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Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data...

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Econ 240 C Lecture 12
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Page 1: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

Econ 240 C

Lecture 12

Page 2: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

2

The Big Picture

Exploring alternative perspectives Exploratory Data Analysis

• Looking at components

Trend analysis• Forecasting long term

Distributed lags• Forecasting short term

Page 3: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

3The 2010-2011 CA Budget Long Run Perspectives

• Univariate trends• Bivariate relationships

Short Run

Page 4: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

4

UC Budget in Nominal Billions $ Vs. Fiscal Year: 1968-69 - 2010-11

y = 0.0737x + 0.1305

R2 = 0.9139

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

68-6

9

70-7

1

72-7

3

74-7

5

76-7

7

78-7

9

80-8

1

82-8

3

84-8

5

86-8

7

88-8

9

90-9

1

92-9

3

94-9

5

96-9

7

98-9

9

00-0

1

02-0

3

04-0

5

06-0

7

08-0

9

10-1

1

Fiscal year

Bill

ion

s $

UC Budget $B nominal Vs. Fiscal Year

Page 5: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

5UC Budget Billions Nominal $ Vs. Fiscal Year: 1998-09 – 2010-11

UC Budget in Billions Nominal $ Vs. Fiscal Year 1998-09 - 2010-11

y = -0.0073x + 2.9583

R2 = 0.0087

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

98-99 99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04 04-05 05-06 06-07 07-08 08-09 09-10 10-11

Fiscal year

Bill

ion

s $

Page 6: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

6

UC Budget Vs. California Personal Income, Both in $ Billions Nominal Dollars: 1968-68 - 2010-11

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

California Personal Income

UC

Bu

dg

et

1991-2 RECESSION

2001-02 Recession?

Page 7: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

7US Civilian Unemployment Rate

Page 8: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

8UC’s Share of California General Fund Expenditures

UC's Share of California General Fund expenditure Vs. Fiscal Year.

y = -0.0009x + 0.0703

R2 = 0.8785

0.00%

1.00%

2.00%

3.00%

4.00%

5.00%

6.00%

7.00%

8.00%

68-6

9

70-7

1

72-7

3

74-7

5

76-7

7

78-7

9

80-8

1

82-8

3

84-8

5

86-8

7

88-8

9

90-9

1

92-9

3

94-9

5

96-9

7

98-9

9

00-0

1

02-0

3

04-0

5

06-0

7

08-0

9

10-1

1

Fiscal Year

Per

cen

t

Page 9: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

9Relative Size of California GovernmentCalifornia General Fund Expenditures as Percent of California Personal Income

0.00%

1.00%

2.00%

3.00%

4.00%

5.00%

6.00%

7.00%

8.00%

68-6

9

70-7

1

72-7

3

74-7

5

76-7

7

78-7

9

80-8

1

82-8

3

84-8

5

86-8

7

88-8

9

90-9

1

92-9

3

94-9

5

96-9

7

98-9

9

00-0

1

02-0

3

04-0

5

06-0

7

08-0

9

10-1

1

Fiscal Year

Per

cen

t

Page 10: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

10

CA Budget Crisis Estimate of the relative size of the CA

government: 5.14 % Estimate of UC’s Budget Share: 3.68% UC Bud = 0.0368*0.0514*CAPY UC Bud = 0.00189* 1597.2 $B UC Bud = 3.021 $B for 2010-11 UC Bud = 3.019 $B Governor’s proposal

Page 11: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

11

Page 12: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

12

Schedule 6

Fiscal Year:

CA personal

Income, CA

General Fund Expenditures

Page 13: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

13Schedule 9: UC Budget, Gen. Fund Support

Page 14: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

14

UC Budget and CA Personal Income, Nominal Billions, 68-69 through 08-09

1968-69

1990-01

2008-09

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

CA Personal Income

UC

Ge

n. F

nd

. Bu

dg

et

2001-02

Recession: Dec. 1969 - Nov. 1970

Recession: Nov. 1973 - March 1975

Recession: Jan. 1980 - July 1980

Recession: July 1981- November 1982

Recession: July 1990 - March 1991

Recession: March 2001 - November 2001

Page 15: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

15

Page 16: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

16

Page 17: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

17Salary by Major

Page 18: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

18Economic Concept of a Public Good

Consumption by one person does not leave less for the next person• National Defense• Safe Streets• Public Health

• Flu shots

• Measle vaccinations

Page 19: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

19Return to Education

Page 20: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

20

Forecast of UC Budget ,2006-07 & 2007-08, Nominal Billions

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

CA Personal Income

UC

Bu

dg

et

07-08

The story based on a bivariate distributed lag model

Page 21: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

21

fORECAST OF UC Budget, 06-07 & 07-08, Nominal Billions

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

1968

-69

1970

-71

1972

-73

1974

-75

1976

-77

1978

-79

1980

-81

1982

-83

1984

-85

1986

-87

1988

-89

1990

-91

1992

-93

1994

-95

1996

-97

1998

-99

2000

-01

2002

-03

2004

-05

2006

-07

Fiscal Year

Bil

lio

ns

$

Another Story Based On a Univariate ARIMA Model

Page 22: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

22

Part I. CA Budget Crisis

Page 23: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

23

CA Budget Crisis

What is Happening to UC?• UC Budget from the state General Fund

Page 24: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

24

UC Budget

Econ 240A Lab Four New data for Fiscal Year 2008-09 Governor’s Budget Summary 2008-09

• released January 2008• http://www.dof.ca.gov/

Page 25: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

25

UC General Fund Expenditures, $ Millions, 68-69 to 07-08

01-0207-08

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

Fiscal year

$M

Page 26: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

Logarithm of UC Budget: Changes in Growth Paths

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

68-6

9

70-7

1

72-7

3

74-7

5

76-7

7

78-7

9

80-8

1

82-8

3

84-8

5

86-8

7

88-8

9

90-9

1

92-9

3

94-9

5

96-9

7

98-9

9

00-0

1

02-0

3

04-0

5

Fiscal Year

lnu

cbu

db

Fitted through 91-92

lnucbudb

Page 27: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

27

CA Budget Crisis

What is happening to the CA economy?• CA personal income

Page 28: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

28

California Personal Income in Billions of Nominal $

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1968

-69

1970

-71

1972

-73

1974

-75

1976

-77

1978

-79

1980

-81

1982

-83

1984

-85

1986

-87

1988

-89

1990

-91

1992

-93

1994

-95

1996

-97

1998

-99

2000

-01

2002

-03

2004

-05

Fiscal Year

Bil

lio

ns

$

Page 29: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

29

California Personal Income in Billions of Nominal $

10

100

1000

10000

1968

-69

1970

-71

1972

-73

1974

-75

1976

-77

1978

-79

1980

-81

1982

-83

1984

-85

1986

-87

1988

-89

1990

-91

1992

-93

1994

-95

1996

-97

1998

-99

2000

-01

2002

-03

2004

-05

Fiscal Year

Bil

lio

ns

$

Log Scale

Page 30: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

30

Nov 1989 Berlin Wall Down

Page 31: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

31

CA Budget Crisis

How is UC faring relative to the CA economy?

Page 32: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

32

UC General Fund Expenditures Vs. California Personal Income, 68-69 to 07-08

07-08

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

CA Personal Income, $B

UC

Ge

n F

un

d E

xp

. $B

Page 33: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

33

CA Budget Crisis

What is happening to CA state Government?• General Fund Expenditures?

Page 34: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

34

CA General Fund Expenditures, Nominal Millions $

07-08

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

68-6

9

70-7

1

72-7

3

74-7

5

76-7

7

78-7

9

80-8

1

82-8

3

84-8

5

86-8

7

88-8

9

90-9

1

92-9

3

94-9

5

96-9

7

98-9

9

00-0

1

02-0

3

04-0

5

06-0

7

Fiscal Year

$M

Page 35: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

35

CA Budget Crisis

How is CA state government General Fund expenditure faring relative to the CA economy?

Page 36: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

36

California: General Fund Expenditures Vs. Personal Income, 68-69 to 07-08

07-08

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

CA Personal Income $B

Ge

n F

un

d E

xp

. $B

Page 37: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

37

Long Run Pattern Analysis

Make use of definitions: UCBudget = (UCBudget/CA Gen Fnd

Exp)*(CA Gen Fnd Exp/CA Pers Inc)* CA Pers Inc

UC Budget = UC Budget Share*Relative Size of CA Government*CA Pers Inc

Page 38: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

38What has happened to UC’s Share of CA General Fund

Expenditures? UC Budget Share = (UC Budget/CA Gen

Fnd Exp)

Page 39: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

39

UC's Share of General Fund Expenditures, 1968-69 through 2008-09

0.00%

1.00%

2.00%

3.00%

4.00%

5.00%

6.00%

7.00%

8.00%

68-6

9

70-7

1

72-7

3

74-7

5

76-7

7

78-7

9

80-8

1

82-8

3

84-8

5

86-8

7

88-8

9

90-9

1

92-9

3

94-9

5

96-9

7

98-9

9

00-0

1

02-0

3

04-0

5

06-0

7

08-0

9

Fiscal Year

Pe

rce

nt

Page 40: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

40

Page 41: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

41

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

70 75 80 85 90 95 00 05

Residual Actual Fitted

UC's Declining Budget Share: 0.1% Per Year

Page 42: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

42

UC Budget Crisis

UC’s Budget Share goes down about one tenth of one per cent per year• will the legislature continue to lower UC’s

share? • Probably, since competing constituencies such

as prisons, health and K-12 will continue to lobby the legislature.

Page 43: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

43What has happened to the size of California Government Expenditure Relative to Personal Income? Relative Size of CA Government = (CA

Gen Fnd Exp/CA Pers Inc)

Page 44: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

44

07-08CA General Fund Expenditures as Percent of Personal Income

6.36%

0.00%

1.00%

2.00%

3.00%

4.00%

5.00%

6.00%

7.00%

8.00%

Fiscal Year

Page 45: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

45

California Political History Proposition 13

• approximately 2/3 of CA voters passed Prop. 13 on June 6, 1978 reducing property tax and shifting fiscal responsibility from the local to state level

Gann Inititiative (Prop 4)• In November 1979, the Gann initiative was

passed by the voters, limits real per capita government expenditures

Page 46: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

46

CA Budget Crisis

Estimate of the relative size of the CA government: 6.50 %

Estimate of UC’s Budget Share: 3.00% UC Bud = 0.03*0.065*CAPY UC Bud = 0.00195* 1588.5 $B UC Bud = 3.098 $B for 2008-09 UC Bud = 3.494 Governor’s proposal

Page 47: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

47 Forecasts of UC Budget, 08-09

Method Forecast

Actual (proposed) $3.394 B

Identity/CAPY $3.098 B

Page 48: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

48

Econometric Estimates of UCBUD

Linear trend Exponential trend Linear dependence on CAPY Constant elasticity of CAPY

Page 49: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

49

Econometric Estimates

Linear Trend Estimate UCBUDB(t) = a + b*t +e(t)

• A lucky coincidence• Usually either too low or too high!

Page 50: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

50

A Lucky Coincidence: 2 out of 10UCBudget, $Millions, 1968-69 through 2007-08

2007-08y = 80.259x + 37.208

R2 = 0.943

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

Fiscal Year

UC

BU

D

2007-08: $3260.748plus slope: 80.259Forecast: $3341.007

Page 51: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

51

Econometric Estimates

Logarithmic (exponential trend) lnUCBUDB = a + b*t +e(t) simple exponential trend will over-estimate

UC Budget by far

Page 52: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

52

UC General Fund Expenditures, $ Millions, 68-69 to 07-08

01-0207-08

y = 383.78e0.0611x

R2 = 0.9047

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

68-6

9

70-7

1

72-7

3

74-7

5

76-7

7

78-7

9

80-8

1

82-8

3

84-8

5

86-8

7

88-8

9

90-9

1

92-9

3

94-9

5

96-9

7

98-9

9

00-0

1

02-0

3

04-0

5

06-0

7

Fiscal year

$M

Page 53: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

53

Econometric Estimate

Dependence of UC Budget on CA Personal Income

UCBUDB(t) = a + b*CAPY(t) + e(t) looks like a linear dependence on income

will overestimate the UC Budget for 2007-08

Page 54: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

54

UC General Fund Expenditures Vs. California Personal Income, 68-69 to 07-08

07-08

y = 0.0022x + 0.3674

R2 = 0.9265

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

CA Personal Income, $B

UC

Ge

n F

un

d E

xp

. $B

Page 55: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

55

Econometric Estimates

How about a log-log relationship lnUCBUDB(t) = a + b*lnCAPY(t) + e(t) Estimated elasticity 0.833 autocorrelated residual fitted lnUCBUDB(2007-08) = 1.32945

• $3.78 B

actual (Governor’s Proposal) = 1.18481• $3.27B

Page 56: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

56

Page 57: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

57

Is Higher Education a necessary economic Good?

Page 58: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

58

Page 59: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

59

Page 60: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

60

Page 61: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

61

Is Government a luxury Good?

Elasticity = 1.073

Page 62: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

62

Page 63: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

63Forecasting Conclusions

Trend analysis and bi-variate regressions of UC General Fund Expenditures on California Personal Income focus on the long run

The UC budget depends on the business cycle, a more short run focus

Try Box-Jenkins Methods

Page 64: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

64

Econometric Estimates

Try a distributed lag Model of lnUCBUDB(t) on lnCAPY(t)• clearly lnUCBUDB(t) is trended (evolutionary)

so difference to get fractional changes in UC Budget

• likewise, need to difference the log of personal income

Page 65: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

65

Box-Jenkins Distributed Lag

Dlnucbud = h0*dlncapy(t) + h1*dlncapy(t-1) + … + e(t)

Dlnucbud(t) = h(z) dlncapy(t) + e(t) Dlncapy = 0.709*dlncapy(t-1) + resdlncapy(t) [1-0.709z]dlnucbud = h(z)[1-0.709z]

*dlncapy(t) + [1-0.709z]*e(t) W(t) = h(z) resdlncapy(t) + e*(t)

Page 66: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

66

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.14

70 75 80 85 90 95 00 05

DLNCAPY

trace of dlncapy

Identify dlncapy: trace

Page 67: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

67

0

2

4

6

8

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14

Series: DLNCAPYSample 1969 2007Observations 39

Mean 0.074725Median 0.074927Maximum 0.133703Minimum 0.010863Std. Dev. 0.032209Skewness -0.029624Kurtosis 2.366026

Jarque-Bera 0.658830Probability 0.719344

Histogram of dlncapy

Page 68: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

68

Page 69: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

69

Page 70: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

70Estimate ARONE Model dlncapy

Page 71: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

71

-0.08

-0.06

-0.04

-0.02

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

70 75 80 85 90 95 00 05

Residual Actual Fitted

Validate model

Page 72: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

72Orthogonal Residuals

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73

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

-0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0.00 0.02 0.04

Series: ResidualsSample 1970 2007Observations 38

Mean -1.05E-14Median 0.003422Maximum 0.037503Minimum -0.063393Std. Dev. 0.022969Skewness -0.838009Kurtosis 3.560656

Jarque-Bera 4.945341Probability 0.084359

Normal Residuals

Page 74: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

74Cross-Correlate w and resdlncapy

Page 75: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

75

Distributed lag of w on resdlncapy

W =h0*resdlncapy + h1*resdlncapy(-1) + e*(t)

Page 76: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

76Distributed lag Model

Page 77: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

77Residuals

Page 78: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

78Also model error as arone

Page 79: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

79

residuals

Page 80: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

80Estimate this model for dlnucbud

Page 81: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

81Estimated model

Page 82: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

82

Diagnostics

-0.15

-0.10

-0.05

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

-0.2

-0.1

0.0

0.1

0.2

75 80 85 90 95 00 05

Residual Actual Fitted

Page 83: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

83Residuals

Page 84: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

84Fitted dlnucbud

Dlnucbud (07-08) = 0.046

Page 85: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

85

Dlnucbudf(07-08)

Dlnucbudf(07-08) = 0.0452

Page 86: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

86 Forecasts of UC Budget, 07-08 Method Forecast

Actual $ 3.270 B

Identity/CAPY $ 3.155 B

univariate model

distributed lag $3.223 B = UCBud(06-07)*[1+dlnucbudf(07-08)]

Page 87: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

87

Identify dlnucbud

-0.2

-0.1

0.0

0.1

0.2

70 75 80 85 90 95 00 05

DLNUCBUD

Page 88: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

88

0

2

4

6

8

10

-0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20

Series: DLNUCBUDSample 1969 2007Observations 39

Mean 0.062005Median 0.058792Maximum 0.187981Minimum -0.114127Std. Dev. 0.073377Skewness -0.442336Kurtosis 2.920772

Jarque-Bera 1.281995Probability 0.526767

Page 89: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

89

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90

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91

Model dlnucbud

Page 92: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

92

Identify dlncapy

Estimate model for dlnucbud

Page 93: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

93

diagnostics

-0.2

-0.1

0.0

0.1

0.2

-0.2

-0.1

0.0

0.1

0.2

70 75 80 85 90 95 00 05

Residual Actual Fitted

Page 94: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

94residuals

Page 95: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

95Univariate forecast dlnucbud(07-08)

Dlnucbud(07-08) = 0.0696

Page 96: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

96

Univariate forecast for 2008-09

Fit AR(1) to dlnucbud, 68-69 though 07-08 Forecast dlnucbud for 08-09 = 0.059 with

sef =0.064 Governor’s proposed increase is 0.069

Page 97: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

97

-0.2

-0.1

0.0

0.1

0.2

70 75 80 85 90 95 00 05

DLNUCBUD DLNUCBUDF

Dlnucbud, 69-70 through 08-09 with forecast from AR(1) model through 07-08

proposed

Actual

2004-05 wasScwarzenegger’sFirst budget

Page 98: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

98 Forecasts of UC Budget, 07-08 Method Forecast

Actual $ 3.270 B

Identity/CAPY $ 3.155 B

univariate model $ 3.298 B ($18 M high)

distributed lag $ 3.223 B = UCBud(06-07)*[1+dlnucbudf(07-08)]

($ 47 M low)

simple exp. smooth $3.083 B

double exp. Smooth -HW $ 3.309 B ($39 M high), trend = $226 M/yr.

Page 99: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

99

0

1

2

3

4

70 75 80 85 90 95 00 05

UCBUDGET UCBUDGSM UCBUDGSMHW

Exponential Smoothing Forecasts of UC Budget

Page 100: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

100

Page 101: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

101

Efforts from earlier years

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102

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103

Page 104: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

104

Estimate ARONE Model for dlncapy

Page 105: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

105

Satisfactory Model

Page 106: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

106

Estimate ARONE Model for dlncapy(t)

Orthogonalize dlncapy and save residual need to do transform dlnucbudb dlnucbudb(t) = h(Z)*dlncapy(y) + resid(t) dlncapy(t) = 0.72*dlncapy(t-1) + N(t) [1 - 0.72Z]*dlnucbudb(t) = h(Z)* [1 -

0.72Z]*dlncapy(t) + [1 - 0.72Z]*resid(t) i.e. w(t) = h(Z)*N(t) + residw(t)

Page 107: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

107

Distributed Lag Model

Having saved resid as res[N(t)] from ARONE model for dlncapy

and having correspondingly transformed dlnucbud to w

cross-correlate w and res

Page 108: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

108

Page 109: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

109

Distributed lag model

There is contemporary correlation and maybe something at lag one

specify dlnucbud(t) = h0 *dlncapy(t) + h1

*dlncapy(t-1) + resid(t)

Page 110: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

110

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111

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112

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113

Try an AR(6) AR(8)residual for dlnucbudb

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114

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115

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116

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117

Try a dummy for 1992-93, the last recession, this is the once and for all decline in UCBudget mentioned by Granfield

There is too much autocorrelation in the residual from the regression of lnucbud(t) = a + b*lncapy(t) + e(t) to see the problem

Look at the same regression in differences

Page 118: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

118

UCBudget Vs. CA Personal Income, 68-69 through 05-06

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

CAPY Nominal Billions

UC

Bu

dg

et N

om

inal

Bil

lio

ns

05-06

92-93

Page 119: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

119

UC Budget In Billions of Nominal $

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Fiscal year

Bil

liu

on

s $

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120

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121

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122

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123

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124

Distributed lag Model dlnucbud(t) = h0 *dlncapy(t) + h1 *dlncapy(t-

1) + dummy (1992-93) + resid(t) dlnucbud(t) = h0 *dlncapy(t) + h1 *dlncapy(t-

1) + dummy (1992-93) + dummy(2002-03) + resid(t)

dlnucbud(t) = h0 *dlncapy(t) + dummy (1992-93) + resid(t)

Page 125: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

125

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126

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127

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128

Page 129: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

129

Distributed Lag Model

dlnucbud(t) = h0 *dlncapy(t-1) + dummy (1992-93) + resid(t)

Page 130: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

130

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131

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132

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133

Page 134: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

134Fitted fractional change in UC Budget is 0.032 (3.2%)versusGovernor’s proposal of 0.033 (3.3%)

Page 135: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

135

Conclusions Governors proposed increase in UC Budget

of 3.3% is the same as expected from a Box-Jenkins model, controlling for income

The UC Budget growth path ratcheted down in the recession beginning July 1990

The UC Budget growth path looks like it ratcheted down again in the recession beginning March 2001

Page 136: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

Logarithm of UC Budget: Changes in Growth Paths

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

68-6

9

70-7

1

72-7

3

74-7

5

76-7

7

78-7

9

80-8

1

82-8

3

84-8

5

86-8

7

88-8

9

90-9

1

92-9

3

94-9

5

96-9

7

98-9

9

00-0

1

02-0

3

04-0

5

Fiscal Year

lnu

cbu

db

Fitted through 91-92

lnucbudb

Page 137: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

137

Page 138: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

138

Try estimating the model in levels

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139

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140

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141

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142

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143

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144

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145

Forecast of UC Budget ,2006-07 & 2007-08, Nominal Billions

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

CA Personal Income

UC

Bu

dg

et

07-08

Page 146: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

146

Postscript 2006-07

Page 147: Econ 240 C Lecture 12. 2 The Big Picture w Exploring alternative perspectives w Exploratory Data Analysis Looking at components w Trend analysis Forecasting.

147

-0.4

-0.2

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

DCAPY

DU

CB

UD

GE

T

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148

-0.4

-0.2

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

70 75 80 85 90 95 00 05

DUCBUDGET

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

70 75 80 85 90 95 00 05

DCAPY

Changes in California Personal Income and Changes in the UC Budget

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149

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150

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151

-0.2

-0.1

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

-0.4

-0.2

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

80 85 90 95 00 05

Residual Actual Fitted

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152


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