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Economic Growth and Sustainability Science Olof Johansson-Stenman August Röhss professor of Economics University of Gothenburg Fall 2016
Economic Growth and Sustainability Science
Olof Johansson-Stenman
August Röhss professor of Economics
University of Gothenburg Fall 2016
12,000 years of population growth
Source: Bolt, J., and J. L. van Zanden. 2013. “The First Update of the Maddison Project: Re-Estimating Growth Before 1820.” Maddison Project Working Paper 4.
12,000 years of population growth
Source: Bolt, J., and J. L. van Zanden. 2013. “The First Update of the Maddison Project: Re-Estimating Growth Before 1820.” Maddison Project Working Paper 4.
World Population Density (2013)
Source: World Bank. 2014. “World Development Indicators.”
Global Map of Children per Women (Fertility Rate) 2011
Source: World Bank. 2014. “World Development Indicators.”
India’s Population (Medium-Variant after 2010)
Source: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (DESA Population Division). 2013. “World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision.” New York.
Total Fertility Rate in Bangladesh (1950-2015)
Source: UN data.
Source: Bolt, J., and J. L. van Zanden. 2013. “The First Update of the Maddison Project: Re-Estimating Growth Before 1820.” Maddison Project Working Paper 4.
Growth of Gross World Output (International Prices of 1990)
Gross World Product per Capita (1990 International Dollars) Based on Maddison, The World Economy, 2001
Source: Bolt, J., and J. L. van Zanden. 2013. “The First Update of the Maddison Project: Re-Estimating Growth Before 1820.” Maddison Project Working Paper 4.
Shenzhen, 1980
“Looking northwest . . .,” Leroy W. Demery, Jr., Flickr. Used with permission.
Shenzhen, 2013
Reuters.
Gross National Income Per Capita (2011)
Source: World Bank. 2014. “World Development Indicators.”
Country Income Groups (World Bank Classifications)
2.1 Country income groups (World Bank classifications) Source: World DataBank.
Lights at Night (NASA Satellite)
Data courtesy Marc Imhoff of NASA Satellite GSFC and Christopher Elvidge of NOAA NGDC. Image by Craig Mayhew and Robert Simmon, NASA GSFC.
World Infant Mortality Rates
Source: World Bank. 2014. “World Development Indicators.”
Human Development Index across the world
Source: United Nations Development Programme. 2013. Human Development Report 2013. New York: United Nations Development Programme.
HDI index plotted against GDP
Rank of HDI index versus rank of GDP
Life expectancy at birth versus GDP
Subjective Wellbeing Around the World
Source: Helliwell, John, Richard Layard, and Jeffrey D. Sachs. 2013. World Happiness Report. New York: Sustain-able Development Solutions Network.
Global Perceptions of Corruption (Transparency International 2013)
Source: Transparency International. 2013. “Corruption Perceptions Index 2013.”
Proportion of Population in Urban Areas
2.3 Proportion of the population in urban areas. Source: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (DESA Population Division). 2012. “World Urbanization Prospects: The 2011 Revision.”
World Map, Country Size Proportional to Oil Reserves
Source: Environmental Action.
Gini Coefficients Around the World
2.5 Gini coefficients around the world. Source: The World Factbook. CIA.
UNDP Gender Inequality Index
Source: United Nations Development Programme. 2013. Human Development Report 2013. New York: United Nations Development Programme.
College vs. High School Wage Premium, USA
Source: Economic Policy Institute Briefing Paper No. 378.
Ratio of CEO to Average Worker Compensation, USA
Source: Economic Policy Institute Briefing Paper No. 367.
Income Share of Top 1 percent, and Top.01 percent, USA
Source: Alvaredo, Facundo, Anthony B. Atkinson, Thomas Piketty, and Emmanuel Saez. 20/05/2014. “The World Top Incomes Database.” http://topincomes.g-mond.parisschoolofeconomics.eu/.
Wealth and Poverty in Rio de Janeiro
“Rocinha_68860004,” matteo0702, Flickr, CC BY 2.0.
Distribution of Foreign Direct Investment in China (1999)
Source: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. 2001. World Investment Report 2001: Promoting Linkages. New York: United Nations. Note: Yellow dots represent FDI stock by major city; provinces are shaded according to FDI.
Map of the 50 Least Developed Countries
2.2 The least-developed countries (LDCs). Source: World DataBank
Extreme Poverty Rates by Region
Source: PovcalNet/World Bank.
Official Development Assistance (2012)
Source: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2013. “Compare your country—Official Development Assistance 2013.” Paris: OECD. http://www.oecd.org/statistics/datalab/oda2012.htm.
Wheat Yields in Mexico, India, Pakistan (1950-2000)
Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2014. “Crops.” Latest update: 7/18/2014. http://faostat3.fao.org/faostat-gateway/go/to/download/Q/QC/E.
Depiction of Industrial Revolution-era Factory Town
Karl Eduard Biermann: Borsig-Maschinenbauanstalt zu Berlin. 1847.
Historical population and economic growth cause serious threats to Planetary Boundaries
Reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd: Nature, Rockström, Johan, Will Steffen, Kevin Noone, Åsa Persson, F. Stuart Chapin, Eric F. Lambin, Timothy M. Lenton et al. “A Safe Operating Space for Humanity,” copyright 2009.
Reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd: Nature, Lüthi, Dieter, Martine Le Floch, Bernhard Bereiter, Thomas Blunier, Jean-Marc Barnola et al. “High-resolution Carbon Dioxide Concentration Record 650,000–800,000 years Before Present,” copyright 2008. Note: Ice core data before 1958; Mauna Loa data after 1958.
Fluctuating levels of CO2 in the atmosphere over the past 800,000 years
Technological development major source of economic growth per capita - Kondratiev Waves
PISA Education Rankings in Science (2012)
PISA Education Rankings in Math (2012)
Source: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2014. PISA 2012 Results: What Students Know and Can Do—Student Performance in Mathematics, Reading and Science (1). PISA: OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264201118-en.
Green growth – Major initiatives
• Global Green Growth Institute 2010 in South Korea
• OECD 2011: ”Towards Green Growth”
• UNEP 2011: ”Towards a Green Economy”
• WB 2012: ”Inclusive Green Growth”
• Rio +20: ”The Future we want” (green economy)
• Sida 2012: ”The next steps towards inclusive GG”
• AfDB: ”Africa Development Report 2012, Towards Green Growth in Africa”
Examples of green growth
• Fewer children per group in daycare and school
• More and higher quality publically provided cultural supply
• Less chemicals in the food
• More staff at the living of the elderly
• More resources at dealing with psychological deseases
How can we obtain green growth, or sustainable development?
•According to conventional economics, we cannot trust the market to obtain this •We need powerful policy instruments to deal with market failures, e.g. in terms of environmental externalities •National policy instruments not sufficient due to free-rider problems, we need international cooperation and possibly institutions
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