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Economic lntegration and the Environment in El Salvador
Herman Rosa
Programa Salvadoreño de Investigación sobre Desarrollo y Medio Ambiente
Increased tree coverReduced tree cover
Increased tree coverIncreased tree cover
Changes in tree cover: 1992 - 2001
Change in Tree Cover, 1992 and 2001 (Percent)
6.9
21.3
28.9
19.3
12.2 11.2
0.95.6
31.4 30.8
13.8 14.6
0% - 10% 11% - 25% 26% - 40% 41% - 55% 56% - 70% 71% - 100%
1992 2001
Surface in Corn (Thousands ha)
200
240
280
320
1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004
Peace AccordsCivil War
Agroexports expand
Peasants pushed to marginal hillsides
Land reform
Cotton Production collapses
Orthodox economic reform
Relative prices and profitability of agriculture continue to fall.
Cotton, 000 ha
0
40
80
120
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993
Peasant agriculture expands despite falling real prices
Agric Relative Prices, 1990=1
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
75 80 85 90 95 2000
Millions of Dollars
Structure (%)
1978 2002 1978 2002
Traditional agro-exports* 514 161 81% 6%
Non-Traditional exports outside Central America 54 335 8% 12%
Maquila (net income) 21 475 3% 16%
Remittances 51 1,935 8% 67%
Total 640 2,906 100% 100%
Remittances GDPRemittances
/GDP
Nicaragua 660 2.6 25.4%
Haiti 810 3.6 22.5%
Jamaica 1,200 8.0 15.0%
Guyana 100 0.7 14.3%
El Salvador 1,935 14.3 13.5%
Honduras 720 6.6 10.9%
Dominican Republic 1,939 21.3 9.1%
Guatemala 1,579 23.3 6.8%
Ecuador 1,432 24.3 5.9%
Peru 1,100 56.9 1.9%
Mexico 9,815 637.2 1.5%
Brazil 4,000 452.4 0.9%