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The background
Rio Earth Summit 1992– Environmental movements– 500 years of colonialism and resistance– Third world debt trap
The movement
SPEDCA and ENREDJubilee Debt CampaignCopenhagen Climate SummitCochabamba People's Summit
The activist argument
Socio-ecological subsidyCancellation of South's financial debtNorth's consumption is unsustainableThe ecological debt must be paid
The academic conceptThe ecological debt of country A consists of
1. the ecological damage caused over time by country A in other countries or in areas under the jurisdiction of other countries through its production and consumption patterns, and/or
2. the ecological damage caused over time by country A to ecosystems beyond national jurisdiction through its consumption and production patterns, and/or
3. the exploitation or use of ecosystems and ecosystems goods and services over time by country A at the expense of the equitable rights to these ecosystems and ecosystem goods and services of other countries or individuals
(Paredis et al. 2008:149).
Three applications
Ecological debt as a...Biophysical measure
– Ecological footprints– Environmental space – Social metabolism– Climate/Carbon Debt– Srinivasan et al: ”The mounting climate
damages impressed upon poor nations will in the end far exceed the current foreign debt”
Three applications
Ecological debt as a...Biophysical measureLegal instrument
– Several examples form UN agreements– Litigation processes– ”There will be a general obligation of industrialised
nations under international law to compensate developing nations for damage resulting from anthropogenic climate change”
(Tol and Verheyen 2004:1109).
Three applications
Ecological debt as a...Biophysical measureLegal instrumentDistributional principle
– Historical responsibility– Objections:
• The beneficiary argument• Non-responsibility for past emissions• Problems of ignorance
The case study: Carbon debt
Definition:
(a) over-emission of CO2 by country A over time with
respect to a sustainable level; i.e. emission levels that overshoot the absorption capacity of the atmosphere and are thus causing ecological impact in other countries and ecosystems beyond national jurisdiction;
(b) over-emission of CO2 by country A over time at the expense of the equitable rights to the absorption capacity of the atmosphere of other countries or individuals. (Paredis et al. 2008:150)
The case study: Carbon debt
Carbon Debt (CD) = HCD + GCD
Historical CD = intra-generational interstate debt referring to inequalities between countries and populations historically and today
Generational CD = inter-generational debt that our generation owes to coming generations, i.e. emissions above the sustainable level
The case study: Carbon debt
Calculations for 154 states 1850-2011:70 countries are debtors83 are creditors (Jamaica's net debt is 0)
Total claim/HCD: 291 239 Mt CO2
Total GCD: 190 137 CO2
Total ned CD: 481 376 CO2
The case study: Carbon debt
Top ten total Carbon Debt (MtCO2)
1. USA (323,983) 6. Canada (24,098)
2. Russia (73,057) 7. France (18,726)
3. Germany (64,866) 8. Ukraine (16,646)
4. UK (55,398) 9. Poland (16,071)
5. Japan (27,998) 10. Australia (12,486)
The case study: Carbon debt
Top ten per capita Carbon Debt (tCO2)
1. USA (1,040) 6. Estonia (719)
2. UK (876) 7. Canada (702)
3. Belgium (808) 8. Trinidad & Tob (690)
4. Germany (793) 9. Kuwait (571)
5. Czech Rep (753) 10. Kazackhstan (563)
The case study: Carbon debt
Top ten total Carbon Claim (MtCO2)
1. India (100,923) 6. Ethiopia (7,008)
2. China (49,414) 7. Vietnam (6,245)
3. Indonesia (15,733) 8. Kongo (6,245)
4. Bangladesh (15,488) 9. Phillipines (4,590)
5. Nigeria (8,892) 10. Burma (4,584)