Economic & Economic & Social Social

RevolutionsRevolutionsUNIT XIUNIT XI

Starting around 1750, Europe experienced a Starting around 1750, Europe experienced a series of major changes. They began with series of major changes. They began with improvements in farming that led to an improvements in farming that led to an increase in population. These changes increase in population. These changes contributed to the contributed to the Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution. With . With the Industrial Revolution, the Industrial Revolution, social classessocial classes, , people’s rolespeople’s roles, , working conditionsworking conditions, and , and city city lifelife changed greatly. When the new changed greatly. When the new conditions led to problems, differing thinkers conditions led to problems, differing thinkers wanted to solve them in different ways. wanted to solve them in different ways.

The The Agrarian Agrarian

RevolutionRevolution Economic & Social Economic & Social

RevolutionsRevolutions

In 1750, most people still lived in In 1750, most people still lived in small villagessmall villages and and made their own clothing and toolsmade their own clothing and tools. .

In the century that followed, dramatic changes In the century that followed, dramatic changes took place in the ways people lived and worked.took place in the ways people lived and worked.

Increased Food Increased Food ProductionProduction The movement away The movement away

from rural life began from rural life began with the with the Agrarian Agrarian RevolutionRevolution, , a change a change in methods of farmingin methods of farming..

TECHNOLOGY-The TECHNOLOGY-The DutchDutch led the way by led the way by building building dikesdikes to to protect their farmland protect their farmland from the sea and from the sea and using using fertilizer fertilizer to to improve the soil.improve the soil.

The British discovered The British discovered ways to ways to produce more produce more foodfood..

ENCLOSURE MOVEMENT- ENCLOSURE MOVEMENT- Landowners found a new Landowners found a new purpose for purpose for enclosureenclosure, , taking over and fencing taking over and fencing off land that once had off land that once had been shared by peasant been shared by peasant farmersfarmers..

The purpose of the The purpose of the enclosure movement enclosure movement was to was to replace the many replace the many small strip farms with small strip farms with larger fieldslarger fields..

This practice made This practice made farming farming more efficientmore efficient, , improving agricultural improving agricultural production.production.

Population ExplosionPopulation Explosion

The The Agrarian Revolution led to rapid Agrarian Revolution led to rapid population growthpopulation growth..

With a With a better dietbetter diet, women had , women had healthier healthier and stronger babiesand stronger babies..

In addition, In addition, improved medical careimproved medical care and and sanitationsanitation helped people live longer. helped people live longer.

During the 1700s, Europe’s population increased During the 1700s, Europe’s population increased from 120 million to about 190 million.from 120 million to about 190 million.

The The Industrial Industrial RevolutionRevolution

Economic & Social RevolutionsEconomic & Social Revolutions

In In Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution was the period, was the period, beginning around 1750, in which beginning around 1750, in which the the means of production of goods shifted from means of production of goods shifted from hand tools to complex machines and from hand tools to complex machines and from human and animal power to steam powerhuman and animal power to steam power..

During this period, technology developed During this period, technology developed rapidly and production increased.rapidly and production increased.

Causes of the Industrial Causes of the Industrial RevolutionRevolution

1) 1) GEOGRAPHYGEOGRAPHY-Britain -Britain had plenty of the coal had plenty of the coal and iron ore needed and iron ore needed for industrialization. for industrialization. As an island, Britain As an island, Britain had many natural had many natural harbors for trade. harbors for trade. Rivers served both as Rivers served both as means of means of transportation and as transportation and as sources of power for sources of power for factories. factories.

2) 2) POPULATION GROWTH POPULATION GROWTH and CHANGEand CHANGE-Growth in -Growth in population, resulting population, resulting from the Agrarian from the Agrarian Revolution, led to Revolution, led to more available more available workers. Because of workers. Because of the enclosure the enclosure movements, fewer movements, fewer farm laborers were farm laborers were needed. Many people needed. Many people moved to the cities, moved to the cities, where they could find where they could find work.work.

3) 3) CAPITAL FOR…CAPITAL FOR…

……INVESTMENT-INVESTMENT- The British overseas The British overseas empire had made the empire had made the economy strong. As a economy strong. As a result, the middle result, the middle class had the capital class had the capital to invest in mines, to invest in mines, railroads, and railroads, and factories.factories.

4) 4) ENERGY andENERGY and

……TECHNOLOGY-TECHNOLOGY- Britain had Britain had experienced an energy experienced an energy revolution. In the revolution. In the 1700s, people used 1700s, people used giant water wheels to giant water wheels to power new machines. power new machines. Soon coal was used to Soon coal was used to power steam engines, power steam engines, which would become which would become an important power an important power source for machines.source for machines.

Effects of the Industrial Effects of the Industrial RevolutionRevolution

A) A) LAISSEZ-FAIRE ECONOMICSLAISSEZ-FAIRE ECONOMICS-A theory -A theory called laissez-faire had emerged during called laissez-faire had emerged during the Enlightenment and became the basis the Enlightenment and became the basis of the prevailing economic system during of the prevailing economic system during the Industrial Revolution.the Industrial Revolution.According to this theory, businesses According to this theory, businesses should operate with little or no should operate with little or no government interferencegovernment interference..

““The Wealth of Nations”The Wealth of Nations”

AdamAdam SmithSmith wrote wrote TheThe WealthWealth ofof NationsNations, , in in which he introduced which he introduced LaissezLaissez--FaireFaire economics.economics.

As stated before-this As stated before-this economic theory states economic theory states that that government should government should not get involved with not get involved with businessbusiness..

A “A “HandsHands OffOff” ” approach.approach.

B) B) RISE OF BIG BUSINESSRISE OF BIG BUSINESS-Stockholders -Stockholders allowed businesses to form corporations allowed businesses to form corporations and expand into many areas.and expand into many areas.

C) C) URBANIZTIONURBANIZTION-People moved from small -People moved from small villages to the towns and cities where villages to the towns and cities where factories were located.factories were located.

D) D) WORKING CONDITIONSWORKING CONDITIONS-Men, women, and -Men, women, and even children worked 12 to 16 hours a day.even children worked 12 to 16 hours a day.

E) E) IMPROVED TRANSPORTATIONIMPROVED TRANSPORTATION-Roads and -Roads and canals were built and improved. Steam canals were built and improved. Steam engines powered ships and the steam engines powered ships and the steam locomotive was invented.locomotive was invented.

F) F) RISING STANDARD OF LIVINGRISING STANDARD OF LIVING-The rich -The rich lived in pleasant neighborhoods on the lived in pleasant neighborhoods on the edges of the cities. The poor crowded into edges of the cities. The poor crowded into slums in city centers, near factories. slums in city centers, near factories. People ate more varied diets and were People ate more varied diets and were healthier, thanks to advances in medicine.healthier, thanks to advances in medicine.

G) G) NEW CLASS STRUCTURE & CHANGING NEW CLASS STRUCTURE & CHANGING SOCIAL ROLESSOCIAL ROLES-The roles of middle-class -The roles of middle-class men and women were redefined. Men men and women were redefined. Men worked in the public world of business and worked in the public world of business and government. Women worked at home, government. Women worked at home, where they were responsible for where they were responsible for maintaining the dwelling and raising the maintaining the dwelling and raising the children, including their moral instruction. children, including their moral instruction. Middle-class children had a high standard Middle-class children had a high standard of living and a better chance at education. of living and a better chance at education. Working-class children worked long hours Working-class children worked long hours to help support their families.to help support their families.

SADLER REFORMSADLER REFORM In 1832 Michael In 1832 Michael SadlerSadler

investigated conditions investigated conditions in the in the textiletextile factoriesfactories..

The immediate effect The immediate effect of the investigation of the investigation and Sadler’s final and Sadler’s final report was the passage report was the passage of the of the ActAct ofof 18331833..

This act This act limitedlimited thethe hourshours of employment of employment for for womenwomen and and childrenchildren in the in the textiletextile industryindustry..

Competing Competing PhilosophiesPhilosophies

The hardships and changes brought by the The hardships and changes brought by the Industrial Revolution inspired many varying Industrial Revolution inspired many varying solutions. Several different ways of thinking solutions. Several different ways of thinking

competed against each other.competed against each other.

LIBERALISMLIBERALISM LIBERALISM was a LIBERALISM was a

strong belief in strong belief in individual rights to individual rights to liberty, equality, and liberty, equality, and propertyproperty..

According to liberals, According to liberals, the main purpose of the main purpose of government was to government was to protect individual protect individual libertyliberty..

Most liberals accept Most liberals accept Adam Smith’s laissez-Adam Smith’s laissez-faire ideas about faire ideas about economics.economics.

CONSERVATISMCONSERVATISM CONSERVATIISM wanted CONSERVATIISM wanted

social and political social and political structures to return to structures to return to what had been before the what had been before the various revolutionary various revolutionary movementsmovements. .

Conservative thinker Conservative thinker Thomas MalthusThomas Malthus in 1798 in 1798 published his “published his “Essay on the Essay on the Principle of PopulationPrinciple of Population.”.”

In it he urged families to In it he urged families to have have fewer childrenfewer children, , concluding that the poor concluding that the poor would continue to would continue to suffersuffer as as long as the population kept long as the population kept increasing.increasing.

SOCIAL DARWINISMSOCIAL DARWINISM

According to According to Social Social DarwinismDarwinism, , successful successful businesspeople were businesspeople were successful because successful because they were naturally they were naturally more “fit” to succeed more “fit” to succeed than othersthan others..

War allowed stronger War allowed stronger nations to weed out nations to weed out weaker ones.weaker ones.

SOCIALISMSOCIALISM SOCIALISM SOCIALISM

concentrated less concentrated less on the interests and on the interests and rights of individuals rights of individuals and more on the and more on the interests of societyinterests of society. .

Under socialism, Under socialism, farms and farms and businesses would businesses would belong to all the belong to all the people, not to people, not to individuals.individuals.

MARXIST SOCIALISMMARXIST SOCIALISM German philosopher German philosopher

Karl MarxKarl Marx promoted a promoted a more radical theory, more radical theory, ““scientific socialismscientific socialism”.”.

In 1848, Marx In 1848, Marx explained his ideas in explained his ideas in The Communist The Communist ManifestoManifesto..

Marx’s ideas would Marx’s ideas would lead to a lead to a communist communist dictatorship and dictatorship and command economycommand economy within the Soviet within the Soviet Union in the 1900s. Union in the 1900s.

GLOBAL IMPACT OF GLOBAL IMPACT OF INDUSTRIALIZATIONINDUSTRIALIZATION

Economic & Social RevolutionsEconomic & Social Revolutions

GLOBAL MIGRATIONSGLOBAL MIGRATIONS

1) 1) A WAVE OF MIGRATIONSA WAVE OF MIGRATIONS-Improvements -Improvements in in transportation, population growth, and transportation, population growth, and social and political conditionssocial and political conditions led to a led to a wave of wave of global migrationsglobal migrations from about from about 1845 through the early 1900s. i.e.:1845 through the early 1900s. i.e.:

Polish, Germans, Russian Jews, & Italian Polish, Germans, Russian Jews, & Italian farmers.farmers.

2) 2) MASS STARVATION IN IRELANDMASS STARVATION IN IRELAND-The Irish -The Irish used the used the potatopotato as their as their main food cropmain food crop which supported the population until which supported the population until 1845, when a disease destroyed the 1845, when a disease destroyed the harvests. Ultimately, over four years harvests. Ultimately, over four years 1 1 millionmillion Irish had died of Irish had died of starvation or starvation or diseasedisease. Millions of others moved to the . Millions of others moved to the United States or Canada.United States or Canada.

SUMMARYSUMMARY In the mid-1700s, the In the mid-1700s, the Agrarian RevolutionAgrarian Revolution in in

Europe contributed to an Europe contributed to an increase in increase in populationpopulation. The Agrarian Revolution led to . The Agrarian Revolution led to the the Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution, which began in , which began in Britain and then spread to other countries. Britain and then spread to other countries. EconomicEconomic and and social conditionssocial conditions around the around the world changed dramatically as a result of the world changed dramatically as a result of the Industrial Revolution. Many Industrial Revolution. Many new ideasnew ideas about about how to deal with the problems of how to deal with the problems of industrialization developed, and industrialization developed, and reformsreforms were were enacted. Eventually, industrialization led to enacted. Eventually, industrialization led to mass migrationmass migration and and increased global tradeincreased global trade..