ECOLOGY, ENVIRONMENT AND CONSERVATIONVOL. 24 (2) : 2018

CONTENTS555–564 Investigating of cultivating the autumn sugar beet in Fars Province (Zarghan), Iran

—Adibifard, N., Habibi, D., Bazrafshan, M., Taleghani, D., Ilkaee, M.N.

565–571 Histological changes resulting from the use of sublethal concentrations from insecticideAbamectin in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.1758)—Ahmed Jasim Mohammed, Shaimaa Abdul-Kareem, Aseel Najeeb Ajaweed, Ayat Munaf

Hameed and Beadaa Abdlaqader Mahdii

572–578 Using landsat 8 OLI data to predict and Mapping soil salinity for part of an-NajafGovernorateEbtihal T. AL-Khakani, Watheq F.Al-Janabi, Sa’ad R. Yousif and Hamziya M. Al-Kazaali

579–584 Tourism economic advantages in the physical and functional transformations of ruralsettlements in the Central District of Lahijan, Iran—Mohadese Hatami Shah Khali and Hamid Jafari

585–591 Factors influencing satisfaction in housing area infrastructure management service inPampang Riverbanks, Indonesia—Darwis Baso, Antariksa, Harsuko Riniwati and H. Andi Tamsil

592–597 Numerical study of flow pattern in rectangular channels with side intake—Ali Saeidpur and Saeid Shabanlou

598–606 The potential of constructed wetland as wastewater treatment technology for sustainablesmall industry of Coffee processing in Indonesia—Erina Rahmadyanti, Elizabeth Titiek Winanti, Dewie Tri Wijayati Wardoyo and Diah

Wulandari

607–613 The impact of traditional gold mining in Gumelar Banyumas, Indonesia—Muslihudin Muslihudin, Azis Nur Bambang, Eko Hendarto and Thomas Triadi Putranto

614–620 The variability of productive traits estimation in Kalmyk cattle—Anatoly Foadovich Shevkhuzhev, Foat Galimovich Kayumov, Nikolay Pavlovich Gerasimov

and Dagir Ramazanovich Smakuev

621–627 Application of chicken manure compost as organic fertilizer to improve the quality andproductivity of Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.)—Yohanes Setiyo, Ketut Ayu Yuliadhi, I Gusti Ayu Lani Triani, I Dewa Gde Mayun Permana,

Ida Bagus Wayan Gunam and Nyoman Semadi Antara

628–631 The role of international organizations in the development of environmental rights—Safdar Zeinali and Mehdi Abbasi Sarmadi

632–635 A comparative study of the role of tourism in the development of entrepreneurship in ruralareas (Case study: villages in central district of Rasht), Iran—Masoume Bloki Asli, Mohammadali Ahmadian and Hamid Jafari

636–640 Adaptation problems in adverse ecological zones—E.A. Vasilenko, V.I. Dolgova, G.Yu. Golieva, V.K. Shayakhmetova and I.E. Yemelyanova

641–645 Evaluate toxicity of oxamyl pesticide by using albino Mice—Maad Nezar Mahdi and Ahmed Jasim Mohammed

646–650 Impact of different policy levels changes on dianthalexin content in Dianthus caryophyllusL.—Bushra M. J. Alwash, Sattar A. Shlahi and Sumaya F. Hamad

651–657 Interpretation of land use and land cover at lowland area using by NDVI and NDBI—Andriani, Dinar Dwi Anugerah Putranto, Azhar Kholiq Affandi and Eddy Ibrahim

II CONTENTS Eco. Env. & Cons. 24 (2) : 2018

658–662 Water balance model for environment supportive power simulation (case study at KotaMalang), Indonesia—Bambang Suharto, Ruslan Wirosoedarmo and Liliya Dewi Susanawati

663–672 Preferences for settlement improvement in urban Riparian Indonesia—Maya Fitri, Sugeng Triyadi and Ismet B. Harun

673–680 Spatial analysis of soil texture and peat soil by NDSI method at swamp area of BanyuasinDistrict, Indonesia—Indrayani, Erika Buchari, Dinar D.A. Putranto and Edward Saleh

681–685 Frondiferous mosses of Acer trautvettery community in the Caucasus—Kh. M. Khetagurov, G.Ya. Doroshina, I.A. Nikolaev, A.B. Bazaev, A.V. Gryazkin and A.G.

Vaniev

686–692 Assessment of genetic diversity in Oat (Avena sativa L.) genotypes using agro-morphological traits under drought stress condition—Midia Naleyni and Seyed Mehdi Safavi

693–702 Energy conservation along with generation expansion planning – A solution for TamilNadu, India electrical Power shortage—A. Bhuvanesh, S.T. Jaya Christa and S. Kannan

703–714 Enumerate the groundwater contamination and confiscation of benzene by column study –A lead effectual approachM. Senthil Kumar, G.V.T. Gopalakrishna, V. Sivasankar and K. Omine

715–720 The scientific basis of changes in the composition and properties of meadow saline soil ofthe foothill plains of the Ili Alatau during a long postmeliorative period—Zhainagul Yertayeva, Saginbay Kaldybaev and Aigul Beketova

721–726 An overview related to the different approaches of synthesis of different metallicnanoparticles with various advantages in modern science—Monika Sharma, Ishita Yadav and Chandra Kant Sharma

727–732 Eco-biology and Life cycle study of common grass yellow butterfly (Eurema hecabe) from thefringe areas of Mumbai, India—Swapnesh Rangnekar, Anurag Mistry and Aparna Ghadigaonkar

733–737 Comparative yield performance of rice varieties (high yielding and hybrids) under droughtprone conditions in Jharkhand—Yogesh Kumar and M.S. Anantha

738–744 Mechanical properties of high strength concrete using eco-friendly construction materials—V. Arivudamai and R. Velkennedy

745–750 West-kazakhstan region forest and environmental status of Floodplain Forests—Rosa Maratovna Bakessova, Erzhan Zhunusovich Kentbayev and Botagoz Aidarbekovna

Kentbayeva

751–757 Visible light based photocatalytic degradation of ambient NO2 using dopednanophotocatalyst—Vinod Kumar R. and S. Karthikeyan

758–762 Magnitude of carbon in different viral proteins—Parul Johri, Mala Trivedi and Mohammed Haris Siddiqui

763–767 Effects of automobile exhaust pollution (From 2-stroke and 4-stroke Engine vehicles) on thehaemotological parameters of female rat during winter season—Sukhvinder Kaur

768–772 Evaluation of physico-chemical properties of rice straw and rice husk-derived biochar—Kanku Deka, B.K. Medhi, G.G. Kandali, R. Das, K. Pathak, L. Sarkar and K.D. Nath

Eco. Env. & Cons. 24 (2) : 2018 CONTENTS III

773–778 Technology of spring rape cultivation in Kazakhstan—Altynay Burkhatovna Abuova, Saniya Abiltaevna Tulkubayeva, Marat Bulatovich

Tashmukhamedov, Ivan Viktorovich Sidorik and Yuriy Valerievich Tulayev

779–784 Design of hybrid power control using exotic adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system forhybrid renewable applications—K. Mahendran and S.U. Prabha

785–789 DNA based investigation of century old freshwater sponge species from Indian Museumtank—Shibananda Rath, Vikas Kumar, Shantanu Kundu, Kaomud Tyagi and Boni Amin Laskar

790–798 Critical risk factors associated with construction Projects of Tamilnadu, India—Thirumuruga Poiyamozhi M.V.V. and P.S. Kumar

799–806 Jalkund an alternative potential rainwater harvesting structure in Wokha district, Nagaland– a case study—Laishram Kanta Singh, Kangjam Sonamani Singh and S. Roma Devi

807–818 Environmental applications: Effective analysis of land classification for change detection ofsatellite images in Chennai region, India—N. Prabhakaran, S.S. Ramakrishnan and N.R. Shanker

819–823 Efficient operation of desalination plant for Thermal power plants—Svyatoslav Andreevich Bushumov, Tatyana Germanovna Korotkova, Svetlana Yurevna

Ksandopulo and Svetlana Dmitrievna Burlaka

824–833 Stimulus of agro-industrial waste to make eco-concrete-A review—S. Praveenkumar and G. Sankarasubramanian

834–839 Analysis of groundwater for potability at coconut husk retting area, Kanyakumari District,T.N., India—I. Jessy Mol and T. Baskaran

840–848 Assessment of phytodiversity and their socio-economic dimensions from the submersedzone of Naitwar-Mori hydroelectric power project in tons Valley, Garhwal Himalaya, India—Dinesh Singh Rawat, Radha Ballabha and C.S. Rana

849–855 Effect of sewage water irrigation on soil properties: A case study of Parakkai Lake in TamilNadu, India—S. Sahaya Vasanthi and S. Adish Kumar

856–860 Toxicant stress on protein and ascorbic acid contents in different tissues of freshwaterbivalve Parreysia cylindrica from different reservoirs of Nashik District, India—Balasaheb Rahane and Resham Bhalla

861–874 Performance of irrigation canal before and after rehabilitation – A case study—K. Punithavel, N. Mahendran and P.K. Suresh

875–881 Histopathological changes in the heart and blood of Indian major carp Catla catla(Hamilton, 1822) exposed to Cadmium nanoparticles—S. Sangeetha, S. Deeparani and V. Padma Priya

882–886 Experimental investigation on a compression Ignition engine fueled with corn biodieselwith diesel blends under different compression ratio—S. Nagaraja, C. Krishnaraj, K. Sooryaprakash and M. Sathish Kumar

887–895 Framework for environmental impact assessment (EIA) in urban detailed plans, case study:Tehran, Iran—Ali Reza Sadeghi, Elham Zabetian and Elham Nahavandi

IV CONTENTS Eco. Env. & Cons. 24 (2) : 2018

896–903 Application of amalgamated SSF & UASB in greywater treatment – A revolutionaryapproach—B. Venkatesan, S. Praveen and M. Senthil Kumar

904–908 Effect of Zn on anocatalyst on biodiesel synthesis from different feedstock—C. Chinnasamy and D. Tamilselvam P.

909–915 Eco-friendly high strength concrete production using silica mineral waste as fine aggregate– An ecological approach—Selvaraj Kumar P., Murthi P., Gobinath R. and Paul Awoyera

916–923 Performance analysis of diesel engine using corn oil biodiesel and preheating of Inlet Air:The Taguchi approach—V. Gopinath and P. Shanmughasundaram

924–936 Application of GIS techniques in Mapping of flood and erosion risk areas—Olumuyiwa Idowu Ojo, Masengo Francois Ilunga and Isaiah Oluwakayode Ogunwobi

937–946 Analysis of maximum velocity, bed shear, and sediment distribution towards the effect ofgroyne placement—Pitojo Tri Juwono, Dian Sisinggih and Iskandar

947–951 Performance and emission analysis of VCR single cylinder four stroke DI diesel engineusing Punnagam oil—K. Murugan1, R. Thirumalai and K. Rajkumar

952–959 Measuring cultural development degree in Ardabil province (IRI), Iran—Gholam Reza Miri, Simin Abafat and Parisaghaderi

960–967 The effect of molting hormone (20-hydroxyecdyson) on molting of mud crab (ScyllaOlivacea Herbst, 1976)—Andi Tamsil and Hasnidar

968–975 The vulnerability analysis of mangrove forest status as a Tourism Area—Nuddin Harahab, Harsuko Riniwati and Zainal Abidin

976–982 Citizens color preferences in the Urban landscape based on participation-based approach—Elham Zabetian, Ali Reza Sadeghi and Arsam Salahi Moghadam

983–989 Comparison of properties of rubberized concrete and conventional concrete—C.V. Bindu, V.M. Shanthi, R. Selvaraj, M. Praveen Kumar and U.M. Adhithyalakshmi

990–992 Characterization of Pressmud and Rice Husk combination for adsorption of Heavy metalsfrom waste acid generated from the processing of E-waste by informal sector—Vikrant Srivastava and K.N. Sheth

993–1000 Theoretical foundations of deigning residential garden tower with an approach to ecologydesign in Mashhad—Hamid Ghadiri Sardasht and Amir Farajollahi Rod

Application of chicken manurecompost as organic fertilizer to

improve the quality andproductivity of Potato (Solanum

Tuberosum L.)by Yohanes Setiyo

Submission date: 07-Jan-2019 08:09AM (UTC+0700)Submission ID: 1061794498File name: EEC_2_-10.pdf (460.53K)Word count: 4347Character count: 20304

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Application of chicken manure compost as organic fertilizer toimprove the quality and productivity of Potato (SolanumTuberosum L.)ORIGINALITY REPORT

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Sustainable Agriculture Volume 2, 2011.Publicat ion

Eco. Env. & Cons. 24 (2) : 2018; pp. (621-627)Copyright@ EM InternationalISSN 0971–765X

*Corresponding author’s email: setiyoyohanes@yahoo.com; ibwgunam@unud.ac.id

Application of chicken manure compost as organicfertilizer to improve the quality and productivity ofPotato (Solanum Tuberosum L.)

Yohanes Setiyo1*, Ketut Ayu Yuliadhi2, I Gusti Ayu Lani Triani3, I Dewa Gde Mayun Permana4,Ida Bagus Wayan Gunam3* and Nyoman Semadi Antara3

1Agricultural Engineering Department, Faculty of Agricultural, Technology Udayana University,Badung, Bali 80361, Indonesia2Agroecotechnology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Udayana University, Badung, Bali 80361,Indonesia3Agroindustrial Technology Dept. Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Udayana University,Badung, Bali 80361, Indonesia4Food Science and Technology Dept. Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Udayana University,Badung, Bali 80361, Indonesia

(Recieved 21 October, 2017; accepted 5 December, 2017)

ABSTRACT

This research aimed to improve quality and productivity of potatoes by implementation Low ExternalInput Supply Agriculture (LEISA) system with application of compost from chicken manure as organicfertilizer. The experiment was carried out by applying five dose compost made from chicken manure andit was combined with NPK (Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Potassium) fertilizers. The dose of NPK fertilizerswas 250 kg ha-1, whereas the dose of the compost was 10, 12.5, 15, 17.5 and 20 tons ha-1. The microbespopulation was 3.2 x 103 to 9.9 x 107CFU/g soil with pH 6.6 to 6.8. The soil Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)number lied in the range of 24 to 27.6 me per 100 g soil. The addition of the 17.5 tons ha-1 compost fertilizerwas able to increasing the productivity of the potatoes to 29.3 tons ha-1 and the quality of super classpotatoes to 16.7%.

Key words : Compost, Organic fertilizer, Potatoes, Quality, Productivity

Introduction

This research aimed to improve potatoes producti-vity and quality by implementing LEISA system.The average productivity of potato cultivation inBali Province, Indonesia in 2014 was ± 23 tons ha-1.Factors which may contribute to this low productiv-ity are the physical and chemical soil properties,those factors were not suitable for cultivation. Thephysical, chemical and biological soil properties inthe root zone can be repaired by adding compost as

fertilizers (Mandic et al., 2011; Setiyo et al., 2016).Soil acidity or pH, content of macro and micro

nutrients, and CEC are the chemical properties ofsoil which can improve with compost (Lambert et al.,2005; Oscar et al., 2014). Fertilization with compostimproves the soil biological properties by multiply-ing microbes population. Due to the low number oforganic materials contained in farm lands in Indone-sia that is less than 3%.

Potato farmers in Bali began implementing a sys-tem of sustainable agriculture by providing LEISA

622 Eco. Env. & Cons. 24 (2) : 2018

in 2011 by using compost from chicken or cow ma-nure as fertilizer. Recommended compost dose is 5-10 tons ha-1 with the addition of 250-500 kg ha-1

chemical fertilizers. LEISA potential benefits tofarming include reduction of soil erosion rate, loweramount of pesticides and insecticides usage, lessen-ing application of chemical fertilizers such as NPK,and an improved production in terms of quantityand quality (Brown and Cotton, 2011; Feng et al.,2017).

Materials and Methods

Experimental Design

The research was located in Bedugul-Bali on altitude1100 - 1300 m above sea level which has andosol soiltype. The average daily temperature of the place is18-29°C with 70-80% of relative humidity. The inten-sity of the rainfall recorded is 3000-4800 mm/yearwithin six months of average wet season, and theintensity of sunlight is 2-65 k.lux (Setiyo et al., 2016).

The potato cultivation experiment employed aRandomized Block Design (RBD) with five treat-ments using chicken manure compost. The doses ofthe compost varied around 10, 12.5, 15, 17.5 and 20tons ha-1. This fertilizer was then combined with ba-sic fertilizer containing nitrogen, phosphate andpotash at a dose of 250 kg ha-1.

Each unit of the experiment was conducted in anarea of 10 m x 10 m or consisted of 10 mounds. Twostrands of potato plants were planted on each ridgewidth dimension of 80 cm. The planting distancebetween the grooves was 40 cm and the distancebetween plants in each groove was 30 cm. Betweenthe mounds were given a drainage channel with awidth of 30 cm and depth of 30 cm. The ridges werecovered with black plastic mulch. Each experimen-tal unit was done by five farmers who were ran-domly selected from 30 potato growers in Bali prov-ince.

Analysis of Soil Physical and Chemical Properties

Porosity, field capacity moisture content, and per-manent wilting point were measured by gravimetricmethod. Soil samples were taken at five points ran-domly. The soil sampling depth was 5-20 cm. Thecontent of organic C, K2O, and P2O5 of soil sampleswas measured by AOAC method in 1995, but thecontent of organic N in the soil samples was mea-sured by the Kejdahl method.

Microbial Analysis

Soil samples for microbial observations were takenat 5 points chosen randomly in an experimental plot,100 g of soil was taken at a depth of 0 to 10 cm. Ev-ery 0.1 mL dilution of 10-4-10-9 was poured into asterile Plate Count Agar (PCA) media. This suspen-sion was diluted 10-1 to 10-9 without times. Duringthe process, the suspension was homogenized usingvortex. Every 0.1 ml dilution of 10-4-10-9 was pouredinto a sterile Eppendorf media Plate Count Agar(PCA). Furthermore, the solution was deployed us-ing sprider and soaked in alcohol and then heated.Then was incubated at the room temperature for 48hours. The colony of bacteria counted only thosegrowing 30-300 colonies.

PCA was made by dissolving 15 g agar, 1 g ofdextrose, 5 g tryptone, 1.5 g yeast and 1000 ml ofdistilled water. The solution was heated while beingstirred with a magnetic stir until it boiled and be-came homogeneous. Furthermore, the dilution werespread evenly over the surface with a sterile glassrod. It was poured into a sterile petri dish ±15-20 mlto cool it down. After the medium became solid, thepetri dish was turned upside down.

Plant Productivity

Crop productivity was measured by observing thetotal production of each crop after the harvest. Thenumber of plant samples for a total observation po-tato tubers were 50 plants for each treatment. Theplant samples wereselected by randomly from theplants that have aged 90 days.

Quality of Production

Production quality parameters were (1) the percent-age of rotten or damaged potato tubers during stor-age, and (2) the distribution of the number of potatotubers based on their weight; whether they belongedto class B (weight 30-60 g), class A/B (weight 60-100g), class A (weighing 100-200 g), or super class(weighing more than 200 g). The tuber grade distri-bution was determined by weighing 10 plants assamples. Meanwhile, the percentage of potato tu-bers which were damaged or decayed were calcu-lated based on the number of tubers damaged.

Results and Discussion

The Soil Physical Properties

Table 1 was presents the physical soil propertieschanges. Rice husk on compost was not easy to

SETIYO ET AL 623

break down into simple minerals, so that it was re-sulted in the changes of soil physical properties suchas porosity, water content of field capacity and soilstructure.

On dose of compost was more than 12.5 tonsha-1, the physical properties of the soil indicated anoptimal condition for the cultivation of potatogranola varieties. At porosity above 50%, soil in theroot zone of potatoes could provide enough waterand oxygen for microbial growth and the develop-ment of the plant roots. In addition, the plant rootscould optimally absorb the nutrients (Setiyo et al.,2016).

Fertilizing with compost from chicken manure inhorticultural cultivation every season over the lastfive years reduced the soil bulk density of 5.1 kgm-3 if fertilizing was increased 1 ton ha-1. Previousstudies have consistently shown that adding organicmaterials to soil reduces bulk density (Khater, 2015).The results of analysis of variance showed that thefertilization with compost had a significant effect onsoil bulk density. Fertilization using 20 tons ha-1

chicken manure compost for about the last fiveyears decreased the value of the soil bulk density to541 kg m-3. The decrease in soil bulk density valuesresulted from the addition of rice husk and the oc-currence of the decomposition.

The addition of 1 ton ha-1 chicken manure com-post was able to increase the soil porosity to 1.01%.Increasing the fertilizer doses was affected increas-ing soil porosity. However, the soil pores of whichnumber kept increasing due to the great amount offractions of dust and rice husk were difficult to de-compose. The micro-pores on the ground domi-nated around 60% of the total number of the pores.Therefore, the soil was able to hold water and oxy-gen. Meanwhile, the total number of macro-poreswhich was 40% of the total pores enabled the farm-ers to cultivate the potatoes well since they made the

drainage systems able to infiltrate the rain water.Increasing the doses of the chicken manure com-

post on potato cultivation improved the moisture offield capacity, especially in the root zone. The mois-ture increased to 0.15 g water g-1 dry soil by every 1tonha-1 compost addition. The results of an analysisof variance reported that the water content of fieldcapacity was not significantly changed. The watercontent of field capacity increased due to the esca-lated number of micro-pores on the ground.

Adding 1 ton ha-1 chicken manure compost to theplantation increased the amount of water in the rootzone by 0.43 g water g-1 dry soil. In addition, the in-creasing number of macro pores on the ground alsoaffected the level of water gravity. The impact of theincrease of the amount of water gravity in potatocultivation became better at the root zone. The rain-water infiltration rate in the field was 2.2 cm hour-1,similar to the results of the study conducted byKhater (2015).

Water retention by the soil in the root zone in-creased by 0.16 g water g-1 dry soil for each addi-tional 1 ton ha-1 dose of compost. This result indi-cated better value than the results of the study byBrown and Cotton (2011). The result of statisticalanalysis of changes in the soil’s ability to retain wa-ter was not significant. In other words, the chickenmanure compost did not change the amount of mi-cro pores of the soil and the water content of fieldcapacity.

Soil Chemical Properties

Fertilizing by the chicken manure compost helpedimprove the concentration of P2O5, K2O, Mg, Fe, Al,Ca and CEC of the soil. The mineral increasing wasvery significant with increasing dose of compost,but dose of compost did not significantly improvethe pH of the soil (Eghball et al., 2004; Brown & Cot-ton, 2011).

Table 1. Chicken manure compost and soil physical properties

Parameters of soil physical* Dose of compost (ton ha-1)properties 20 17.5 15 12.5 10

Specific gravity (kg m-3) 541±29a** 561±42a 573±19a 673±84e 736±42eSoil porosity (%) 56±1.6a 55±1.9a 52±0.7a 50±1.2a 44±5.1cMoisture at field capacity, (g cc-1) 21.8±1.5a 21.3±0.7a 20.9±0.7a 20.2±0.7a 19.7±1.1aGravity water (g cc-1) 25.3±5.0a 23.1±4.3a 21.3±2.4a 20±3.2b 20±1.6bWater holding capacity (g cc-1) 14.8±0.7a 14.6±0.5a 13.2±1.7a 11.9±1.2a 10.2±0.9a

*Soil samples were taken at a depth of 5-10 cm at soil pH was close to neutral and soil CEC was 23-27 me 100 g-1 soil.**Different letter notations on each line explain the differences between treatments

624 Eco. Env. & Cons. 24 (2) : 2018

The soil pH average at the potatoes root zone was6.6 to 6.8 (Joa et al., 2011; Santillán et al., 2014). At apH below than 7, the biomass of compost in the soilwas acidic so that the excess of H+ ions can causedecomposition and release Ca2+ and Mg2+ from mi-croorganisms, metal ions from minerals and organicmaterials. Some of the organic acids at a neutral pHwas accelerated the process of demineralization ofcompost (Qian et al., 2003).

At a neutral pH, micro-nutrients and macro nu-trients are very easily absorbed by the roots of po-tato plants so that the average CEC of land becomesmore than 25.2 me100g-1 soil if the dose of compostwas more than 15.0 tons ha-1. The soil was fertilizedusing compost at a dose of more than 15 tons ha-1 theland will be rich with organic material. The resultsof this study resemble the results of the researchconducted by Joa et al. (2011) on application of or-ganic matter on soil chemical properties and en-

zyme activity in potato cultivation.The carbon content of the soil was increased aver-

age 1.59% if the dose of the chicken manure compostwas increased to 1 ton ha-1, this research was nearwith research by Magdoff and Weil (2004) andZinati et al., (2001). Meanwhile, the average numberof increased carbon in the soil reaches 1.98% and thepeak of improvement occurred at week 6 where thevalue of increased level of carbon in the soil attainedwas 2.4%. Up to 6 weeks to the process of decom-posing the compost into compounds, CO2 was re-leased to the atmosphere.

The results of the analysis of variance showedthat compost was significantly increased the carboncontent of the soil (Flavel and Murphy, 2006). In-creasing level of carbon in the soil from week 0 toweek 6 (vegetative phase of potatoes plant) was aresult of the decomposition of compost by microbes,the decomposition was produce compounds with

Table 2. Average soil fertility with chicken manure compost fertilization

Parameters of soil* Dose of compost fertilizer (ton ha-1)at the root zone fertility 20 17.5 15 12.5 10

Content of P2O5 (ppm) 594±80a** 668±81a 815±56b 790±60c 750±39cContent of K2O (ppm) 754±148a 718±132a 734±139a 724±125a 686±82aContent of Ca (mg kg-1) 3572±61e 2101±46e 1906±85e 1776±98b 1688±92aContent of Mg (mg kg-1) 246±13e 239±12e 238±28e 208±4b 196±6aContent of Fe (mg kg-1) 1911±78e 1769±98e 1170±61e 203±9b 168±41aContent of Al (mg kg-1) 5678±78e 4944±87e 3790±65e 2169±89b 2063±87aSoil pH 6.8±0.03c 6.7±0.03c 6.7±0.04a 6.6±0.07a 6.6±0.02aCEC (me 100 g-1 soil) 27.6±1.2f 24.1±0.7a 23.2±1.2a 24±0.8a 23.2±0.7

*Soil samples were taken at a depth of 5-10 cm at soil pH was close to neutral. **Different letter notations on each lineexplain the differences between treatments

Fig. 1. Carbon content at potato cultivation

SETIYO ET AL 625

shorter carbon chains and some elements of the car-bon was absorbed by plant roots and some of it wasused by microbes to prepare the cell. The rate of thecompost decomposition was faster than number ofcarbon was used by potatoes plant and microbe.However, start from week 6 to week 12 (generativephase of potatoes plant), the amount of the carbon inthe soil was likely to decrease. This occurred be-cause the speed of the decomposition of compoundscellulose, hemicellulose and lignin decreased whilethe carbon intake by plant roots was increased.

Total N in field trials performed by Sally Brownand Matt Cotton (2011) increased 0.1%. On this re-search, total nitrogen at the field was increased byaverage of 0.11% if dose of compost was increased 1ton ha-1.

At the fertilization with the dose of more than17.5 tons ha-1, the nitrogen content of the soil at theend of the harvest was higher than at the beginningof the cultivation. This was due to the inability of theroots to absorb the nitrogen. This result is consistentwith the result of the research conducted by Flavel

and Murphy (2006) and Nunes et al., (2006). Con-versely, if the compost dose was less than 17.5 tonsha-1, the amount of nitrogen in the soil at the end ofthe cultivation was lower than the initial amount ofnitrogen.

The C/N ratio from the soil for potato cultivationwas very dynamic within the range of 9.4 to 12.2.The C/N of the soil tended to increase after the soilwas fertilized with the compost at a dose of 12.5 to20 tons ha-1 from week 1 to week 6 (vegetativephase), whereas from week 6 to week 12 (generativephase) the C/N value had decreased. The improvedC/N values resulted from the increased carbon con-tent in the process of decomposing the compostwhich was greater than the nitrogen content. Mean-while, the decline in the C/N values was caused bythe consumption of the carbon by the potatoes waschanged into carbohydrate to be stored in the formof potato tubers.

Microbial Population

The population of microbial in the beginning of the

n

Fig. 2. Nitrogen content of the soil

Fig. 3. C/N ratio of the soil

626 Eco. Env. & Cons. 24 (2) : 2018

cultivation and after potatoes harvesting were 2.3 x103- 3.9 x 104CFU and 5.4 x 104- 4.9 x 105CFU. How-ever, the most population of microbes was found inthe areas fertilized by the compost at a dose of com-post 20 tons ha-1 which population was 1.4 x 107CFU.The compost was contains microbial and it was ef-fective in increasing the microbial population. Theresults of the analysis of variance showed that theincreased dose of the compost significantly affectedthe increasing number of microbial population.

The Quality of the Potatoes

Increasing dose of compost fertilizer was increasedthe quality and productivity of potato (El-Sayed etal., 2015). The optimum potato production is at thefertilization with the compost more than 17.5 tonha-1 and 250 kg ha-1 NPK fertilizer (Haverkort et al.,2014; Willekens et al., 2008). The production is in-

creased to 0.89 tons if the crops are fertilized with 1ton ha-1 compost. Increasing the dose of the compostalso improves the production yield of the potatoes.

The results of the analysis of variance showedthat the dose of the compost had a significant effecton the total production. The average total produc-tion and the number of tubers produced per treefrom these results are better than the results of thestudy by Abu-Zinada and Mousa (2015); Amara andMourad (2013). Compost fertilization increased thenumber of potatoes super class and class A. Theamount of potatoes from super class and A in-creased to 0.97 and 0.53% respectively per 1 tonha-1 compost fertilization, while the number of po-tato tubers from class A/B, B and small decreased to0.93%, 0.71% and 0.02% respectively. However, thefertilization did not affect the production of potatoesfrom small tubers class.

Table 3. The productivity and quality of the potatoes

Parameter Dose of compost fertilizer (ton ha-1)

20 17.5 15 12.5 10

Production (g-1 plant)* 1164±40e** 1111±38e 946±80e 701±51b 667±72bProduction (ton ha-1) 30.7±0.3e 29.3±0.4e 25.6±0.5e 18.5±0.7b 17.6±0.5bSuper class (%) 20.8±2.3e 16.7±3.9e 13.6±2.1e 6.3±3.4c 7.5±5eClass A (%) 44.4±5.5e 54.3±4.5f 39.5±5.7a 30.8±1.9a 33.5±0.9aClass A/B (%) 20.3±3.4a 20.0±3.4a 21.7±2.5a 29.4±4.0b 35.8±2.8bClass B (%) 10.3±1.7a 9.4±1.2a 14.7±2.5a 22.3±5.7b 22.1±4.3bSmall class (%) 1.4±0.8a 1.0±0.4a 1.7±0.5a 6.5±1.1a 1.1±0.3aDamage (%) 3.2±0.2a 2.8±0.4a 3.1±0.3a 3.4±0.2a 4.2±0.3a

*The production of potatoes per tree was measured from 10 plant samples and repeated for each groove. **Differentletter notations on each line explain the differences between treatments

Fig. 4.Average microbe population on potato cultivation

SETIYO ET AL 627

Conclusion

Any increase in the dose per 1 ton ha-1 was able toincrease the values of: (1) soil porosity to 1.01%, (2)moisture content of field capacity to 0.15 g waterg-1 dry soil, (3) gravity of water to 0.43 g water g-1

dry soil and water holding capacity to 0.16 g waterg-1 dry soil. The microbial population in field trials2.3 x 103 to 5.9 x 107CFU at soil pH at 6.6 to 6.8 min-eral helped decipher the compost so that the valueof the soil CEC improved from 24 to 27.6 me 100g-1.At a dose of 20 tons ha-1 compost, the production ofpotatoes reached 30.74 tons ha-1 and the 21.36% ofthe potato tubers are categorized into the superclass.

Acknowledgment

We express our sincere thanks to the Research Insti-tutions and Community Service of Udayana Univer-sity Indonesia (Udayana Invention Grant No. 641-110/UN14.2/PNL.01.03.00/2016) for financiallysupport.

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