable TV/Cable Modem: No ProblemCable TV/Cable Modem: No Problem FTTH: No ProblemFTTH: No Problem xDSL: ProblemxDSL: Problem

Unless Next Door to CO or FTTC terminalUnless Next Door to CO or FTTC terminal Still won't be able to stream all 150 channelsStill won't be able to stream all 150 channels

IPTV on the Access NetworkIPTV on the Access Network

ISP Backbone

UserTVUserTV

UserTV

UserTV

LocalCache

...

Regional Caches Streamed All or Most TV

Network Programs Local Cache

HouseApartment Complex

Streamed > 1 channel, Access BW permitting.

User TV Streamed > 1 channel,

Home BW permitting.

RegionalCache

...

IPTV on the Access NetworkIPTV on the Access Network

ISP Backbone

UserTVUserTV

UserTV

UserTV

LocalCache

...

Want to change channel?

TV Cache Checked Available?

< 1/2 second to change Not available?

Packet request shipped to Local Cache

RegionalCache

...

IPTV on the Access NetworkIPTV on the Access Network

ISP Backbone

UserTVUserTV

UserTV

UserTV

LocalCache

...

Local Cache Checked Available?

Channel streamed to TVMay take > 1/2 second

Not available?Packet request shipped to Regional Cache

RegionalCache

...

IPTV on the Access NetworkIPTV on the Access Network

ISP Backbone

UserTVUserTV

UserTV

UserTV

LocalCache

...

Regional Cache Checked Available?

Channel streamed to Local Cache, then user TV.

Not available?Packet request might need to be shipped to info source.

If these are busy...

RegionalCache

...

IPTV on the Access NetworkIPTV on the Access Network

ISP Backbone

UserTVUserTV

UserTV

UserTV

LocalCache

...

Channel Change May Take Several Seconds

Channel Surfers Won't be Happy Ongoing Research

Streaming Techniques to minimize channel change time.

Predicting next channel

RegionalCache

...

When they're awake.

Home NetworkHome Network

100 Mbps Believed Sufficient100 Mbps Believed Sufficient Several HDTV streamsSeveral HDTV streams Several Mbps left over for dataSeveral Mbps left over for data

OptionsOptions 100 Mbps Ethernet100 Mbps Ethernet 802.11n or 802.11ac802.11n or 802.11ac

May not be enough in a few yearsMay not be enough in a few years

Worst Case Household Video DemandWorst Case Household Video Demand

Source: "Future Fiber to the Home Bandwidth…", IEEE Communications Magazine, November 2012

HDTV Video On DemandHDTV Video On Demand Roughly 80 TV's per 100 U.S. PopulationRoughly 80 TV's per 100 U.S. Population Current population about 322,400,000Current population about 322,400,000 About 257.9 million TV'sAbout 257.9 million TV's Worst Case Traffic DemandWorst Case Traffic Demand

257,900,000 x 9.66 Mbps/user =257,900,000 x 9.66 Mbps/user =2,492,000,000,000,000 bps2,492,000,000,000,000 bps

All aren't HDTV capableAll aren't HDTV capable All won't be onAll won't be on Should be some multicastingShould be some multicasting etc.etc.

Video On Demand- ReservationsVideo On Demand- ReservationsI want to watch"Dr. Strangelove"at 7:12 pm.

Someone else in vicinity commencedwatching at 6:58 pm?

Reservations 1 hour in advance required?

System can plan ahead.6:58 request could be streamed live and forwarded (multicast) to my location, stored locally, played back commencing at 7:12.

UnicastUnicast

Server

Router

SinkSinkSink

3 Separate Streams Required to service 3 users.

MulticastMulticast

Server

Router

SinkSinkSink

For a portion of the route, 1 stream suffices.