Ecology of plant speciation › Welcome_files › 2010Tax.pdf · 2"#$%#&'()(Ecology of plant...

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Ecology of plant speciation

Thomas J. Givnish

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1. GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION WITHIN SPECIES AS A FUNCTION OF POLLINATION AND SEED DISPERSAL

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5. ECOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS OF NET DIVERSIFICATION RATES AND OVERALL SPECIES RICHNESS

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><&3#/<(:88(':$#%.(&/:=/<>(@#/'(=7-.'89(67?3:=:E8<(%-?E<=&(

7;(.<%<=:4

CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

R<$<=:8(?:\7=(/'<?<&(:%>(&-..<&/#7%&(;7=(;-/-=<(=<&<:=6'(

<?<=.<(;=7?(67%&#><=#%.(/'<(67%%<6/#7%&(E</@<<%(<6787.9(

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#?37=/:%/(></<=?#%:%/(7;(/'<(&3:/#:8(&6:8<&(7;(.<%<(;87@(:%>(

.<%</#6(>#;;<=<%/#:/#7%(@#/'#%(&3<6#<&A(@'#6'(#%(/-=%(6:%(E<(

O<9(3=<6-=&7=&(/7(&3<6#:/#7%4(S/'<=(/'#%.&(E<#%.(<B-:8A(8#%J

<:.<&(@#/'(?7=<(=<&/=#6/<>(>#&3<=&#E#8#/9(&'7-8>(&3<6#:/<(?7=<(

;=<B-<%/89(:%>(:/(;#%<=(&3:/#:8(&6:8<&4(P</:J:%:89&<&(E9(j#&<8(

f(]:==:687-.'(H*0!0I(&'7@(/':/(/'<(?#%#(?-?(:=<:(;7=(#%(&#/-(

&3<6#:/#7%(>7<&(#%6=<:&<(@#/'(/'<(&3:/#:8(&6:8<(7;(.<%<(;87@(#%(

$:=#7-&(7=.:%(#&?&4(Q7@(@<(%<<>(&/->#<&(/7(/<&/(@'</'<=(/'<(

=:/<&(:%>(&3:/#:8(&6:8<&(7;(&3<6#:/#7%(#%($:=#7-&(38:%/(8#%<:.<&(

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.<%</#6(>#;;<=<%/#:(/#7%(#%(/'7&<(.=7-3&4(5&3<6#:889(#?37=/:%/(

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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/'<(F=<<(7;(N#;<(a=7.=:?(HV5](0e+00+YI(:%>(;=7?(/'<(D%#$<=&#/9(7;(

i#&67%&#%JP:>#&7%(HW<=/<8("#;/(,667-%/I4(F'7-.'/;-8(=<$#<@&(E9(F#?(

]:==:687-.'(:%>A(<&3<6#:889A(]7E(Z#6O8<;&('<83<>(&':=3<%(:(%-?E<=(7;(

/'<(37#%/&(?:><('<=<4(]=-6<(]:8>@#%(:%>(i:==<%(i:.%<=(3=7$#><>(&7?<(

'<83;-8(=<;<=<%6<&(;7=(/'<(;87=:&(7;(̀ :8#;7=%#:(:%>(W:@:##4(G(:?(.=:/<;-8(

/7(F#?(]:==:687-.'A(k<;;=<9(W:3<?:%A(R67//(W7>.<&A(W78.<=(j=<;/A(:%>(

_87=#:%(R6'#<&/8(;7=(3<=?#&&#7%(/7(=<3=#%/(;#.-=<&(;=7?(/'<#=(3-E8#6:/#7%&A(

:%>(/7(j:%>#&(588#7/(;7=('<=(&-3<=E(\7E(#%(>=:;/#%.(/'<(7/'<=(;#.-=<&4(G(

@7-8>(:8&7(8#O<(/7(F7>(R/-<&&9(;7=('#&(<%67-=:.<?<%/(7%(/'#&(3=7\<6/4

+!


Ackerly, D.D. *0004(T$I*((&:?38#%.A(67==<8:/<>(<$78-/#7%A(:%>(#%><J

3<%><%/(67%/=:&/&4(P1*CB&0*((M21(!2e0u!2b*4

Agrawal, A.A., Fishbein, M., Halitschke, R., Hastings, A.P.,

Rabosky, D.L. & Rasmann, S. *00b:4(5$#><%6<(;7=(:>:3/#$<(=:J

>#:/#7%(;=7?(:(3'987.<%</#6(&/->9(7;(38:%/(><;<%&<&4(H%*4=)E$&C=)

?4$7=)>40=)/=>=?=(!0Y1(e0Ycu!e0c*4

Agrawal, A.A., Salminen, J.P. & Fishbein, M. *00bE4(a'987.<%</#6(

/=<%>&(#%(3'<%78#6(?</:E78#&?(7;(?#8O@<<>&(H?24C"#0$2I1(5$#><%6<(

;7=(<&6:8:/#7%4(P1*CB&0*((Y+1(YY+uYc+4

Akashi, Y. & Mueller-Dombois, D. !bbM4(,(8:%>&6:3<(3<=&3<6/#$<(7;(

/'<(W:@:##:%(=:#%;7=<&/(>#<E:6O4([=)V"D=)>40=(Y1(22bu2Y24

Albach, D.C., Montserrat Martinez-Ortega, M., Fischer, M.A. &

Chase, M.W. *0024(,(%<@(68:&&#;#6:/#7%(7;(/'<(/=#E<(d<=7%#6<:<X

3=7E8<?&(:%>(:(37&&#E8<(&78-/#7%4(T$I*((M+1(2*bu2M*4

Albach, D.C., Utteridge, T. & Wagstaff, S.J. *00M4(S=#.#%(7;(d<=7%#J

6<:<(Ha8:%/:.#%:6<:<A(;7=?<=89(R6=73'-8:=#:6<:<I(7%(Q<@("-#%<:4(

>-2&=),*&=(+01(2!*u2*+4

Albertson, R.C. & Kocher, T.D. *00M4("<%</#6(:=6'#/<6/-=<(&</&(8#?#/&(

7%(/=:%&.=<&&#$<('9E=#>#L:/#7%4(P1*CB&0*((Mb1(YeYuYb04

Allen, A.P., Brown, J.H. & Gillooly, J.F. *00*4("87E:8(E#7>#$<&#/9A(

E#76'<?#6:8(O#%</#6&A(:%>(/'<(<%<=.</#6J<B-#$:8<%6<(=-8<4(>40"(4"(

*bc1(!M2Mu!M2e4

Alves, R.J.V. & Kolbeck, J. *0!04(`:%(6:?37(=-3<&/=<($<.</:/#7%(E<(

;87=#&/#6:889(><8#?#/<>(E:&<>(7%($:&6-8:=(38:%/(.<%<=:h(HC=)P4*C=(

*0c1(Ycucb4(

Anderson, E. !b2e4(W9E=#>#L:/#7%(7;(/'<(':E#/:/4(P1*CB&0*((*1(!ub4

Anderson, E. !b2b4(M(&%*D%"2201")F-K%070Z$&0*(=)Q<@(g7=O1(i#8<94

Angert, A.L., Bradshaw, H.D., Jr. & Schemske, D.W. *00e4(D&#%.(

<C3<=#?<%/:8(<$78-/#7%(/7(#%$<&/#.:/<(.<7.=:3'#6(=:%.<(8#?#/&(#%(

?7%O<9;87@<=&4(P1*CB&0*((Y*1(*YY0u*YcM4

Angert, A.L. & Schemske, D.W. *00M4(F'<(<$78-/#7%(7;(&3<6#<&^(>#&J

/=#E-/#7%&1(Z<6#3=76:8(/=:%&38:%/&(:6=7&&(/'<(<8<$:/#7%(=:%.<&(7;(

60'BCB2)4$%70($C02(:%>(6=)C"W0200=(P1*CB&0*((Mb1(***u*+M4

Arbogast, B.S., Drovetski, S.V., Curry, R.L., Boag, P.T., Seutin, G.,

Grant, P.R., Grant, B.R. & Anderson, D.J. *00Y4(F'<(7=#.#%(

:%>(>#$<=&#;#6:/#7%(7;(":8:3:.7&(?76O#%.E#=>&4(P1*CB&0*((Y01(

+c0u+e*4

Arnold, M.L. !bb+4(M%02)("C2*(00(HG=#>:6<:<I1(S=#.#%(:%>(.<%</#6(67?J

37&#/#7%(7;(:('7?7387#>('9E=#>(&3<6#<&4(?'"%=)[=),*&=(e01(MccuMe+4

Arnold, M.L., Buckner, C.M. & Robinson, J.J. !bb!4(a788<%J?<>#:/<>(

#%/=7.=<&&#7%(:%>('9E=#>(&3<6#:/#7%(#%(N7-#&#:%:(#=#&<&4(H%*4=)E$&C=)

?4$7=)>40=)/=>=?=(ee1(!+beu!20*4

Arnold, M.L., Hamrick, J.L. & Bennett, B.D. !bb04(,887L9?<($:=#:J

/#7%(#%(N7-#&#:%:(#=#<&1(,(/<&/(;7=(#%/=7.=<&&#7%(:%>('9E=#>(&3<6#:J

/#7%4(O"%"70&-(YM1(*bcu+0Y4

Arnold, M.L., Sapir, Y. & Martin, N.H. *00e4("<%</#6(<C6':%.<(:%>(

/'<(7=#.#%(7;(:>:3/:/#7%&1(a=7O:=97/<&(/7(3=#?:/<&4(HF0C*2=)T%$(2=.)

>"%=),(+Y+1(*e!+u*e*04

Bacles, C.F.E., Lowe, A.J. & Ennos, R.A. *00Y4(5;;<6/#$<(&<<>(>#&J

3<=&:8(:6=7&&(:(;=:.?<%/<>(8:%>&6:3<4(>40"(4"(+!!1(Y*e4

Baldwin, B.G. !bbc4(,>:3/#$<(=:>#:/#7%(7;(/'<(W:@:##:%(&#8$<=&@7=>(:8J

8#:%6<1(̀ 7%.=-<%6<(:%>(67%;8#6/(7;(3'987.<%</#6(<$#><%6<(;=7?(?7J

8<6-8:=(:%>(%7%J?78<6-8:=(#%$<&/#.:/#7%&4(a34(!0+u!*e)#%1)"#$%#&'A(

F4k4(f(R9/&?:A(j4k4(H<>&4IA(6*C"4BC$%)"1*CB&0*()$(7)$7$#&01")%$70$5

&0*(=)Q<@(g7=O1(`:?E=#>.<(D%#$4(a=<&&4

Baldwin, B.G., Kyhos, D.W., Dvorak, J. & Carr, G.D. !bb!4(`'87=7J

38:&/(VQ,(<$#><%6<(;7=(:(Q7=/'(,?<=#6:%(7=#.#%(7;(/'<(W:@:##:%(

&#8$<=&@7=>(:88#:%6<(H,&/<=:6<:<I4(H%*4=)E$&C=)?4$7=)>40=)/=>=?=(

ee1(!e20u!e2+4

Baldwin, B.G. & Robichaux, R.H. !bbM4(W#&/7=#6:8(E#7.<7.=:3'9(:%>(

<6787.9(7;(/'<(W:@:##:%(&#8$<=&@7=>(:88#:%6<(H,&/<=:6<:<I4(a34(

*Mbu*ec(#%1(i:.%<=A(i4N4(f(_-%OA(d4,4(H<>&4IA(O$W$00$()K0*D"5

*D%$#F-\)P1*CB&0*()*()$)F*&)2#*&)$%4F0#"C$D*=(i:&'#%./7%A(V4`41(

R?#/'&7%#:%(G%&/#/-/#7%(a=<&&4

Baldwin, B.G. & Sanderson, M.J. !bbe4(,.<(:%>(=:/<(7;(>#$<=&#;#6:/#7%(

7;(/'<(W:@:##:%(&#8$<=&@7=>(:88#:%6<(H`7?37&#/:<I4(H%*4=)E$&C=)

?4$7=)>40=)/=>=?=(bM1(b20*ub20Y4

Barraclough, T.G. & Savolainen, V. *00!4(5$78-/#7%:=9(=:/<&(:%>(&3<J

6#<&(>#$<=&#/9(#%(;87@<=#%.(38:%/&4(P1*CB&0*((MM1(YYcuYe!4

Barrier, M., Baldwin, B.G., Robichaux, R.H. & Purugganan, M.D.

!bbb4(G%/<=&3<6#;#6('9E=#>(:%6<&/=9(7;(:(38:%/(:>:3/#$<(=:>#:/#7%1(

,8873789387#>9(7;(/'<(W:@:##:%(&#8$<=&@7=>(:88#:%6<(H,&/<=:6<:<I(

#%;<==<>(;=7?(;87=:8('7?<7/#6(.<%<(>-38#6:/#7%&4(6*C"4=),0*C=)P1*C=(

!Y1(!!0Mu!!!+4

Barton, N.H. *00!4(F'<(=78<(7;('9E=#>#L:/#7%(#%(&3<6#:/#7%4(6*C"4=)

P4*C=(!01(MM!uMYe4

Bastida, J.M., Alcántara, J.M., Rey, P.J., Vargas, P. & Herrera,

C.M. *0!04(5C/<%><>(3'987.<%9(7;(?AB0C"D0$1(F'<(E#7.<7.=:3'#J

6:8(:%>(<6787.#6:8(3://<=%&(7;(/@7(&#?-8/:%<7-&(E-/(67%/=:&/#%.(

=:>#:/#7%&4(HC=)>-2&=)P1*C=(*e21(!c!u!eM4

Bawa, K.S. !be04(5$78-/#7%)7;(>#7<69(#%(;87@<=#%.(38:%/&4(?((B$C)Q"1=)

P4*C=)>-2&=(!!1(!Mu204

Becerra, J.X., Noge, K. & Venable, D.L. *00b4(P:6=7<$78-/#7%:=9(

6'<?#6:8(<&6:8:/#7%(#%(:%(:%6#<%/(38:%/J'<=E#$7=<(:=?&(=:6<4(H%*4=)

E$&C=)?4$7=)>40=)/=>=?=(!0Y1(!e0Y*u!e0YY4

Bell, C.D. & Donoghue, M.J. *00M4(a'987.<%9(:%>(E#7.<7.=:3'9(7;(

d:8<=#:%:6<:<(HV#3&:6:8<&I(@#/'(&3<6#:8(=<;<=<%6<(/7(/'<(R7-/'(

,?<=#6:%($:8<=#:%&4(Y%D=)!01"%2=)P1*C=(M1(!2cu!Mb4

Beltran, M., Jiggins, C.D., Bull, V., Linares, M., Mallet, J., McMil-

lan, W.O. & Bermingham, E. *00*4(a'987.<%</#6(>#&67=>:%6<(

:/(/'<(&3<6#<&(E7-%>:=91(`7?3:=:/#$<(.<%<(.<%<:87.#<&(:?7%.(

=:3#>89(=:>#:/#%.(O"C04*(0B2)E-//<=;8#<&4(6*C"4=),0*C=)P1*C=(!*1(

*!cYu*!b04(

Benzing, D.H. !bb04(V$24BC$%)"#0#F-&"2\)G"("%$C)K0*C*D-)$(7)$22*405

$&"7)K0*&$=(Q<@(g7=O1(`:?E=#>.<(D%#$4(a=<&&4

Berg, R.Y. !bcM4(P9=?<676'7=7-&(38:%/&(#%(,-&/=:8#:(:%>(/'<#=(>#&3<=J

&:8(E9(:%/&4(?B2&%$C=)[=),*&=(*+1(2cMuM0e4

Berry, P.E. !beb4(,(&9&/<?:/#6(=<$#&#7%(7;(RB4F20$(&<6/4(JB"CB20$(HS%:J

.=:6<:<I4(?((=)6022*B%0),*&=)G$%7=(cY1(M+*uMe24

Bittencourt, J.V.M. & Sebbenn, A.M. *00c4(a://<=%&(7;(3788<%(:%>(

&<<>(>#&3<=&:8(#%(:(&?:88A(;=:.?<%/<>(373-8:/#7%(7;(/'<(@#%>J378J

8#%:/<>(/=<<(?%$B4$%0$)$(DB2&0+*C0$( #%(&7-/'<=%(]=:L#84(O"%"70&-(

bb1(Me0uMb!4

Böhle, U.R., Hilger, H.H. & Martin, W.F. !bbY4(G&8:%>(6787%#L:/#7%(

:%>(<$78-/#7%(7;(/'<(#%&-8:=(@77>9(':E#/(#%(P4F0B'(N4(H]7=:.#%:J

6<:<I4(H%*4=)E$&C=)?4$7=)>40=)/=>=?=(b+1(!!c20u!!c2M4

Bond, W.J. & Slingsby, P. !be+4(R<<>(>#&3<=&:8(E9(:%/&(#%(&'=-E8:%>&(

7;(/'<(`:3<(a=7$#%6<(:%>(#/&(<$78-/#7%:=9(#?38#6:/#7%&4(>=)?+%04$()

[=)>40=(cb1(*+!u*++4

Boyce, C.K., Brodribb, T.J., Field, T.S. & Zwieniecki, M.A. *00b4(

,%.#7&3<=?(8<:;($<#%(<$78-/#7%(@:&(3'9&#787.#6:889(:%>(<%$#=7%J

?<%/:889(/=:%&;7=?:/#$<4(H%*4=)Q*-=)>*4=)S*(7*(.)>"%=),=.),0*C=)

>40=(*cY1(!cc!u!ccY4

Bradshaw, W.D., Otto, K.G. & Schemske, D.W. !bbM4("<%</#6(?:3J

3#%.(7;(;87=:8(/=:#/&(:&&76#:/<>(@#/'(=<3=7>-6/#$<(#&78:&/#7%(#%(?7%J

O<9;87@<=&4(E$&B%")+cY1(cY*ucYM4

Bradshaw, H.D. & Schemske, D.W. *00+4(,88<8#6(&-E&/#/-/#7%(:/(:(

;87@<=(6787-=(876-&(3=7>-6<&(:(3788#%:/7=(&'#;/(#%(?7%O<9;87@<=&4(

E$&B%"(2*Y1(!cYu!ce4

Brady, K.U., Kruckeberg, A.R. & Bradshaw, H.D. *00M4(5$78-/#7%J

:=9(<6787.9(7;(38:%/(:>:3/:/#7%(/7(&<=3<%/#%<(&7#8&4(?((B$C)Q"1=)

P1*C=)>-2&=)+Y1(*2+u*YY4

Brodribb, T.J. & Field, T.S. *0!04(N<:;('9>=:-8#6(<$78-/#7%(8<>(:(&-=.<(

#%(8<:;(3'7/7&9%/'</#6(6:3:6#/9(>-=#%.(<:=89(:%.#7&3<=?(>#$<=&#;#J

6:/#7%4(P4*C=)S"&&=(!+1(!cMu!e+4

Brown, W.L. & Wilson, E.O. !bMY4(`':=:6/<=(>#&38:6<?<%/4(>-2&=)

]**C=(M1(2buYM4

Buerkle, C.A., Morris, R.J., Asmussen, M.A. & Rieseberg, L.H.

*0004(F'<(8#O<8#'77>(7;('7?7387#>('9E=#>(&3<6#:/#7%4(O"%"70&-(

e21(22!u2M!4

Buerkle, C.A., Wolf, D.E. & Rieseberg, L.H. *00+4( F'<( 7=#.#%(

:%>(<C/#%6/#7%(7;(&3<6#<&(/'=7-.'('9E=#>#L:/#7%4(a34(!!cu!2!(#%1(

LITERATURE CITED

+*


]=#.':?A(`4,4(f(R6'@:=/LA(P4i4(H<>&4IA(H*#BC$&0*()10$K0C0&-)0()

#C$(&2\)@*(2"%1$&0*(.)'$($D"'"(&.)$(7)'*7"C0(D)*+)%$%")#C$(&24(

]<=8#%1(R3=#%.<=4

Buggs, R.J.A., Soltis, P.S. & Soltis, D.E. *00b4(V7<&('9E=#>#L:/#7%(

E</@<<%(>#$<=.<%/(3=7.<%#/7=&(>=#$<(@'78<J.<%7?<(>-38#6:/#7%4(

6*C"4=)P4*C=(!e1(+++2u+++b4

Burczyk, J., Adams, W.T., Birkes, D.S. & Chybickl, I.J. *00Y4(D&#%.(

.<%</#6(?:=O<=&(/7(>#=<6/89(<&/#?:/<(.<%<(;87@(:%>(=<3=7>-6/#$<(

&-66<&&(3:=:?</<=&(#%(38:%/&(7%(/'<(E:&#&(7;(%:/-=:889(=<.<%<=:/<>(

&<<>8#%.&4(G"("&042(!c+1(+Y+u+c*4

Burney, C.W. & Brumfield, R.T. *00b4(56787.9(3=<>#6/&(8<$<8&(7;(

.<%</#6(>#;;<=<%/#:/#7%(#%(Q<7/=73#6:8(E#=>&4(?'"%=)E$&B%$C02&(!c21(

+Meu+Ye4

Cacho, N.I., Berry, P.E., Olson, M.E., Steinmann, V.W. & Baum,

D.A. *0!04(,=<(&3-==<>(69:/'#:(:(O<9(#%%7$:/#7%h(P78<6-8:=(&9&J

/<?:/#6&(:%>(/=:#/(<$78-/#7%(#%(/'<(&8#33<=(&3-=.<&(HH"70C$(&FB2(

68:><1(PB#F*%K0$A)5-3'7=E#:6<:<I4(?'"%=)[=),*&=(bc1(2b+uM!04

Cameron, R.A.D., Cook, L.M. & Hallows, J.D. !bbY4(N:%>(&%:#8&(7%(

a7=/7(R:%/7X:>:3/#$<(:%>(%7%J:>:3/#$<(=:>#:/#7%4(H%*4=)Q*-=)>*4=)

S*(7*(.)>"%=),=.),0*C=)>40=(+M!1(+0bu+*c4

Carine, M.A., Russell, S.J., Santos-Guerra, A. & Francisco-Ortega,

J. *0024(Z<8:/#7%&'#3&(7;(/'<(P:6:=7%<&#:%(:%>(P<>#/<==:%<:%(

;87=:&1(P78<6-8:=(<$#><%6<(;7=(?-8/#38<(6787%#L:/#7%&(#%/7(P:6:J

=7%<&#:(:%>(E:6OJ6787%#L:/#7%(7;( /'<(67%/#%<%/( #%(@*(1*C1BCB2(

H`7%$78$-8:6<:<I4(?'"%=)[=),*&=)b!1 !0c0u!0eM4

Carlquist, S. !bYM4(M2C$(7)C0+"=)Q<@(g7=O1(Q:/-=:8(W#&/7=9(a=<&&4

Carlquist, S. !bc04(O$W$00\)?)($&B%$C)F02&*%-4(Q<@(g7=O1(Q:/-=:8(W#&J

/7=9(a=<&&4

Carlquist, S. !bc24(M2C$(7)K0*C*D-=)Q<@(g7=O1(`78-?E#:(D%#$4(a=<&&4

Carlquist, S., Baldwin, B.G. & Carr, G. (eds.). *00+4(T$%W""72)$(7)

20C1"%2W*%72=)R/4(N7-#&1(P#&&7-=#(]7/:%#6:8(":=><%(a=<&&4

Castellanos, M.C., Wilson, P. & Thomson, J.D. *00+4(a788<%(/=:%&;<=(

E9('-??#%.E#=>&(:%>(E-?E8<E<<&A(:%>(/'<(>#$<=.<%6<(7;(3788#%:J

/#7%(?7><&(#%(H"(2&"'*(4(P1*CB&0*((Mc1(*c2*u*cM*4

Cavender-Bares, J., Kitajima, K. & Bazzaz, F.A. *0024(P-8/#38<(

/=:#/(:&&76#:/#7%&(#%(=<8:/#7%(/7(':E#/:/(>#;;<=<%/#:/#7%(:?7%.(!c(

_87=#>#:%(7:O(&3<6#<&4(P4*C=)6*(*D%=(c21(Y+MuYY*4

Chase, M.W. & Palmer, J.D. !bbc4(N<:3;=7.(=:>#:/#7%(#%(;87=:8(:%>(

$<.</:/#$<(/=:#/&(:?7%.(/@#.(<3#3'9/<&(#%(/'<(7=6'#>(&-E/=#E<(S%J

6#>##%:<4(a34(++!u+M*(#%1("#$%#&'A(F4k4(f(R9/&?:A(j4k4(H<>&4IA(6*5

C"4BC$%)"1*CB&0*()$(7)$7$#&01")%$70$&0*(=(`:?E=#>.<1(`:?E=#>.<(

D%#$4(a=<&&4

Clarke, A. & Johnston, I.A. !bbY4(5$78-/#7%(:%>(:>:3/#$<(=:>#:/#7%(7;(

:%/:=6/#6(;#&'<&4(T%"(72)P4*C=)P1*C=(!!1(*!*u*!e4

Clausen, J.C. !bM!4(>&$D"2)0()&F")"1*CB&0*()*+)#C$(&)2#"40"2=(G/':6:1(

`7=%<88(D%#$4(a=<&&4

Clausen, J., Keck, D.D. & Hiesey, W.M. !b204(5C3<=#?<%/:8(&/->#<&(7%(

/'<(%:/-=<(7;(&3<6#<&4(G4(5;;<6/(7;($:=#<>(<%$#=7%?<%/&(7%(@<&/<=%(

Q7=/'(,?<=#6:(38:%/&4(HBKC=)@$%("D0")M(2&=)3$2F=(M*01(!u2M*4

Coley, P.D. !be+4(W<=E#$7=9(:%>(><;<%&#$<(6':=:6/<=#&/#6&(7;(/=<<(&3<6#<&(

#%(:(87@8:%>(/=73#6:8(;7=<&/4(P4*C=)6*(*D%=(Mb1(*0+u*++4

Coley, P.D., Bryant, J.P. & Chapin, F.S. !beM4(Z<&7-=6<(:$:#8:E#8#/9(

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Cowling, R.M. !bb04(V#$<=&#/9(67?37%<%/&(#%(:(&3<6#<&J=#6'(:=<:(7;(

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Cowling, R.M., Holmes, P.M. & Rebelo, A.G. !bb*4(a8:%/(>#$<=&#/9(

:%>(<%><?#&?4(a34(Y*u!!*(#%1(`7@8#%.A(Z4P4(H<>4IA(TF")"4*C*D-)

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Coyne, J.A. & Orr, H.A. !bbc4(Ta://<=%&(7;(&3<6#:/#7%(#%(!%*2*#F0C$U(

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Coyne, J.A. & Orr, H.A. *0024(>#"40$&0*(4(R-%><=8:%>A(P:&&:6'-J

&<//&1(R#%:-<=4

Coyne, J.A. & Price, T.D. *0004(N#//8<(<$#><%6<(;7=(&9?3:/=#6(&3<6#:J

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Cozzolino, S. & Widmer, A. *00M4(S=6'#>(>#$<=&#/91(,%(<$78-/#7%:=9(

67%&<B-<%6<(7;(><6<3/#7%h(T%"(72)P4*C=)P1*C=)*01(2ecu2b24

Crisp, M.D., Arroyo, M.T.K., Cook, L.G., Gandolfo, M.A., Jordan,

G.J., McGlone, M.S., Weston, P.H., Westoby, M., Wilf, P. &

Linder, H.P. *00b4(a'987.<%</#6(E#7?<(67%&<=$:/#&?(7%(:(.87E:8(

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Currie, D.J. !bb!4(5%<=.9(:%>(8:=.<J&6:8<(3://<=%&(7;(:%#?:8(&3<6#<&(

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Currie, D.J. & Paquin, V. !bec4(N:=.<J&6:8<(E#7.<7.=:3'#6:8(3://<=%&(

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C0($&"7)K-)0(2"4&2=)N7%>7%1(P-==:94

Davies, T.J., Barraclough, T.G., Chase, M.W., Soltis, P.S., Soltis,

D.E. & Savolainen, V. *002:4(V:=@#% &̂(:E7?#%:E8<(?9&/<=91(G%J

&#.'/&(;=7?(:(&-3<=/=<<(7;(/'<(:%.#7&3<=?&4(H%*4=)E$&C=)?4$7=)>40=)

/=>=?=(!0!1(!b02u!b0b4

Davies, T.J., Savolainen, V., Chase, M.W., Moat, J. & Barraclough,

T.G. *002E4( 5%$#=7%?<%/:8( <%<=.9( :%>( <$78-/#7%:=9( =:/<&( #%(

;87@<=#%.(38:%/&4(H%*4=)Q*-=)>*4=)S*(7*(.)>"%=),=.),0*C=)>40=(*c!1(

*!bMu**004

Day, T. *0004(R<C-:8(&<8<6/#7%(:%>(/'<(<$78-/#7%(7;(67&/89(;<?:8<(3=<;<=J

<%6<&1(R3:/#:8(<;;<6/&4(P1*CB&0*((M21(c!Muc+04

DeJoode, D.R. & Wendel, J.F. !bb*4("<%</#6(>#$<=&#/9(:%>(7=#.#%(7;(

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Desmet, P.G., Ellis, A.G. & Cowling, R.M. !bbe4(R3<6#:/#7%(#%(/'<(

P<&<?E=9:%/'<?:6<:<4(?C*"(+M1(+eu2+4

Diamond, J.M. !bc+4(V#&/=#E-/#7%:8(<6787.9(7;(Q<@("-#%<:(E#=>&4(

>40"(4")!cb1(cMbucYb4

Diamond, J.M. !beY4(5$78-/#7%(7;(<6787.#6:8(&<.=<.:/#7%(#%(/'<(Q<@(

"-#%<:(?7%/:%<(:$#;:-%:4(a34(beu!*M(#%1(V#:?7%>A(k4(f(̀ :&<A(F4k4(

H<>&4IA(@*''B(0&-)"4*C*D-=)Q<@(g7=O1(W:=3<=(:%>(Z7@<4

Diamond, J.M., Gilpin, M.E. & Mayr, E. !bcY4(R3<6#<&J>#&/:%6<(

=<8:/#7%(;7=(E#=>&(7;(/'<(R787?7%(,=6'#3<8:.7A(:%>(/'<(3:=:>7C(7;(

/'<(.=<:/(&3<6#:/7=&4(H%*4=)E$&C=)?4$7=)>40=)/=>=?=(c+1(*!Y0u*!Y24

Dieckmann, U. & Doebeli, M. !bbb4(S%(/'<(7=#.#%(7;(&3<6#<&(E9(&9?J

3:/=#6(&3<6#:/#7%4(E$&B%")2001(+M2u+Mc4

Dilley, J.D., Wilson, P. & Mesler, M.R. *0004(F'<(=:>#:/#7%(7;(@$C*5

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3788#%:/7=&4(Y0L*2)eb1(*0bu***4

Dobzhansky, T. !b+c4(G"("&042)$(7)&F")*%0D0()*+)2#"40"2=(Q<@(g7=O1(

`78-?E#:(D%#$4(a=<&&4

Dobzhansky, T. !bM!4(G"("&042)$(7)&F")*%0D0()*+)2#"40"2A(+=>(<>4(Q<@(

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Dodd, M.E., Silvertown, J. & Chase, M.W. !bbb4(a'987.<%</#6(:%:89J

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Doebeli, M. & Dieckmann, U. *00+4(R3<6#:/#7%(:87%.(<%$#=7%?<%/:8(

.=:>#<%/&4(E$&B%")2*!1(*Mbu*Y24

Donoghue, M.J. *00e4(,(3'987.<%</#6(3<=&3<6/#$<(7%(/'<(>#&/=#E-/#7%(

7;(38:%/(>#$<=&#/94(H%*4=)E$&C=)?4$7=)>40=)/=>=?=(!0M1(!!M2bu!!MMM4

Donovan, L.A., Ludwig, D.M., Rosenthal, D.M. & Dudley, S. *00b4(

a'<%7/93#6(&<8<6/#7%(7%(8<:;(<673'9&#787.#6:8(/=:#/&(#%(O"C0$(&FB24(

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Dorado, O., Rieseberg, L.H. & Arias, D. !bb*4(̀ '87=738:&/(VQ,(#%/=7J

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Duminil, J., Fineschi, S., Hampe, A., Jordano, P., Salvini, D., Ven-

dramin, G.G. & Petit, R.J. *00c4(`:%(373-8:/#7%(.<%</#6(&/=-6J

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YY*uYc*4

++


Edelist, C., Raffoux, X., Falque, M., Dillmann, C., Sicard, D., Riese-

berg, L.H. & Karrenberg, S. *00b4(V#;;<=<%/#:8(<C3=<&&#7%(7;(

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Ehrlich, P.R. & Raven, P.H. !bY24(]-//<=;8#<&(:%>(38:%/&1(,(&/->9(#%(

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Ellis, A.G., Weis, A.E. & Gaut, B.S. *00Y4(5$78-/#7%:=9(=:>#:/#7%(7;(

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Ellstrand, N.C., Prentice, H.C. & Hancock, J.F. !bbb4("<%<(;87@(:%>(

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Eriksson, O. & Bremer, B. !bb*4(a788#%:/#7%(&9&/<?&A(>#&3<=&:8(?7><&A(

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Evans, M.E., Smith, S.A., Flynn, R.S. & Donoghue, M.J. *00b4(`8#J

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?:%9(E<</8<&h(>40"(4")*e!1(MMMuMMb4

Farrell, B.D., Dussourd, D.E. & Mitter, C. !bb!4(5&6:8:/#7%(7;(38:%/(

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Felsenstein, J. !beM4(`7%;#><%6<(8#?#/&(7%(3'987.<%#<&X:%(:33=7:6'(

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N:@=<%6<1(,88<%(a=<&&4

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R.K. !bbc4(S=#.#%(:%>(<$78-/#7%(7;(?%D-%$(&F"'B'(H,&/<=:6<:<I4(

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Francisco-Ortega, J., Jansen, R.K. & Santos-Guerra, A. !bbY4(

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E$&C=)?4$7=)>40=)/=>=?=(b+1(20eMu20b04

Frankie, G.W., Baker, H.G. & Opler, P.A. !bc24(̀ 7?3:=:/#$<(3'<%7J

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Franks, S.J. & Weis, A.E. *00e4(,(6':%.<(#%(68#?:/<(6:-&<&(=:3#>(

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/#?<(E9(:%(:%%-:8(38:%/(#%(=<&37%&<(/7(:(68#?:/<(;8-6/-:/#7%4(H%*4=)

E$&C=)?4$7=)>40=)/=>=?=(!021(!*ceu!*e*4

Freckleton, R.P., Phillimore, A.B. & Pagel, M. *00e4(Z<8:/#%.(/=:#/&(

/7(>#$<=&#;#6:/#7%1(,(&#?38<(/<&/4(?'"%=)E$&B%$C02&(!c*1(!0*u!!M4

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Friedman, J. & Barrett, S.C.H. *00b4(i#%>&(7;(6':%.<1(Q<@(#%&#.'/&(

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Ganders, F.R., Berbee, M. & Pirseyedi, M. *0004(GFR(E:&<(&<B-<%6<(

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:/#$<&(7;(W:@:##:%(:%>(P:=B-<&:%(,07"(2=)>-2&=),*&=(*M1(!**u!++4

Gárcia-Maroto, F., Mañas-Fernández, A., Garrido-Cárdenas, J.A.,

López Alonso, D., Guil-Guerrero, J., Guzmán, B. & Vargas,

P. *00b4(VYJ><&:/-=:&<(&<B-<%6<(<$#><%6<(;7=(<C387&#$<(a8#76<%<(

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Garnock-Jones, P. !bb+4(a'987.<%9(7;(/'<(O"K"(67?38<C(HR6=73'-8:J

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Garzione, C.N., Hoke, G.D., Liarkin, J.C., Withers, S., MacFadden,

B., Eiler, J., Ghosh, P. & Mulch, A. *00e4(Z#&<(7;(/'<(,%><&4(

>40"(4")+*01(!+02u!+0c4

Gaut, B.S., Muse, S.V., Clark, W.D. & Clegg, M.T. !bb*4(Z<8:/#$<(

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Gavrilets, S. *0024(R0&("22)C$(724$#"2)$(7)&F")*%0D0()*+)2#"40"2=)a=#%6J

</7%1(a=#%6</7%(D%#$4(a=<&&4

Gavrilets, S. & Losos, J.B. *00b4(,>:3/#$<(=:>#:/#7%1(`7%/=:&/#%.(

/'<7=9(@#/'(>:/:4(>40"(4"(+*+1(c+*uc+c4

Gavrilets, S. & Vose, A. *00M4(V9%:?#6(3://<=%&(7;(:>:3/#$<(=:>#:/#7%4(

H%*4=)E$&C=)?4$7=)>40=)/=>=?=(!0*1(!e020u!e02M4

Gavrilets, S. & Vose, A. *00b4(V9%:?#6(3://<=%&(7;(:>:3/#$<(=:>#:/#7%1(

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Gegear, R.J., Manson, J.S. & Thomson, J.D. *00c4(56787.#6:8(67%/<C/(

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Stevenson, D.W., Zomlefer, W.B., Briggs, B.G., Duvall, M.R.,

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son, J.E., Weber, M.G., Murakami, E.T., Drake, C., McGregor,

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Losos, J.B. & Schluter, D. *0004(,%:89&#&(7;(:%(<$78-/#7%:=9(&3<6#<&J

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Lotsy, J.P. !b*M4(R3<6#<&(7=(N#%%<7%4(G"("&04$)c1(2ecuM0Y4

Loveless, M.D. & Hamrick, J.L. !be24(56787.#6:8(></<=?#%:%/&(7;(

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Lovette, I.J., Bermingham, E. & Ricklefs, R.E. *00*4(̀ 8:><J&3<6#;#6(

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Ludwig, F., Rosenthal, D., Johnston, J.A., Kane, N., Gross, B.L.,

Lexer, C., Dudley, S.A., Rieseberg, L.H. & Donovan, L.A. *0024(

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Luteyn, J.L. *00*4(V#$<=&#/9A(:>:3/:/#7%A(:%>(<%><?#&?(#%(Q<7/=73#J

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Maan, M.E., Seehausen, O. & Van Alphen, J.J.M. *0!04(_<?:8<(

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Macfadden, B.J. & Hulbert, R.C. !bee4(5C387&#$<(&3<6#:/#7%(:/(/'<(

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Magallón, S. & Castillo, A. *00b4(,%.#7&3<=?(>#$<=&#;#6:/#7%(/'=7-.'(

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Martin, N.H., Bouck, A.C. & Arnold, M.L. *00M4(N76#(:;;<6/#%.(

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Martin, N.H., Bouck, A.C. & Arnold, M.L. *00Y4(V</<6/#%.(:>:3/#$<(

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Mast, A.R. & Givnish, T.J. *00*4(W#&/7=#6:8(E#7.<7.=:3'9(:%>(/'<(7=#J

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Mast, A.R., Jones, E.H. & Havery, S.P. *00M4(,%(:&&<&&?<%/(7;(78>(

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Mayr, E. !b2*4(>-2&"'$&042)$(7)&F")*%0D0()*+)2#"40"2=)Q<@(g7=O1(̀ 78-?J

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Mayr, E. !b2c4(56787.#6:8(;:6/7=&(#%(&3<6#:/#7%4(P1*CB&0*((!1(*Y+u*ee4

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Mayr, E. !bc04(H*#BC$&0*(2.)2#"40"2.)$(7)"1*CB&0*(=)`:?E=#>.<A(P:&J

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McCarthy, E.M., Asmussen, M.A. & Anderson, W.W. !bbM4(,(/'<J

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McDonald, M.J., Gehrig, S.M., Meintjes, P.L., Zhang, X.-X. &

Rainey, P.B. *00b4(,>:3/#$<(>#$<=.<%6<(#%(<C3<=#?<%/:8(373-8:J

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McKenna, D.D., Sequeira, A.S., Marvaldi, A.E. & Farrell, B.D.

*00b4(F<?37=:8(8:.&(:%>(7$<=8:3(#%(/'<(>#$<=&#;#6:/#7%(7;(@<<$#8&(

:%>(;87@<=#%.(38:%/&4(H%*4=)E$&C=)?4$7=)>40=)/=>=?=(!0Y1(c0e+uc0ee4

Melo, M.C., Salazar, C., Jiggins, C.D. & Linares, M. *00b4(,&&7=J

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Mes, T.H.M. & t’Hart, H. !bbY4(F'<(<$78-/#7%(7;(.=7@/'J;7=?&(#%(

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6'87=738:&/(VQ,(Z_Na&(:%>(?7=3'787.94(6*C"4=)P4*C=(M1(+M!u+Y+4

Midgley, J.J. & Bond, W.J. !bb!4(W7@(#?37=/:%/(#&(E#7/#6(3788#%:/#7%(

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Mitter, C., Farrell, B. & Wiegmann, B. !bee4(F'<(3'987.<%</#6(&/->9(

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Montgomery, R.A., Goldstein, G. & Givnish, T.J. *00e4(a'7/73=7/<6J

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Moore, R.P., Robinson, W.D., Lovette, I.J. & Robinson, T.R. *00e4(

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Morjan, C.L. & Rieseberg, L.H. *0024(W7@(&3<6#<&(<$78$<(6788<6J

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Mort, M.E., Soltis, D.E., Soltis, P.S., Francisco-Ortega, J. & Santos-

Guerra, A. *00*4(a'987.<%</#6&(:%>(<$78-/#7%(7;(/'<(P:6:=7%<J

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Mort, M.E., Soltis, D.E., Soltis, P.S., Santos-Guerra, A. & Fran-

cisco-Ortega, J. *00c4(a'9&#787.#6:8(<$78-/#7%(:%>(:&&76#:/#7%(

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Motley, T.J., Struwe, L. & Albert, V.A. !bbe4(P78<6-8:=(&9&/<?:/#6&(

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Nakanishi, A., Tomaru, N., Yoshimaru, H., Manabe, T. & Yama-

moto, S. *00b4(5;;<6/&(7;(&<<>J(:%>(3788<%J?<>#:/<>(.<%<(>#&3<=&:8(

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Navarro, A. & Barton, N.H. *00+4(,66-?-8:/#%.(37&/L9.7/#6(#&78:J

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Neal, P.R., Dafni, A. & Giurfa, M. !bbe4(_87=:8(&9??</=9(:%>(#/&(

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Nepokroeff, M., Sytsma, K.J., Wagner, W.L. & Zimmer, E.A. *00+4(

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Nicotra, A.B., Cosrove, M.J., Cowling, A., Schlichting, C.D. &

Jones, C.S. *00e4(N<:;(&':3<(8#%O<>(/7(3'7/7&9%/'</#6(=:/<&(:%>(

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Niklas, K.J. !beM4(F'<(:<=7>9%:?#6&(7;(@#%>(3788#%:/#7%4(,*&=)Q"1=(

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Pagel, M. !bbb4(G%;<==#%.(/'<('#&/7=#6:8(3://<=%&(7;(E#787.#6:8(<$78-/#7%4(

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Parent, C.E. & Crespi, B.J. *00Y4(R<B-<%/#:8(6787%#L:/#7%(:%>(>#J

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Petit, R.J., Duminil, J., Fineschi, S., Hampe, A., Salvini, D. & Ven-

dramin, G.G. *00M4(`7?3:=:/#$<(7=.:%#L:/#7%(7;(6'87=738:&/A(

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Pillon, Y., Munzinger, J., Amir, H., Hopkins, H.C.F. & Chase, M.W.

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Rieseberg, L.H., Beckstrom-Sternberg, S., Liston, A. & Arias, D.

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stone, K., Nakazato, T., Durphy, J.L., Schwarzbach, A.E.,

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D.M. !bbY4(Z78<(7;(.<%<(#%/<=:6/#7%&(#%('9E=#>(&3<6#:/#7%1(5$#><%6<(

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man, C.A., Knight, M.E., Turner, G.F., Van Alphen, J.J.M. &

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Soltis, D.E., Albert, V.A., Leebens-Mack, J., Bell, C.D., Paterson,

A.H., Zheng, C., Sankoff, D., dePamphilis, C.W., Kerr Wall,

P. & Soltis, P.S. *00b4(a789387#>9(:%>(:%.#7&3<=?(>#$<=&#;#6:/#7%4(

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Soltis, D.E., Buggs, R.J.A., Doyle, J.J. & Soltis, P.S. *0!04(i':/(@<(

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Soltis, D.E., Soltis, P.S., Chase, M.W., Mort, M.E., Albach, D.C.,

Zanis, M., Savolainen, V., Hahn, W.H., Hoot, S.B., Fay, M.F.,

Axtell, M., Swensen, S.M., Nixon, K.C. & Farris, J.S. *0004(

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20


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Soltis, P.S. & Soltis, D.E. *0004(F'<(=78<(7;(.<%</#6(:%>(.<%7?#6(:/J

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Steeman, M.E., Hebsgaard, M.B., Fordyce, R.E., Ho, S.Y.W.,

Rabosky, D.L., Nielsen, R., Rahbek, C., Glenner, H., Sørenson,

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P.M., Fer, T., Sun, B.Y. & Kato, H. *00Y4(,%:.<%</#6(<$78-/#7%(

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awara, T., Sato, T., Watanabe, M., Konijnendijk, N., Mrosso,

H.D.J., Tachida, H., Imai, H., Shichida, Y. & Okada, N. *00Y4(

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