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8/9/2019 Ecological Soil Management - The Key to Successful Gardening - Introduction
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Ecological Soil Management:
The Key to SuccessfulGardening
Wendy Sue Harper, Ph.D.
Vegetable and Fruit Technical AssistanceAdvisor
Northeast Organic Farming Association of
Vermontwww.nofavt.org
8/9/2019 Ecological Soil Management - The Key to Successful Gardening - Introduction
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Soil: the Foundation of
the Garden
WSH
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Todays Presentation
Ecological Soil Management of
Organic Matter
Soil Tilth
Bio-diversity
To achieve healthy soil, healthy plants,
and ecological balance.
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A Plant & Soil
Ecosystem LightAirWater, etc
Nutrients
pH
CEC
Moisture
Microbes,
Earthworms, etcOM = Organic Matter
Temperature
Air
Texture
Structure
Pollutants
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CEC
Soil Air
MoistureMicrobes
rganicM
atter
Struc
ture
Text
ure
pH
Pollutants
Nutrients
A Simplified Soil Ecosystem
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A Good Loam Soil:
50% Solids
50% Pores
45% Mineral5% Organic Matter
25% Air
Big Pores
25% Water
Small Pores
So why is this important?
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Soil Fertility is
The ability of a soil to provide a physical,
chemical, and biological environment forthe plant that is health sustaining.
This is a long-term ecosystem based or
ecological agriculture perspective!
8/9/2019 Ecological Soil Management - The Key to Successful Gardening - Introduction
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Seven Principles to Maintain Soil
Fertility
1. Maintain a Proper Air to Water Balance2. Maintain Soil Tilth
3. Prevent Erosion
4. Maintain Soil Organic Matter Levels
5. Maintain Biological Diversity
6. Maintain a Proper Soil pH7. Maintain a Balance of Nutrients
A systems approach means you gotta do them all.Each alone will not make a fertile soil.
8/9/2019 Ecological Soil Management - The Key to Successful Gardening - Introduction
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Maintain Soil OM
Versus
Organic matter makes structure and feeds the biology!
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Why Add Soil OM to Make Humus:
1. Source of Nutrients - N P S & micronutrients
2. Acts as a chelating (binding) agent for the micronutrients
3. Has high CEC; holds cations in soil (ex. K+, Ca2+, Mg2+)
4. Chelates potentially toxic elements (ex. Al3+, Cd2+, Zn2+)
5. Extracts base nutrient cations from minerals
6. Buffers soil pH reaction
7. High water holding capacity
8. Promotes aggregation & improves structure
9. Improves drainage (less erosion) & aeration
10. Affects soil temperature w/ dark color
11. Provides food, energy & nutrients for organisms
12. Stimulates plant root growth
13. Active OM helps maintain a diverse group of soil
organisms = less pests and diseases
Soil Organic Matter Profoundly Influences Soil Fertility
8/9/2019 Ecological Soil Management - The Key to Successful Gardening - Introduction
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Soil Solution:The Thin Skins of Water that Coat
Everything.
RootH
airRAIN
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Cation
ExchangeCapacity +
++
+++ We arepositive!
Cations
K+ Mg2+ Ca2+ H+ Al3+
pH near neutral Acid pH
NO3-
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C t
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Compost:
Aerobic Methods
Small piles and bins
Windrows
Passive aeration
On-Farm Compost Handbook
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Mulch Gardening - 1998
WSH
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Cover Crops in the Garden 2008
WSH
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Cover Crops:
Cover Crops: Covers soil when normally bare preventingerosion. Either survive winter (rye) or die and provide a mulch
(oats).
Can build OMmature plants with lots of biomassturned under build soil OM best.
Green Manures: Grown and turned in while still green;generally immature.
Legumes can build soil fertilityprovide nitrogen.
Can build Soil OM and reduce weeds.
Catch Crops: Grasses mop up and holds nutrients that wouldotherwise leachnitrates scavenger. Holding nitrogen protect water quality and helps
harden-off perennial plants.
Johnnys
Selected
Seeds
All from
Johnnys
Selected
Seeds
C C Q liti f
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Cover Crops Qualities for
Gardening Cover Crops Uses
Cover crops, green manures, and catch crops
Some Types
Legumes: clovers, field peas, vetch, etc. Grasses: winter rye, oats, annual rye, etc
Others: buckwheat, mustards, sorghum-sudangrass
Winter Survival
Winter-killed: buckwheat, oats, sorghum-sudangrass Might winter-kill: annual rye
Survives winter: winter rye, perennial ryegrass, hairy vetch,white clover, winter wheat
Will Re-grow after Cutting Can be cut repeatedly: annual rye, rye, vetch
Can be cut at some stages: oats, buckwheat,
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Cover Crops in the Garden
Serial planting after onions
Rye-VetchAnnual Ryegrass
Buckwheat
Oats
WSH
8/9/2019 Ecological Soil Management - The Key to Successful Gardening - Introduction
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Cover Crops in the Garden
Rye-Vetch Annual Ryegrass
Biomass Production
WSHWSH
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Cover Crops in No-Till Gardening
Buckwheat and Oats BiomassPast Cutting
WSHWSH
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Cover Crops in the Garden
Before and
After Cutting
WSH
WSH
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DO YOU KNOWWhats In Your Dirt?
How Much OM Should YouAdd?
pH??
HeavyMetals??
N-P-K??
%OM?
?
Micronut
rients??
Take a Soil Test and Use Soil Test Recommendations
Dont Fly Blindfolded!
8/9/2019 Ecological Soil Management - The Key to Successful Gardening - Introduction
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8/9/2019 Ecological Soil Management - The Key to Successful Gardening - Introduction
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8/9/2019 Ecological Soil Management - The Key to Successful Gardening - Introduction
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Soil Test
Report Soil Test Results
Recommendation Limestone
Nitrogen Phosphorus
Potassium
Management Info
Who to call
8/9/2019 Ecological Soil Management - The Key to Successful Gardening - Introduction
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Create Great Soil Tilth
8/9/2019 Ecological Soil Management - The Key to Successful Gardening - Introduction
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Make and Maintain Soil Structure
University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Ohio State University
Think about being a root. Which soil
can you grow through best! Get your
air and water from best!
8/9/2019 Ecological Soil Management - The Key to Successful Gardening - Introduction
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What Structure Does for You
Drainage in clay soils (macropores)
Water holding capacity in sandy soils(micropores)
*Building structure with OM Creates thePores You Aint Got!*
Macropore hold air and drain (in-between)Micropores hold water (inside)
OM = Drought Prevention Insurance
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Pores Are Different!
In-between
Aggregates
Inside
Aggregates
After water drains,
air is storedWater is stored
No inside space =no water; no in-between space= no air.
Cornell University
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How to Identify Compaction
Compaction densely packs the soiltogether, destroying tilth, structure and
increasing bulk density.
Compaction:
Surface crusting Surface compaction
Symptoms
Standing water Stressed plants
Erosion
Purdue University
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Making Soil Structure: Improves: drainage, air exchange, moisture
holding capacity, root penetration and seedgermination!
Lowers bulk density and reduces erosion!
It ameliorates natural textural properties!
Dont Destroy Your Structure
Wait and work your soil when it has dried outenoughno mud patties
Add OM to improve soil structure
Keep soil covered to protect soil structureTreat soil gently
C t G t Bi di it
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Create Great Biodiversity
SMB
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In Soil Organisms:Decompose plant and animal residues
releasing nutrients and making humus
Change nutrients to plant available forms
Improve soil structure and tilth (thru 1)
Improve plant nutrition (thru 1,2, & 3)
Diverse populations increase biologicalstability and balance resistance to system degradation
resilience or the bounce back factor
Create self-sufficiency (Emergentproperties) internal system nutrient cycling
beneficial mutualistic organism relationships internal system pest population managementand disease suppression
SMB
SMB
SMB
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Disease Suppression Mechanisms
The process of OM breakdown from OM additions: compost,cover crops, manures, etc.
Antagonists
Bacillus, Entrobacter, Trichoderma, Streptomyces,Pseudomonas, and more!
Single strains are not as effective as mixtures of microbes!
Antibiosis
Nutrient competition Parasitism
Induced systematic resistant- plant vaccination (lesscommon)
Doesnt suppress all diseases: some easy, somehard
Lasts about 6 months
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This Is Who!SMB
SMB
fungal-jungle.blogspot.com
www.profileproducts.com
& SOIL
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& SOIL
DFW
Interesting Relationships!
8/9/2019 Ecological Soil Management - The Key to Successful Gardening - Introduction
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Interesting Relationships!Population control for nematodes and fungi
Fungal
HyphaeNooses
Parasitized
Nematode
Captured
Nematodes
Interesting Relationships and
Population Checks and Balances.
DFW
DFW
SMB
SMB
SMB
ore n eres ng
8/9/2019 Ecological Soil Management - The Key to Successful Gardening - Introduction
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ore n eres ngRelationships!! Phoresy:
Detritivore Hitchhikers
Sucker Disc
Immature
Mites
PhoreticNematodes
DFW
DFW
DFW
DFW
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Plant - Microbial Relationships
Rhizobium and Legumes: Mutualism
SMB
Plant - Microbial Relationships
8/9/2019 Ecological Soil Management - The Key to Successful Gardening - Introduction
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Plant - Microbial Relationships
Mycorrhizal FungiEctomycorrhizae Endomycorrhizae
SMB
SMB
SMB
Bradyand
Weil,
2002.
Brady
and
Weil,
2002.
fungal-jungle.blogspot.com
www.profileproducts.com
8/9/2019 Ecological Soil Management - The Key to Successful Gardening - Introduction
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Plant to PlantMutualistic
Relationships
Bradyand
Weil,
2002.
& SOIL
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& SOIL
The Foundation of Food Web is FOOD.DFW
8/9/2019 Ecological Soil Management - The Key to Successful Gardening - Introduction
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That Means.
Soil OM Biodiversity
Ecological Balance
Efficiency of Soil Processes
Resistance: Systems Resistance to Degradation
Resilience: Systems Ability to Bounce Back
Self-Regulation or Self-Sufficiency (Emergent Properties)
Nutrient Cycling
Mutualistic Organism Relationships
Pest Checks and Balances(Disease Suppression)
Stability
Create Functional Biodiversity
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Create Functional BiodiversityProvide Diverse Food: Organic Matter
Add Organic ResiduesAdd Manure or Compost
Grow Cover Crops
Provide Diverse HabitatRotate Crops
Grow Cover Crops
Plant Mixtures of Species
Interplant, Under-sow, Companion Plant, PolycultureAdd Compost
Use Mulches
Plant Biological or Ecological Islands; Habitat and Food ForBeneficial Organisms
Bio-strips, Flower Strips, Beetle Banks, Strip InsectaryIntercropping, Vegetative Corridors, Hedge Rows
Selective Weeding
Reduce Tillage, Bare Land, and Chemical Inputs
Change Tolerance Levels for PestUse Integrated Pest Management
Rotate Crops
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Rotate Crops
ATTRA
To breaking pest cycles: insects, weeds, diseases
To manage nutrients
To reduce erosion
To build Soil OM
To improve yields
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Biological or Ecological Islands
www.sare.org
Syrphid Fly
Lacewings
Parasitic Wasp
www.attra.org
www.sare.org
www.sare.org
NCSU-IPMNCSU-IPM
NCSU-IPM
www.sciencemuseum.org.uk
Refugia or Conservation Head Lands
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Refugia or Conservation Head Lands
www.sare.org
University of Minnesota Extension
NCSU-IPM
www.sare.org
www.ukagriculture.com
Hedge Rows as Habitat
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Hedge Rows as Habitat
Wind Shelter Belt
Vegetation Barriers
Vegetative Corridors
Spined Soldier Bug
Praying Mantis
USDA/NRCS/NAC
National Corn Growers Association
Texas A&M University
University of Idaho
www.sare.org
Mulch as Habitat
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Mulch as Habitat
Ground Beetles
Spiders
DFW
DFW
WSH
WSH
Beetle Banks: Britain
8/9/2019 Ecological Soil Management - The Key to Successful Gardening - Introduction
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Beetle Banks: Britain
Ground Beetles
and other
Predatory Beetles
http://www.orc.govt.nz/
Oregon State University Extension
www.snh.org.uk/
DFW
Intercropping: Living Mulches
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Intercropping: Living Mulches
Bigeyed BugRover BeetleMinute Pirate Bug
NCSU-IPM
www.omafra.gov.on.ca/
www.dereila.ca
www.sare.org
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Resources
Start with the Soil.1993. G. Gershuny. Rodale Press. Building Soils for Better Crops. 2000. F.R. Magdoff
and H. van Es. Sustainable Agriculture Network.Handbook Series Book 4.
Managing cover Crops Profitably. 2007. SustainableAgriculture Network. Handbook Series Book 9.
Manage Insects on your Farm: A guide to ecologicalstrategies. 2005. M.A. Altieri and C.I. Nicholls with
M.A. Fritz. Sustainable Agriculture Network.Handbook Series Book 7.
The Rodale Book of Composting. 1992. D.L. Martin &G. Gershuny. Rodale Press.
Tales From The Underground. 2001. D. Wolfe.Perseus Pub
SARE
R
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Resources
A Whole-Farm approach to Managing Pests.Sustainable Agriculture Network.
Farmscaping To Enhance Biological Control. 2000.R. Dufour. Appropriate Technology Transfer for
Rural Areas.
Soil Organic Matter in Sustainable Agriculture.2004. F.R. Magdoff and R.R. Weil. CRC Press.
The Nature and Properties of Soils. 2008. N.C.Brady & R.R. Weil. Prentice Hall.
ATTRA: (Soils and Composting) NE-SARE:
SARE
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Biological Slide References
DFW: The Decomposer Food Web:Ecology of organisms of compost and
soil litter byDr. Daniel Dindal, Professor Emertius,Soil Ecologist, SUNY-Syracuse
SMB: Soil Microbiology and Biochemistry
from Soil Science Society of America
WSH: Wendy Sue Harper, Ph.D.
ore ues ons on o s or
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ore ues ons on o s orCompost?
WSH
WSH
WSH
WSH
WSH
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The End