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Ecology
how organisms interact with each other and the nonliving environment.
We share the Earth…
with a whole lot of other creatures…
We don’t share very well….
Ecology• Putting it all together…
– the study of interactions between creatures & their environment is important because…
Everything is connectedto everything else
Ecosystem• Living (Biotic) factors
– all plants, animals, and decomposers living in an area
• Physical (Abiotic) factors– soil, rock, temperature, moisture, sunlight
(NONLIVING FACTORS)
habitat = address (where you live)niche = job (the role you play)
THE INTERACTION OF THE LIVING AND NONLIVING IN A PART OF THE ENVIRONMENT
Name 3 Abiotic Factors and 3 Biotic Factors
ABIOTIC
clouds, atmosphere, water, carbon dioxide,
oxygen, dirt, sun
BIOTIC
deer, frog, ducks, fox, birds, grass, trees
many of the same organisms living
together
different populations living
together
a community and the abiotic environment
the “layer” of Earth where life exists
LEVELS OF ECOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION
a living thing
The BIOSPHERE
THE LAYER OF EARTH WHERE
LIFE EXISTS
Populations
MANY OF THE SAME ORGANISMS LIVING TOGETHER
A COMMUNITY
DIFFERENT POPULATIONS LIVING TOGETHER•LIONS
•ZEBRAS (well…maybe not!)•VULTURES
•GRASS
EARTH’S LAND ECOSYSTEMS (BIOMES) A COMMUNITY AND THE ABIOTIC (NONLIVING) ENVIRONMENT
What do ecosystems require in order to maintain stability?
• Constant Energy Source
• Producers to convert light energy into chemical energy (organic compounds - PHOTOSYNTHESIS)
• Nutrients to be recycled (C, N, H2O, P, S) (decomposers)
• Feeding relationships– all food chains
start with energy from the sun
– first level of all food chains is plants (producers)
– most food chainsusually go up only 4 or 5 levels
– all levels connect to decomposers
Food chains
Fungi
Level 4
Level 3
Level 2
Level 1
Decomposers
Producer
Primary consumer
Secondary consumer
Tertiary consumer
Topcarnivore
Carnivore
Herbivore
Sun
Bacteria
WHY IS EACH LEVEL OF THE ECOLOGICAL PYRAMID SMALLER THAN THE ONE BELOW IT?
MORE ORGANISMS CAN EXIST HERE
THAN HERE
AND HERE
?
There is there loss of energy at each level of the food chain.To where is the energy lost? The cost of living!
only this energymoves on to the next level in the food chain
17%Growth(biomass)
50%waste (feces)
33%cellularrespiration
energy lost todaily livingenergy lost todaily living
Feeding Levels• How much energy
can you get from food?– only the energy that is
stored in the organism– 80-90% energy lost
from one level to next– food chain can only
have 4 or 5 levels
Food Webs• Food chains are linked
together into food webs and overlap each other. Everything is connected!
• “Read” the arrow from the tail to the point as “is/are eaten by.” So, FISH SQUID is read as “fish are eaten by squid” and PHYTOPLANKTON KRILL is read as “phytoplankton are eaten by krill.”
• Would there be more fish or more phytoplankton in this ecological pyramid? PHYTOPLANKTON!
The SUN is the SOURCE!
sun
secondary consumers(carnivores)
primary consumers(herbivores)
producers (plants)
loss of energy
loss of energy
loss of energy
THE ECOLOGICAL PYRAMID
The amount of ENERGY AVAILABLE
at each level DECREASES as you go up, so…
There are fewer
organisms at each level
as you go up, or less
“BIOMASS”
Vegetarians or Meat-eaters??• How many people can Earth support?
– If we are meat eaters?– If we are vegetarian?
more people canlive on Earth
fewer people canlive on Earth
Example Grid-In Problem: A caterpillar consumes 100 kilocalories of energy. It uses 35 kilocalories for cellular respiration, and loses 50 kilocalories as waste (heat and in waste products). How much energy is allocated for growth (creation of new biomass)? Determine the trophic efficiency for its creation of new biomass.
But what about nutrients?• Energy flows through the
food chain and is LOST but NUTRIENTS CYCLE
– nutrients must be RECYCLED to be available for the next generation
– DECOMPOSERS return nutrients to the soil after creatures die• fungi
• bacteria
nutrients
decomposers
Nutrients cycle around… through decomposers
soil
producers
consumers
decomposers
potassium
nitrogen
iron
calcium
phosphorus
magnesium
carbon
loss of energy
loss of energy
sun
secondary consumers(carnivores)
primary consumers(herbivores)
loss of energy producers (plants)
decomposers
Nutrients cycleEnergy flows
soilsoil
biosphere
Ecosystem Inputs
constant inputof energy
nutrients cycle
nutrients can only
cycle
inputs energy nutrients
inputs energy nutrients
Don’t forgetthe laws of Physics!
Matter cannotbe created ordestroyed
energy flowsthrough and is LOST
Carbon • Abiotic Source: The atmosphere
(CO2)
• Biotic Processes: Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration and Decomposition
Oxygen• Abiotic Source: The atmosphere
(O2)
• Biotic Processes: Used in cellular respiration. Released in photosynthesis
Nitrogen• Abiotic Source: Atmosphere (N2)
• Biotic Processes: Nitrogen-fixing bacteria enable plants to use N2; Released to environment by decomposition
Phosphorous• Abiotic Source: Rocks (lithosphere); Released in
weathering• Biotic Processes: incorporated into food chains in the
soil; Released by decomposition
Sulfur• Abiotic Source: Rocks - Lithosphere
• Biotic Processes: Incorporated into food chains in the soil; Released by decomposition
Hydrogen• Role: Major component of all biological molecules;
Does not exist freely in nature
• Abiotic Source: Rocks – Hydrosphere (H2O
• Biotic Processes: Incorporated into food chains along with water, Released through decomposition/water release
CARBON DIOXIDE CYCLE
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS CYCLE TOO!
WHAT LIMITS THE SIZE OF
POPULATIONS
?
WHAT LIMITS THE SIZE OF
POPULATIONS?LIMITING FACTORS
COMPETITION
CARRYING CAPACITY
PREDATOR-PREY RELATIONSHIPS
LIMITING FACTORS (RESOURCES)!-temperature-food sources-
-water supply-minerals-sunlight-
If the requirements for an organism’s survival are not present,
they cannot survive in that ecosystem.
COMPETITION•ORGANISMS THAT EAT THE SAME FOOD SOURCE COMPETE WITH EACH OTHER FOR THAT FOOD SOURCE.•Which organisms are competing with each other in this food web?•LION & WOLF•ELK, DEER & COW
• If the deer population decreases due to disease…• What will happen to the grass population?
• What will happen to the lion and wolf populations?
IN FOOD WEBS…AND ALL OF ECOLOGY…EVERYTHING IS CONNECTED TO EVERYTHING ELSE. A CHANGE IN ONE THING AFFECTS ALL!
• What will happen to the elk and cow populations?
INCREASES
DECREASE
COMPLICATED! Will they increase b/c they have more grass to eat or will they decrease b/c the lions will eat more elk and the wolves will eat more cows?
A CHANGE IN ONE POPULATION AFFECTED ALL OF THE POPULATIONS IN THE FOOD WEB!
CARRYING CAPACITY!
The BLUE LINE shows “carrying capacity” or the number of organisms that the ecosystem can support. It remains constant.
PREDATOR PREY RELATIONSHIPS
The PREDATORS then begin to die off because their food source is declining, at which point the PREY population increases because fewer of them are being eaten and more of them can reproduce…ANDTHE CYCLE STARTS ALL OVER AGAIN!
When the PREY population increases, the PREDATOR population also increases, but there is a LAG because it actually takes time for the PREDATOR population to make new organisms. As the PREDATORS increase, the PREY population decreases, because there are more PREDATORS eating them!
THE PREDATOR AND PREY ARE IN
DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM!
ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION
VIEW THE VIDEO ON THE NEXT PAGE OR AT
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IuRWph5a1GE&feature=youtube_gdata
THE VIDEO GOES FAST, SO HIT THE PAUSE/PLAY BUTTON IF YOU NEED TO SLOW IT
DOWN…OR PLAY IT MORE THAN ONCE…
GO TO THE NEXT SLIDE TO SEE THE MOVIEMORE DETAILS ABOUT ECOLOGICAL
SUCCESSION CAN BE FOUND IN YOUR REVIEW BOOK!