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Ecolog
y
Two
Community Interactions
Habitat- place where organism livesNiche- role and position a species has in its
needs for food and shelter• all interactions with living and non-living
parts of its environment• Only one organism can occupy a niche in
an ecosystem• Example: a predator feeding on weak or
sick animals in an ecosystem
Habitat vs niche
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2L6N2diE8jc&feature=related
Nutrition and Energy Flow
• The ultimate source of energy is…
the SUN!
Nutrition and Energy Flow
Autotroph/Producers use sun’s energy to create chemical compounds (photosynthesis)
Ex. – plants and algae
• Food Chains- shows how matter and energy flow from autotroph to heterotroph to decomposer
Herbivores/1st Order Consumers- feeds on plants
Carnivores/ 2nd and 3rd Order Consumers- feed on other animals
Heterotrophs/Consumers- organisms that feed on other organisms
Nutrition and Energy Flow
• Decomposers- break down and absorb nutrients from dead organisms
•Ex.- fungi
and bacteria
Food chain
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DyszfWU1C2E&feature=related
Nutrition and Energy Flow
• Food Webs- all possible feeding relationships in a community
Food Web
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KyefVtxY-oI&NR=1
Nutrition and Energy Flow
• Trophic Levels- a feeding step in a food chain
• only pass on approximately 10% of energy to next trophic level
Nutrition and Energy Flow
Trophic level
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?annotation_id=annotation_710147&feature=iv&src_vid=qtZcN4bzsrA&v=qUZkWZ12A8s
• Abiotic factors- non-living parts of the environment
Ex.- air temp.,water, light, soil
• Biotic factors- all living organisms that inhabit an environment
Parts of the ecosystem
Abiotic and abiotic factors
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=woSO0D94VGA
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y-wpbhnom70&feature=fvsr
Nutrition and Energy Flow
• Energy flows through an ecosystem, cannot be recycled
• Matter (Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen) cycles in an ecosystem
Cycles in an
Ecosystem
Carbon Cycle
Cycles in an
Ecosystem
Water Cycle
• What would a football field look like in thirty years if it was not cared for or played on?
?
Changes in an Ecosystem
• Succession- orderly, natural changes and species replacements that take place in the communities of an ecosystem
Changes in an Ecosystem
Primary Succession• colonization of a new site from rock; can occur after volcano eruption
Lichen & Mosses ferns grasses & shrubs pines hardwoods
Succession• Begins with:• Pioneer plants- first
organisms to inhabit an area
• Ex. Moss and lichen
• Ends with:• Climax community-
remains stable over long periods of time with little or no change
Secondary Succession
• sequences of changes that take place after a community is disrupted by natural or human actions.
• Ex.- abandoned building, fire, hurricane
Succession Links
Mount St Helen’s
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaRAGzjSkzo&feature=related
Student project succession
http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=vNHnwHaSolA&feature=fvwp
Succession Song
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rzE6BNNLew0
Biomes of the World
• Biome- a large group of ecosystems that share the same type of climax community
– Tundra
– Taiga
– Temperate forest
– Tropical Rainforest
– Grasslands
– Desert
Terrestrial Biomes
3 factors that influence type of biome
Latitude
Altitude
precipitation
} Influences temperature
Sample Climatograph
Tundra
• Permafrost -soil remains permanently frozen
• Long winters and darkness, Short summers
• Low temperatures
• Very little rainfall
• Plants- fast life cycles
• Animals-thick fur
Taiga• Foggy, wet climate, acidic soil• Plants- large coniferous forest
(firs, pines)
• Flexible branches of conifers to bend with ice and snow
• Animals- Moose, elk, wolves , caribou, porcupines, black bear
• has definite seasons• mixture of trees
(pines and hardwoods-deciduous trees)
• Plants- shed leaves in winter• Animals- Deer, opossum,
black bear, fox, squirrel, many bird species and insects
Temperate Forest
Tropical Rainforest• At equator• almost constant temperature of 25 oC• most rain fall • very humid • greatest biodiversity• Soil is nutrient poor
• Plants- large variety, adapted to grow tall to find light, vines, canopy
• Animals-Toucans, monkeys, gorilla, snakes, lizards, parrots
Grasslands
• steppe, plains, savanna, or prairie
• Uneven rainfall • Plants- Scattered trees,
grass varies in length
• Animals-Bison, antelope, gophers, jackrabbits, sheep
• African savanna- lion, tiger, elephant, cheetah, zebra, antelope
Desert• low rainfall • long droughts• Plant
– shallow root systems– absorb little rainfall quickly
– leaves are needles to prevent water loss
– Cuticle- waxy coating on needles (leaves)
– Cacti• Animals- small, active at night
to prevent dehydration – lizards, kangaroo rat, scorpions, snakes
Biome links
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WuejxJttBqo&feature=related
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&v=dTaWsFct32g&NR=1
PLANT RESPONSES & ADAPTATIONS:
• Tropism: Plant’s response to its environment• Geotropism- Response to gravity; roots down,
stems up• Phototropism- Response to light; sunflower
“heads” turning toward sun• Thigmotropism- Response to touch; vine
climbing trellis• Hydrotropism- the way a plant grows in
response to water
• http://leavingbio.net/plant%20responses.htm#tropisms