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EcologyEcology Study of the relationships between Study of the relationships between
organisms and their environmentsorganisms and their environments• Their interactions with each otherTheir interactions with each other• Their ability/methods of obtaining Their ability/methods of obtaining
energy to surviveenergy to survive• Evolutionary trendsEvolutionary trends
Distribution of organisms in the Distribution of organisms in the environmentenvironment
Organisms are not distributed evenly Organisms are not distributed evenly in a given areain a given area
Biosphere: levels of organizationBiosphere: levels of organization
Aquatic BiomesAquatic Biomesmake up the largest part of the biospheremake up the largest part of the biosphere
Aquatic biomesAquatic biomesare stratifiedare stratified
Aquatic BiomesAquatic Biomeslook up the major characteristics of eachlook up the major characteristics of each
LakesLakes RiversRivers EstuariesEstuaries Intertidal zonesIntertidal zones Coral reefsCoral reefs Oceanic pelagicOceanic pelagic Abyssal zonesAbyssal zones
Terrestrial BiomesTerrestrial Biomesgeographic distribution based on climategeographic distribution based on climate
Terrestrial BiomesTerrestrial Biomeslook up the major characteristics of eachlook up the major characteristics of each
Tropical forestTropical forest SavannaSavanna DesertDesert Polar and high-mountain icePolar and high-mountain ice ChaparralChaparral Temperate grasslandTemperate grassland Temperate deciduous forestTemperate deciduous forest Coniferous forestConiferous forest Tundra (arctic and alpine)Tundra (arctic and alpine)
EcosystemsEcosystemscontained within biomescontained within biomes
biotic and abiotic componentsbiotic and abiotic components Biotic = livingBiotic = living Abiotic = environmental factorsAbiotic = environmental factors
Abiotic components of ecosystemsAbiotic components of ecosystems
SunlightSunlight TemperatureTemperature MineralsMinerals RainfallRainfall TemperatureTemperature Water chemistry/soil chemistryWater chemistry/soil chemistry
Biotic components of an ecosystemBiotic components of an ecosystem
ProducersProducers DecomposersDecomposers Primary consumersPrimary consumers Secondary consumersSecondary consumers Tertiary consumersTertiary consumers
PopulationPopulation Group of individuals of a single Group of individuals of a single
species occupying the same areaspecies occupying the same area• characterized by a specific density (# characterized by a specific density (#
per unit area) and dispersion (spacing)per unit area) and dispersion (spacing)• Size of population is limited by both Size of population is limited by both
biotic and abiotic factorsbiotic and abiotic factors
CommunityCommunity Group of populations in a specific Group of populations in a specific
areaarea• Communities vary in diversityCommunities vary in diversity• Populations within a community are Populations within a community are
linked by competition, predation, linked by competition, predation, mutualism and commensalismmutualism and commensalism
CommunityCommunity
Food WebsFood Webs
How do organisms obtain energy to survive and function in their environments??
Food WebsFood Webs
Food WebsFood Webs Describe trophic structure within Describe trophic structure within
communitycommunity Food webs are made up of multiple Food webs are made up of multiple
food chainsfood chains
Food ChainsFood Chains
Food WebFood Web
EcosystemsEcosystems All of the organisms in a community All of the organisms in a community
and all of the abiotic factors that and all of the abiotic factors that affect themaffect them
Range in sizeRange in size Multiple ecosystems make up a Multiple ecosystems make up a
biomebiome
Ecosystems: energy flowEcosystems: energy flow
Ecosystems: energy flowEcosystems: energy flow
Ecosystem: nutrient cyclingEcosystem: nutrient cyclingEarth’s carbon cycleEarth’s carbon cycle
Ecosystems: nutrient cyclingEcosystems: nutrient cyclingThe nitrogen cycleThe nitrogen cycle
Primary ProductionPrimary Production The sun is the ultimate source of The sun is the ultimate source of
energy in an ecosystemenergy in an ecosystem The amount of light energy The amount of light energy
converted to chemical energy by an converted to chemical energy by an ecosystem’s autotrophs is called ecosystem’s autotrophs is called “Primary Production”“Primary Production”
Gross Primary ProductionGross Primary Production Amount of light energy converted to Amount of light energy converted to
chemical energy by photosynthesis chemical energy by photosynthesis per unit timeper unit time
Net Primary ProductionNet Primary Production Equal to the gross primary Equal to the gross primary
production MINUS the amount of production MINUS the amount of energy used by primary producers energy used by primary producers for cell respirationfor cell respiration
Is important because it represents Is important because it represents the amount of stored chemical the amount of stored chemical energy available to consumers in an energy available to consumers in an ecosystemecosystem
Primary production: limitsPrimary production: limits In aquatic ecosystems:In aquatic ecosystems:
• LightLight• NutrientsNutrients
In terrestrial ecosystems:In terrestrial ecosystems:• TemperatureTemperature• Availability of waterAvailability of water• NutrientsNutrients• LightLight
Secondary ProductionSecondary Production Amount of chemical energy in Amount of chemical energy in
consumer’s food that is converted consumer’s food that is converted into their own new biomass during a into their own new biomass during a given period of timegiven period of time
Secondary productionSecondary production
Food energy available to Food energy available to humanshumans