Ecology. –the scientific study of interactions among organisms and their environment Ecology...

Ecology

Ecology– the scientific study of interactions among

organisms and their environment

Ecology Nutrition & Energy

What are biotic and abiotic factors?

Give examples of each.

Essential QuestionEcology Nutrition & Energy

Aspects of Ecological Study

Biotic– all the living aspects of an ecosystem– examples: plants, animals, decomposers


List all Biotic elements of this scene

Aspects of Ecological Study

Abiotic– nonliving parts of an ecosystem– examples: sun. light, temperature. soil


List all Abiotic elements of this scene

Levels or Organization:

– chemical

– cell

– tissue

– organs

– organ systems


What comes after Organ System?

Levels or Organization:• Organisms

– species- group of organisms so similar to one another that they can breed and produce fertile offspring

• Population– group of organisms of one species that

interbreed and live in the same place at the same time


Levels or Organization:• Communities

– different populations that live together in a defined area

• Ecosystem– collection of all the organisms that live in a

particular place, together with their abiotic or physical surroundings


Levels or Organization:• Biomes

– group of ecosystems that have the same climate and similar dominant communities.

• Biosphere– portion of the earth that supports life– extends above the Earth to the bottom of the

ocean


Levels or Organization:

What comes after Organ System?

– organism

– population

– community

– ecosystem

– biome

– biosphere


Stop and Define the Following Words

Biotic

Abiotic

Organism

Population

Communities

Ecosystem

Biome

Biosphere

Ticket Out the Door

• List the levels of organization from least to greatest in the proper order

Organisms in Ecosystem

• Habitat- is the place where an organism lives out its life

• Niche- is the role and position a species has in it environment


Symbiotic relationships

– the relationship in which there is a close and permanent association among organisms of different species



– the relationship in which there is a close and permanent association among organisms of different species

• Commensalism +/o

– symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed not benefited



• Mutualism +/+

– symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit

• Parasitism +/-

– symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other species is harmed.


Ecology• Community Interactions

– Competition -/-• occurs when organisms of the same or different species compete for something. • (mate, food, water, light, etc...)

– Predation +/-• An interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism.

– Predator– Prey

Ecology Ecosystems and the Community

Name One Example of Each Type of Relationship

• Work with elbow partner

• Be ready to share with the class

• Make sure to think of one example for each of the types of relationships– Commensalism– Mutualism– Parasitism– Competition– Predation


– Competition -/-• Interspecific competition

– Competition among organisms of different species– ex: food, space, shelter



– Competition -/-• Intraspecific competition

– Between members of the same species



– Predation +/-• Population curve of predator mirrors that of the prey



– Predation +/-


Warm-Up

Explain how energy flows throughout an exocosystem.

Energy Flow• Sunlight is the main source of energy for life on

Earth– Photosynthesis

• process of organism to convert light energy into carbohydrates

– ex: plants, some bacteria & protists

– Chemosynthesis• when organisms use chemical energy to produce

carbohydrates. – ex: bacteria in places like ocean vents, hot

springs, deep-ocean floors.


Energy Flow

• Heterotrophs– organisms that rely on other organisms for

their energy and food supply – also called consumers

• Autotroph– organisms which capture energy from sunlight

or from chemical compounds to make own energy

– also called producers


Energy Flow• types of consumers (heterotrophs):

– Herbivores- eat producers • Ex:

– Carnivores- eat consumers • Ex:

– Omnivores- eat both consumers and producers • Ex:

– Decomposers- break down organic matter • Ex:


Energy Flow

• Feeding Relationships:

– Food chain• a food chain is a series of steps in which

organisms transfer energy by eating or being eaten.

– Food Web:• links all the food chains in an ecosystem. It

is the feeding relationships among various organisms.


Energy Flow


– Food chain


Producer

Primary Consumer

Secondary Consumer

Tertiary Consumer

Energy Flow

• Trophic levels:– each step in a food chain or food web– PARTS:

• 1. producer/ decomposers• 2. first order consumer (herbivore)• 3. second order consumer (carnivore)• 4. third order consumer


Energy Flow


– Food Web:


Energy Flow


– Food Web:


Energy Flow


– Food Web:


Energy Flow

• Ecological Pyramids:– Energy pyramid

– Biomass pyramid

– Pyramid of numbers


Energy Flow

• Ecological Pyramids:– Energy in food webs

• 1. When first order consumers feed on producer, the energy in the producer becomes available to the consumer.

• 2 Not all the energy is passed on some is used in life activities; some leaves the body in wastes.

• 3. Energy is “lost” at each level• 4. The longer the food chain the less energy the

top of the food chain gets.


Energy Flow

• Ecological Pyramids:– Energy in food webs


SI for energy

J = joules

Energy Flow• Ecological Pyramids:

– Energy in food webs• Where does the energy go?


Energy Flow

• Ecological Pyramids:– Biomass in food webs

• 1. it is the total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level

• 2. shows the amount of food available in each trophic level

• 3. measured in grams.


Energy Flow• Ecological Pyramids:

– Biomass in food webs


Energy Flow

• Ecological Pyramids:– Numbers in food webs

• Based on the number of organisms at each level

–ex: small number of grasshoppers is accountable for eating a large amount of grass

–(inverted) ex: large number of pine beetles can live in each pine tree.


Energy Flow



Energy Flow

• Ecological Pyramids:– Biomass in food webs


12,482,904 g

875,395 g

15,357 g

Energy Flow



11,357

430

27

1

Think About It

• When you were younger, what types of things did you and your siblings or you and your friends fight over?

• Why did you fight over these things?

Ecology• Populations

– Population growth• Limiting factor

– Slows growth rate of population– Ex: predators, food, territory

• Biotic potential– Highest rate of reproduction possible



– Population density• The number of organisms per certain area


Population density =Total Population

Area observed

Population density =

Population density =

88 rabbits

3 km2

29.33 rabbits/ km2

Essential QuestionEcology Ecosystems and the Community

What are density dependent and density independent factors?

Give an example of each.


• Density dependent– Factor that relies on the number of organisms in a given area– Ex: disease, predation, natural disasters, size of territory



• Density independent– Factor not determined by population density– Ex: temperature, light



– Growth• Population size

– Counts how many• Population growth

– Shows a change in size +/-• Birth rate

– Number born• Death rate

– Number that die



– Growth• Carrying capacity

– Greatest number of individuals in a populations the environment can hold at that point in time



– Growth• Growth curve

– Shows how fast a population can grow




– Growth• Growth curve – S shaped curve (population growth)

– Shows population growing with limiting factors



– Growth• Growth curve – J shaped

– Shows population growing without limiting factors


– Human population


Essential Question

What are the different steps of the carbon and water cycles, and where do these steps occur in

nature?


Recycling

• Water cycle

• Oxygen/Carbon cycle

• Phosphorus cycle

• Nitrogen cycle


Recycling

• Water cycle• essential to life• amount on Earth stays constant• Sun provides energy that drives cycle


Recycling• Water cycle

– Evaporation– removal of water

from land


•as water vapor cools in atmosphere, it condenses and forms tiny droplets in clouds that return water to Earth

•heat from Sun evaporates water from oceans, lakes, streams, ponds, etc

Recycling

• Water cycle– Precipitation

– rain, sleet, snow, hail, etc.

• water returns to lakes, oceans, streams, etc or is absorbed by soil – used by plants


Recycling

• Water cycle– Transpiration

– water being released from plants


•plants take in ground water, release water though leaves

Recycling

• Water cycle


Recycling

• Water cycle


Recycling• Oxygen/Carbon cycle

• carbon is necessary for life• anything “organic” contains carbon• carbon found in proteins, fats, carbohydrates


Recycling

• Oxygen/Carbon cycle– Photosynthesis– Stored in plants– Stored in animals– Respiration– Decomposers– Fossil fuel– Combustion– Atmosphere (carbon dioxide reservoir)


Recycling

• Oxygen/Carbon cycle– Photosynthesis

• takes in carbon dioxide and release oxygen

– Stored in plants• carbon from photosynthesis is stored in the body of plant



– Stored in animals• consumers eat producers to obtain carbon

– Respiration• food broken down and carbon released into atmosphere



– Decomposers• decompose dead organisms and release carbon dioxide to

atmosphere


•Fossil fuel•coal, oil, natural gastrapped carbon left over from bodies of organisms that died millions of years ago and were trapped underground


– Combustion• fossil fuel burned to release carbon dioxide into atmosphere

– Atmosphere (carbon dioxide reservoir)• holds carbon dioxide from respiration and combustion• releases carbon to photosynthesis




Recycling

• Oxygen/Carbon cycle


Recycling• Phosphorus cycle


•mostly on land in soil & minerals and in ocean sediments

•forms DNA & RNA•does NOT enter atmosphere•exists as inorganic phosphate

Recycling

• Phosphorus cycle– rocks (on land) – marine producers – sediments – soil – plants – animals



– rocks (on land) • worn down to release phosphate into rivers then

the ocean


–soil •also released into rivers

•also released into rivers absorbed by plants

Recycling

• Phosphorus cycle– marine producers

• take in phosphates in from river• eaten by marine consumer

– sediments • marine organisms die to release phosphates into

marine sediments



– plants • Absorb phosphates from soil to make organic

compounds


•Death or organisms releases phosphates into soil and sediment

– animals • Consume plants to take in organic compounds

Recycling



Recycling



Recycling

• Nitrogen cycle• building block for protein and DNA• N2 gas makes up 78% of Earth’s atmosphere• gas can only be used by nitrogen-fixing bacteria• atmospheric nitrogen must be converted to useable form


Recycling

• Nitrogen cycle– ammoniafication


•bacteria produce ammonia or ammonium from nitrates

Recycling

• Nitrogen cycle– nitrification


•bacteria convert nitrites into nitrates (useable by plants)

Recycling

• Nitrogen cycle– fixation


•bacteria in soil convert N2 gas from atmosphere to nitrates

•lightning converts N2 into nitrates in air

Recycling

• Nitrogen cycle– denitrification


•bacteria in soil convert nitrates into atmospheric nitrogen

Recycling

• Nitrogen cycle


Recycling

• Nitrogen cycle


Essential QuestionEcology Ecosystems and the Community

What is Succession? Where might you find it happening?

Ecology• Ecological Succession

• predictable changes that occurs in a community over time.

– Primary succession• succession that begins in areas in which there is not life or soil (from scratch)



– Primary succession


Does Primary Succession happen here?


– Secondary succession• natural disaster or human makes changes- (not from

scratch.... earthquake, tornado, fire...)


Forrest FireTornado




– Stages of Succession• Pioneer Stage (1st Stage)

–Lichens, decomposers, moss, ferns, grass, shrubs, animals.....etc..............



– Stages of Succession• Climax community

– dominant organisms maintain control over ecosystem.


N. Georgia Climax Community:

Oak, Hickory Forrest


– Stages of Succession• Climax community

– Pond climax– Land fills in pond



– Stages of Succession

• Climax community

– Pond climax



Ecology• Biomes

– Tropical Rain Forest– Savanna– Desert– Temperate Grassland– Temperate Deciduous Forest – Taiga– Tundra


Ecology

• Biomes


Ecology• Biomes

– Tropical Rain Forest


Ecology

• Biomes– Savanna


Ecology

• Biomes– Desert


Ecology

• Biomes– Temperate Grassland


Ecology

• Biomes– Temperate Deciduous Forest


Ecology• Biomes

– Taiga• Coniferous Forest• Boreal Forest


Ecology

• Biomes– Tundra


Ecology

• Biomes

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