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Ecology Ecology Relationship of organisms with each other and
their environment Relationship of organisms with each other and
their environment
Organism Organism individual of a species individual of a species
Population Population
Community Community Groups of populations
Ex. Coral reef is home to a variety of living organisms
Groups of populations
Ex. Coral reef is home to a variety of living organisms
Ecosystems Ecosystems Includes the
abiotic factors and biotic factors in an area
ex. Coral reef ecosystem has many species
Abiotic
Temperature
Water
Light
Includes the abiotic factors and biotic factors in an area
ex. Coral reef ecosystem has many species
Abiotic
Temperature
Water
Light
With your neighbor, label as many biotic and abiotic factors as you can in the picture below.
Biosphere Biosphere
Sum of all Earth’s Ecosystems
I. Energy FlowI. Energy FlowI. Energy FlowI. Energy Flow
A. A. ProducersProducers Make their own Make their own
food through food through photosynthesis photosynthesis
Ex. Plants, algaeEx. Plants, algae
A. A. ProducersProducers Make their own Make their own
food through food through photosynthesis photosynthesis
Ex. Plants, algaeEx. Plants, algae
B. B. ConsumersConsumers Feed on other Feed on other
organisms, organisms, cannot make cannot make their own their own foodfood
Example: Example: deer, deer, humans, humans, mouse, lion, mouse, lion, insectsinsects
B. B. ConsumersConsumers Feed on other Feed on other
organisms, organisms, cannot make cannot make their own their own foodfood
Example: Example: deer, deer, humans, humans, mouse, lion, mouse, lion, insectsinsects
C. C. DecomposersDecomposers Break down dead organisms, recycling Break down dead organisms, recycling
chemicals chemicals Example: fungi, bacteria, certain insects like Example: fungi, bacteria, certain insects like
earthworms and centipedes. earthworms and centipedes.
C. C. DecomposersDecomposers Break down dead organisms, recycling Break down dead organisms, recycling
chemicals chemicals Example: fungi, bacteria, certain insects like Example: fungi, bacteria, certain insects like
earthworms and centipedes. earthworms and centipedes.
D. Energy enters ecosystems as LIGHT is converted to CHEMICAL ENERGY by producers and exits the ecosystem as HEAT.
D. Energy enters ecosystems as LIGHT is converted to CHEMICAL ENERGY by producers and exits the ecosystem as HEAT.
II. Food ChainII. Food ChainII. Food ChainII. Food Chain
A.A. Trophic levelsTrophic levels Feeding level, represents Feeding level, represents position in food chain/food position in food chain/food
webweb
A.A. Trophic levelsTrophic levels Feeding level, represents Feeding level, represents position in food chain/food position in food chain/food
webweb
B. Food Chain pathway of food transfer from one trophic level to another
You always start with PRODUCERS on the left/bottom of a food chain.
B. Food Chain pathway of food transfer from one trophic level to another
You always start with PRODUCERS on the left/bottom of a food chain.
C. Producer --> Primary Consumer--> Secondary Consumer--> Tertiary
Consumer
D. Decomposers are found at EACH trophic level.
C. Producer --> Primary Consumer--> Secondary Consumer--> Tertiary
Consumer
D. Decomposers are found at EACH trophic level.
III. Food WebIII. Food Web
A. Definition: pattern of feeding relationships.A. Definition: pattern of feeding relationships.
B. Draw a simple food webB. Draw a simple food web
IV. Three Kinds of Ecological IV. Three Kinds of Ecological PyramidsPyramids
IV. Three Kinds of Ecological IV. Three Kinds of Ecological PyramidsPyramids
A. Energy pyramidA. Energy pyramid DescriptionDescription: : diagram representing energy diagram representing energy
loss from one trophic level to the nextloss from one trophic level to the next
10% Rule- an average of 10% of the available 10% Rule- an average of 10% of the available energy at a trophic level is converted to energy at a trophic level is converted to biomass in the biomass in the nextnext higher trophic level. higher trophic level.
A. Energy pyramidA. Energy pyramid DescriptionDescription: : diagram representing energy diagram representing energy
loss from one trophic level to the nextloss from one trophic level to the next
10% Rule- an average of 10% of the available 10% Rule- an average of 10% of the available energy at a trophic level is converted to energy at a trophic level is converted to biomass in the biomass in the nextnext higher trophic level. higher trophic level.
DiagramDiagram
B. Biomass PyramidB. Biomass Pyramid DescriptionDescription: represents the actual : represents the actual
dry mass of organisms at each dry mass of organisms at each trophic leveltrophic level
B. Biomass PyramidB. Biomass Pyramid DescriptionDescription: represents the actual : represents the actual
dry mass of organisms at each dry mass of organisms at each trophic leveltrophic level
C.C. Pyramid of NumbersPyramid of Numbers DescriptionDescription: the number of : the number of
individual organisms in each individual organisms in each trophic level of an ecosystemtrophic level of an ecosystem
C.C. Pyramid of NumbersPyramid of Numbers DescriptionDescription: the number of : the number of
individual organisms in each individual organisms in each trophic level of an ecosystemtrophic level of an ecosystem
V. Chemical CyclesV. Chemical Cycles
A. Basic plan Producers Consumers Decomposers
A. Basic plan Producers Consumers Decomposers
B. Carbon-Oxygen Cycle B. Carbon-Oxygen Cycle COCO22 Used for photosynthesis Used for photosynthesis Product of photosynthesis isProduct of photosynthesis is sugar and oxygensugar and oxygen During cellular respiration, sugar is During cellular respiration, sugar is
broken down in presence of oxygen, broken down in presence of oxygen, and and COCO22 is release into air is release into air
BURN FOSSIL FUELS RELEASE CO2 BURN FOSSIL FUELS RELEASE CO2
COCO22 Used for photosynthesis Used for photosynthesis Product of photosynthesis isProduct of photosynthesis is sugar and oxygensugar and oxygen During cellular respiration, sugar is During cellular respiration, sugar is
broken down in presence of oxygen, broken down in presence of oxygen, and and COCO22 is release into air is release into air
BURN FOSSIL FUELS RELEASE CO2 BURN FOSSIL FUELS RELEASE CO2
C. NITROGEN CYCLEC. NITROGEN CYCLEC. NITROGEN CYCLEC. NITROGEN CYCLE Nitrogen found in amino acids, Nitrogen found in amino acids,
which make proteins & DNAwhich make proteins & DNA 80% of it is in atmosphere 80% of it is in atmosphere
( N( N22)) Nitrogen Fixation-Nitrogen Fixation- certain certain
bacteria bacteria ““fixfix”” nitrogen gas N nitrogen gas N2 2 into into
ammonium ammonium NH3
BACTERIA- Found near peas, BACTERIA- Found near peas, beans, alfalfabeans, alfalfa
Nitrogen found in amino acids, Nitrogen found in amino acids, which make proteins & DNAwhich make proteins & DNA
80% of it is in atmosphere 80% of it is in atmosphere ( N( N22))
Nitrogen Fixation-Nitrogen Fixation- certain certain bacteria bacteria
““fixfix”” nitrogen gas N nitrogen gas N2 2 into into ammonium ammonium NH3
BACTERIA- Found near peas, BACTERIA- Found near peas, beans, alfalfabeans, alfalfa
Nitrification-Nitrification- other bacteria convert other bacteria convert ammonium into nitrate ammonium into nitrate NO3
–
Producers absorb the ammonium and nitrates from the soil and use them to build amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids ( DNA) .
Nitrification-Nitrification- other bacteria convert other bacteria convert ammonium into nitrate ammonium into nitrate NO3
–
Producers absorb the ammonium and nitrates from the soil and use them to build amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids ( DNA) .
Consumers eat plants with NitrogenConsumers eat plants with Nitrogen Decomposers release Nitrogen Decomposers release Nitrogen
Consumers eat plants with NitrogenConsumers eat plants with Nitrogen Decomposers release Nitrogen Decomposers release Nitrogen
Some bacteria turn the Nitrogen back into a gas (N2) Denitrification
D. WATER CYCLED. WATER CYCLED. WATER CYCLED. WATER CYCLE Transpiration-Transpiration- water evaporated from water evaporated from
leaves of plantsleaves of plants Evaporation-Evaporation- turning of liquid water into a turning of liquid water into a
gas going to atmospheregas going to atmosphere Precipitation-Precipitation- condensing of gas into liquid condensing of gas into liquid
or even solid form to fall back to Earthor even solid form to fall back to Earth
Transpiration-Transpiration- water evaporated from water evaporated from leaves of plantsleaves of plants
Evaporation-Evaporation- turning of liquid water into a turning of liquid water into a gas going to atmospheregas going to atmosphere
Precipitation-Precipitation- condensing of gas into liquid condensing of gas into liquid or even solid form to fall back to Earthor even solid form to fall back to Earth
IV. Human Effects on Ecosystems
IV. Human Effects on Ecosystems
A. Deforestation- clearing of forests for agriculture,
lumber, & other uses--> eliminates plants that absorb CO2.
A. Deforestation- clearing of forests for agriculture,
lumber, & other uses--> eliminates plants that absorb CO2.
B. Greenhouse EffectB. Greenhouse Effect
Atmospheric gases trap heat- CO2, methane
Atmospheric gases trap heat- CO2, methane
C. Global WarmingC. Global Warming
Overall rise in Earth’s average temperature
Overall rise in Earth’s average temperature
D. EutrophicationD. EutrophicationIncr. nitrogen levels in water from fertilizers lead to growth of algae-- algae die off, bacteria that feed on algae use up available oxygen
Incr. nitrogen levels in water from fertilizers lead to growth of algae-- algae die off, bacteria that feed on algae use up available oxygen
E. Acid RainE. Acid Rain
Smokestacks release nitrogen & sulfur compounds in air that combine with water to form acids
Smokestacks release nitrogen & sulfur compounds in air that combine with water to form acids
F. Water impactsF. Water impacts
Transpiration brings a lot of water back to atmosphere, but now, less trees!
Transpiration brings a lot of water back to atmosphere, but now, less trees!
H. PollutionH. PollutionAddition of negative substances into the environment
Addition of negative substances into the environment
I. Biological magnificationI. Biological magnification
Pollutants become more concentrated in successive trophic levels
Pollutants become more concentrated in successive trophic levels
J. Ozone shield damageJ. Ozone shield damage
CFCs and aerosoles destroying ozone--> incr. UV intensity
CFCs and aerosoles destroying ozone--> incr. UV intensity
VII. Why Diversity MattersVII. Why Diversity Matters Biodiversity all variety of life on Earth
Threats to biodiversity - Habitat Destruction - Introduced species - Overexploitation
Biodiversity all variety of life on Earth
Threats to biodiversity - Habitat Destruction - Introduced species - Overexploitation
VIII. Conservation BiologyVIII. Conservation Biology
A. Focus on hotspotsB. Understanding an organism’s
habitatC. Balance demands for resources
A. Focus on hotspotsB. Understanding an organism’s
habitatC. Balance demands for resources