Ecology

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What's biology got to do with it?

Chapter 2 Section 1 Vocabulary 1. Ecology- the study of interactions of living organisms with one another and with their physical

environment (soil, water, climate, etc)

2. Biosphere- portion of the earth that supports life

3. Biotic factors- the organisms in a habitat (living factors)

4. Abiotic factors- the physical aspects of a habitat (non-living factors)

5. Population- all of the individuals of a species that live together in one place at one time

6. Ecosystem- aka ecological system; consists of a community and all the physical aspects of its habitat (soil, water, weather, etc)

7. Biome- a large group of ecosystems that share the same type of climate and have similar types of communities

8. Habitat- the place where a particular population of a species lives

9. Niche- the functional role of a particular species in an ecosystem; how an organism lives; the “job” it performs within the ecosystem

10. Predation- the act of one organism killing another for food

11. Symbiosis- two or more species living together in a close, long-term association

12. Mutualism- a symbiotic relationship in which both participating species benefits

13. Commensalism- a symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped

14. Parasitism- one organism feeds on and usually lives on or in another, typically larger, organism; usually do not kill their prey (or “host”) because they depend on them for food and a place to live

Ecology-

• the study of interactions of living organisms with one another and with their physical environment (soil, water, climate, etc)

• Biosphere- portion of the earth that supports life

Biotic factors- the organisms in a habitat (living factors)

Abiotic factors- the physical aspects of a habitat (non-living factors)

Sequence the abiotic and biotic factors. Write abiotic or biotic in each square.

1. lack ofrainfall

6. the populationof a speciesdiminishes

5. animals donot reproduce

4. riversdry up

3. certainplants die

2. dry soil

Sequence the abiotic and biotic factors. Write abiotic or biotic in each square.

1. lack ofrainfallabiotic

6. the populationof a speciesdiminishesbiotic

5. animals donot reproducebiotic

4. riversdry upabiotic

3. certainplants diebiotic

2. dry soilabiotic

Population-

• all of the individuals of a species that live together in one place at one time

Ecosystem• - aka ecological system; consists of a

community and all the physical aspects of its habitat (soil, water, weather, etc)

Biome-• a large group of ecosystems that share the

same type of climate and have similar types of communities

Habitat-

the place where a particular population of a species lives

Niche-

• the functional role of a particular species in an ecosystem; how an organism lives; the “job” it performs within the ecosystem

niche

• A polar bear will wait by air holes dug in the ice for a seal to pop its head up for a breath; the polar bear then kills the animal quickly.

•Arctic foxes are small canines that feed on small mammals and birds; they also take carrion when found. When hunting is good, an Arctic fox will bury excess kills in the snow. This works as a freezer for leaner times. Ravens often raid these stockpiles of food.

•

Predation-

• the act of one organism killing another for food

Symbiosis-

• two or more species living together in a close, long-term association

Mutualism

a symbiotic relationship in which both participating species benefits

-

mutualism

Commensalism-

a symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped

commensalism

Parasitism-

• one organism feeds on and usually lives on or in another, typically larger, organism; usually do not kill their prey (or “host”) because they depend on them for food and a place to live

Section 2 Vocabulary 1. Autotrophs/ Producers- Organisms that first capture energy and make energy storing

molecules; plants, algae, and cyanobacteria

2. Heterotrophs /Consumers- those organisms that consume plants or other organisms to obtain the energy necessary to build their molecules

3. Herbivore-

4. Carnivore-

5. Omnivores- animals that are considered both herbivores and carnivores, such as bears

6. Detritovores- organisms that obtain their energy from the organic wastes and dead bodies that are produced at every trophic level (bacteria, fungi, worms)

7. Trophic level- a level in an ecosystem that organisms are placed in to show where they got their energy from and where their energy will then go; energy moves from one trophic level to another

8. Food chain- the path of energy through the trophic levels of an ecosystem (sun producersprimary consumersecondary consumertertiary consumer)

9. Food web- complicated, interconnected group of food chains that shows the different trophic levels that individual organisms can feed at

10. Biomass- the dry weight of tissue and other organic matter found in a specific ecosystem; each level higher on the pyramid contains only 10% of the biomass found in the trophic level below it.

Autotrophs/ Producers-

• Organisms that first capture energy and make energy storing molecules; plants, algae, and cyanobacteria

Heterotrophs /Consumers- • those organisms that

consume plants or other organisms to obtain the energy necessary to build their molecules

Herbivore-

• herbivores: eat only plants

Carnivore-

•carnivores: eat only animals

Omnivores-

animals that are considered both herbivores and carnivores, such as bears

Detritovores-

organisms that obtain their energy from the organic wastes and dead bodies that are produced at every trophic level (bacteria, fungi, worms)

detritovore

• millipedes, woodlice, dung flies, slugs, many terrestrial worms, sea stars, fiddler crabs, and some sedentary polychaetes

• Scavengers obtain energy by eating dead animals

Decomposers obtain energy by breaking down dead organic matter

Trophic level-

a level in an ecosystem that organisms are placed in to show where they got their energy from and where their energy will then go; energy moves from one trophic level to another

Food chain-

the path of energy through the trophic levels of an ecosystem (sun producersprimary consumersecondary consumertertiary consumer)

Food web-

complicated, interconnected group of food chains that shows the different trophic levels that individual organisms can feed at

Biomass-

• the dry weight of tissue and other organic matter found in a specific ecosystem; each level higher on the pyramid contains only 10% of the biomass found in the trophic level below it.

Food web

Copy this chart into you notes

Table 2-1

Autotrophs Heterotrophs Herbivore, carnivore,or omnivore

• Use the diagram to complete the Table. Classify each member of the food web as autotroph or heterotroph, and identify the heterotrophs as herbivores, carnivores, or omnivores

Section 3 Vocabulary 1. Biogeochemical cycle- the paths of water,

carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous passing from the nonliving environment to living organisms and then back to the nonliving environment.

• Notes:

• Bio : for the living things it passes through

• Geo: for the non living things it passes into and out of…

• Cycle: that it continuously moves

2. Nitrogen fixation- the process of combining nitrogen with hydrogen to form ammonia.

Notes: mostly bacteria that provide this process. Symbiotic bacteria can be found on the root nodules of plants. Lightning can also cause this.

3. Denitrification- when Nitrogen is released back into the cycle when denitrifying bacteria convert NO3- into N2

• Notes: bacteria cause this. Releases gas.

Carbon Cycle • Carbon is required for the building of all

organic compounds. All living things contain carbon

Carbon cycle

Carbon cycle

Carbon cycle

A. Burning of fossil fuels

B. Death, decomposition

C. Photosynthesis

D. Respiration

E. Industry & AgricultureF. Carbon Dioxide in atmosphere

G. Carbon compounds converted to fossil fuelsH. Carbon Dioxide dissolved in water

I. Calcium carbonates in rocks and shells

J. Precipitation

B. Death, decomposition

Hydrologic Cycle (Water Cycle)

Nitrogen Cycle • Nitrogen is required for the manufacture of all

amino acids and nucleic acids . (proteins) It is also found in DNA

• Nitrogen Fixation is a process which occurs in prokaryotes in which N2 is converted to (NH4+). Atmospheric nitrogen can also undergo nitrogen fixation by lighting and UV radiation and become NO3-.

the average organism can not use atmospheric nitrogen for these tasks, but which is where most nitrogen is found!

Nitrogen Cycle

• During nitrification, ammonia is converted into nitrite, and nitrite is converted into nitrate.

• Nitrification occurs in various bacteria. In the final stage, plants absorb ammonia and nitrate and incorporate it into their metabolic pathways..

Nitrogen Cycle

• Once the nitrogen has entered the plant metabolic pathway, it may be transferred to animals when the plant is eaten. Nitrogen is released back into the cycle when denitrifying bacteria convert NO3- into N2 in the process of denitrification.

• Finally, when detrivorous bacteria convert organic compounds back into ammonia the process of ammonification occurs, or when animals excrete ammonia, urea, or uric acid.

Nitrogen Cycle

Major steps of Nitrogen Cycle

• 1. Nitrogen fixation

• 2. Nitrification

• 3. assimilation

• 4. denitrification

Phosphorous Cycle

Biogeochemical Cycle activity:

• Each person will get a part or parts of one of the cycles. Draw what is happening in your part of the cycle on an index card. Then find members of your same cycle and put your parts together to make the entire cycle by placing the parts onto a poster with arrows between the drawings to make the cycle complete. You may use the pictures and information in your book to help you! Your group will then present the completed cycle to the class so make sure you understand the process! Good luck!

• Rotate to other cycles to learn them as well use the already drawn cards!

Water cycle 8 parts

1. Wc/ evaporation

2. Wc/condensation

3. Wc/precipitation

4. Wc/transpiration

5. Wc/ground water

6. Wc/oceans

7. Wc/runoff

8. Wc/percolation

Carbon cycle 13 parts 1. c/ combustion of fuels and industry and homes

2. c/ plants and animals on land

3. c/ photosynthesis

4. c/ respiration

5. c/carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

6. c/diffusion

7. c/dissolved carbon dioxide

8. c/ bicarbonates

9. c/ photosynthesis in water

10.c/ animals and plants in water

11.c/ deposition of dead materials under water

12.c/ fossil fuels (oil, gas, coal)

13.c/ deposition of dead materials under ground

Nitrogen Cycle 14 parts 1. N/ atmospheric Nitrogen N2

2. n/ nitrogen fixing bacteria in the water

3. n/ aquatic animals

4. n/ land animals

5. n/plants

6. n/nitrogen fixing bacteria on plant roots

7. n/ excretion

8. n/ loss to deep sediment

9. n/ animal wastes

10.n/ decomposers in the soil

11.n/ nitrifying bacteria

12.n/ soil nitrates

13.n/ denitrifying bacteria ( convert back into nitrogen gas)

14.n/ nitrogen fixing soil bacteria ( so plants can use it)

Phosphorus cycle 12 parts1. p/ decomposers (bacteria and fungi in the water )

2. p/ animal wastes

3. p/ aquatic animals

4. p/ plants and algae ( under water)

5. p/ precipitates solids from the water

6. p/ rocks and minerals

7. p/ phosphates in solution

8. p/ plants on land

9. p/ land animals

10.p/ soil soluble phosphates

11.p/ animal wastes

12.p/ decomposers bacteria and fungi on land

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