2. Economics Of Gender Equity And Development.By
Sravanthi.kolla 2
3. some historians believe that it was woman who first
domesticated crop plants and thereby initiated the art and science
of farming. While men went out hunting in search of food, women
started gathering seeds from the native flora and began cultivating
those of interest from the point of view of food, feed, fodder,
fiber and fuel. - Swaminathan"Yatra naryastu pujyante ramante tatra
Devata, yatraitaastu na pujyante sarvaastatrafalaah kriyaah" ... -
Manu Nasthree swathantryam arhathi (no women is eligible to be
independent ) Aputrasya gathir nasthi ( there is no salvation for
parents who donot have son) Women in India continued to be
oppressed because of these reasons also. 3
4. Flow of presentation Introduction Glossary and key concepts
Why does gender equality matter for growthContribution of women to
Indian economy Stock of the changes in gender outcomes in recent
timesThe persistence of gender inequality Schemes related to women
empowerment 4Conclusion
5. Introduction 70% of worlds extreme poor are women. In
IndiaWomen contribute:41% of Agriculture GDP 32% of work force.
Achievement of human development depends on Empowerment of the 586
million women of India (forming 48.46%) -2011 census most of them
rural.5
6. Millennium Development Goals Eradicate poverty and hunger
Achieve universal primary education Promote gender equality and
empower women Reduce child mortality Improve maternal health Combat
HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases Ensure environmental
sustainabilityDevelop a global partnership for development 6
7. GLOSSARY Gender: social attributes, opportunities associated
with male & female, socially constructed and learned through
socialization processes, changes with time. Gender equality: women
& men should have equal conditions for realizing their human
rights and contributing, benefiting from economic, social, cultural
and political development. Gender equity: fairness of treatment
towards women and men, according to respective needs. Empowerment:
sense of independence. 7
8. KEY concepts Gender gap: The discrepancy in social and
economic opportunities, education,status, attitudes, wages,
Incomes, access to capital, resources and so on, between men and
women.Variables 1. Economic participation and opportunity salaries,
participation levels, access to employment, skilled, unskilled2.
Educational attainment basic and higher level education 3.
Political empowerment representation in decision-making structures
84. Health and survival life expectancy and sex ratio
9. Global gender gap index ranking
RankCountry2006200720082009201020111Iceland0.78130.78360.79990.82760.84960.85302Norway0.79940.80590.82390.82270.84040.84043Finland0.79580.80440.81950.82520.82600.83834Sweden0.81330.81460.81390.81390.80240.80445Ireland0.73350.74570.75180.75970.77730.783016United
Kingdom0.73650.74410.73660.74020.74600.746217United
States0.70420.70020.71790.71730.74110.741261China0.65610.66430.68780.69070.68810.6866113India0.600.590.610.610.610.621-
equality: 0- inequality (135 economies): No country in the world
has equality; India is moving towards equality!!!! source: Global
Gender Gap Report 9
10. Gender parity index Socio-economic index to measure
relative accessto education of males and females GPI = Indicator
value for femalesIndicator value for Males IF GPI 110unfavorable to
females parity of both females and males favorable to females
11. Gender parity index which state has greater gender
disparity ? Location 1 Location 2 GER for BoysGER for GirlsGPIGER
for BoysGER for GirlsGPI8673.10.8554.952.70.96Gross enrolment ratio
for Girls = number of Girl students enrolled of given age /
population of girls of given age GPI = GER for Girls/GER for boys =
52.7/54.9 = 0.96 Greater disparity exists in Location 1 than
Location 2. 11
12. Sex ratio Number of females per 1000 males Balance of males
and females in a society at a given time Sex ratio in India in
2011: 940 females per 1000 (implies there are 1063 males per 1000
females !!!!) India ranks XXI in sex ratio 12
13. States with the high sex ratio karnataka968Himachal
Pradesh974Mizoram975Odisha978Meghalaya986Manipur987Chhattisgarh991andhra
pradeshTamilnadu, Andhra Pradesh have relatively better sex ratios
than Other States.992Tamil Nadu Puducherry995 1038Kerala1084Source:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_by_sex_ratio 13
14. Gender development index Gender-sensitive extension of the
HDIused along with the HDI. It addresses gender-gaps in
lifeexpectancy, education, and income. GDI assumes average life of
women to be 145 years more than average life of men.
15. Though economic life of Women is > men women get
discriminated, (For example, women do not get title to property
land)Source: world development report 201215
16. Types of gender inequality (1) Mortality inequality (2)
Natality inequality: preference to Male child over female child
results in Female foeticide. (3) Basic facility inequality(4)
Special opportunity inequality 16
17. (5) Professional inequality(6) Ownership inequality (7)
Household inequality17
18. WHY DOES GENDER EQUALITY / EQUITY MATTER FOR GROWTH?18
19. Gender equality matters forgrowth - is smart economics
Removing barriers for access toproductive inputs / services /
opportunities generate productivity gains crucial for competitive,
globalized world. Misallocation of womens skills andtalents adds to
economic cost.19
20. Gender differences in agriculture productivity disappear
when access to and use of productive inputs are consideredSource:
world development report 201220
21. Womens endowments, agency, and21opportunities shape those
of next generation. If a male gets educated, the spread is narrow.
If a female gets educated, the spread / diffusion is much wider in
the family. Increasing womens individual and collective agency
produces better outcomes, institutions, and policy choices.
22. GDP per capita and gender are positively correlated (using
data from 86 countries) Index measures male female differences in
labor force participation, wages, income, political participation,
and number of technical workers. 1- equality: 0- inequality Source:
world development report 201222
23. Estimated Contribution of Women to Indian Economy23
24. Percentage Distribution of Workers by Sector and Sex,
2004-05 Sl.
NoSectorInformalFormalTotalMenwomenpersonsMenwomenpersonsMenwomenpersons1Agricult
ure57.0140.6797.681.510.812.3258.5241.481002Manufa
cturing45.7925.2271.0123.665.3328.9969.4630.541003Trade84.7710.7895.554.020.434.4588.7911.211004Educati
on14.5112.2226.7343.5529.7173.2758.0641.941005Househ
old28.6771.3299.990.010.000.0128.6871.321006Grand total 100
%56.8829.4086.2810.892.8313.7267.7732.23100Source: Contribution of
Women to the National Economy, Raveendran, G. ILO Asia-Pacific
Working Paper Series24
25. Percentage Distribution of Workers in Each Industry by
Sector and Sex, 2004-05 in India figure: 5Menwomen897269 5858684242
31283211Source: Contribution of Women to the National Economy ,
Raveendran, G. ILO Asia-Pacific Working Paper Series25
26. Annual Growth rate of Employment 1999-2004 Though growth
rate is higher, their contribution is discounted Sl. NoIndustry
groupInformal sectorFormal
sectorTotalMenwomenpersonsMenwomenpersonsMenwomenpersons1.490.742.991.641Agriculture0.693.071.642.99-0.992Retail
trade3.771.983.51-9.24-14.33
-9.783.201.482.963Education2.200.361.334.108.485.753.826.835.004Spinning,
weaving3.148.695.623.495.103.703.278.335.095Tobacco
products1.522.882.5913.49 2.495.504.182.813.126Private
households17.2
824.3422.0517.2824.3422.057Total2.183.672.702.263.742.762.734.573.13Source:
Contribution of Women to the National Economy by Raveendran, G. ILO
Asia-Pacific Working Paper Series26
27. Percentage Distribution of GDP in Each Industry Group by
Sector and Sex, 2004-05 Sl. No.Industry groupInformal sectorFormal
sectorTotalMenwomenpersonsMenwomenpersonsMenwomenPersons55.1439.3494.483.601.925.5258.7441.261001Agricult
ure2Manufac 19.92
turing6.9126.8462.0611.1073.1681.9918.011003Trade8.4275.0822.042.8824.9288.7011.301004Educatio
6.70 n5.6312.3352.1335.5487.6758.8341.171005Private 32.43 househo
lds62.8695.293.541.174.7135.9764.03100Grand 38.25 11.69 49.94 41.97
8.09 50.06 80.22 total 100 % Source: Contribution of Women to the
National Economy by Raveendran, G. ILO Asia-Pacific Working Paper
Series19.78100666.6627
28. Percentage Distribution of GDP in Each Industry Group by
Sector and Sex, 2004-05 Menwomen898280 645959 4141 183611Source:
Contribution of Women to the National Economy by Raveendran, G. ILO
Asia-Pacific Working Paper Series2028
29. Growth Rates in GDP by Industry, Sector and Sex between
1999-2000 and 2004-05 Women contribution growing at higher rate
than men in key sectors in India Men women 8898.5866 45.543
0.77Source: Contribution of Women to the National Economy ,
Raveendran, G. ILO Asia-Pacific Working Paper Series29
30. Estimated GDP Contribution of Women and Percentage Shares
of Major sectors. N0.SectorWomen contribution to GDP (Rs Crores)%
of total in the sector% of sectoral GDP of women to
total1Agriculture2,21,43341 % is from Women39 % of total women
contribution is for agriculture2Education41,39040.927.333Retail
trade33 49013.765.934Banking &
financial24,38014.534.325Construction23,02812.404.086Public
admin.& defence21,00911.843.727others1974328Total562 162(Total
GDP 27,42,253crore) 2004-0534.93 20.5299.51 30
31. ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION OF WOMEN IN TOTAL WOMEN GDP ACROSS
SECTORS Agriculture 39%others 35%Public admin.& defence 4%
Construction 4%Banking & financial 4%Education 8% Retail trade
6%Source: Contribution of Women to the National Economy by
Raveendran, G. ILO Asia-Pacific Working Paper Series31
32. Women contribution to GDP is under valued ? Domestic labor
and care giving activities create intangible valueand social
capital. Women dominate in unorganized sector.Out of 32% of total
work force 30% work in informal sector. Methodologies to value
womens total economic contribution arenot robust.32
33. Calculating economic value of woman 1. Consider opportunity
costs.2. Cost of paying household help to do tasks otherwise
performed by the mother.3. Payment for the same services in the
market. 33
34. Estimate of value of rural womans work (2006-07) in
Bangladesh Work done by rural woman (fulltime housework) Cooking (3
times/day, including preparation) Clothes washing and ironing (2
days/week) Animal nursing cows, buffaloes, and so on Raising
chicken Educating children (help in Homework, ..) Sewing, mending
clothes Gardening Washing utensils Cleaning house and yard Nursing
the sick Child care Fuel collection Water collection Working in the
field TotalHrs./day Value/hrValue/day6 1 1 0.5 0.75 2 1 0.5 0.5 0.5
0.5 0.5 0.5 1 1660 10 10 5 37.5 5 10 5 5 40.7 5 5 5 10 21310 10 10
10 50 2.5 10 10 10 81.3 10 10 10 10 13.13Source: The Economic
Contribution of Women in Bangladesh Through Per year taka 77,800 34
their Unpaid Labor, BICD, 2006 India: Rs. 51,866
35. Rural Women estimated contribution to GDP is double her Per
capita income ? Contribution of rural women to GDP in India
isRs.51,866 Per capita income in India is Rs 22,483. (2006-07)
Hence an amount equivalent to per capita income35of 40% of India's
population is discounted in our GDP computation, as rural working
women form 20% percent of the total population.
36. Estimate of value of urban womens work Work done by urban
women Cooking (3 times /day, including preparation) Clothes washing
and ironing (2 days/week) Taking children to/ from school Educating
children (homework) Child care Sewing, mending Washing dishes
Cleaning Nursing Gardening, shopping totalHrs./ day (A) 6Value/
hour Value/ year (B) A*B*365. 3.13 6,8440.513.182,5201 2 2 1 1 0.5
0.5 1.5 1615 83.33 6.16 8.22 6.57 3.29 81.25 38.35 259.115,475
60,833 4,500 3,000 2,400 600 14,828 20,998INDIAN WOMEN Rs.
81,330taka1,21,9 9636Source: The Economic Contribution of Women in
Bangladesh Through their Unpaid Labor, BICD
37. Stock of the Changes in Gender Outcomes in Recent
Times37
38. FERTILITY RATE decline in developed and developing
nationsWhat took the US 100 years, took 40 years for India and 10
years for IranTransaction costs of women development are lower wrt
fertility literacy 38Source: world development report 2012
39. Literacy rate among the men and women in India, 1951-2011
Figure: 8Census year Source: census of India, 2011. 39
40. Gender parity in enrollments at lower levels achieved in
much of the world, higher education favor womenSource: world
development report 201240
41. Labor participation.The gender gap in labor participation
narrowed between 1980 and 2008Source: world development report
201241
42. The persistence of gender inequality42
43. Maternal mortality = 0 in Sweden in 2000; how other
countries compare with Sweden ? Current Maternal mortality for
India = 200 per 1 lakh births; Sweden had this in 1890.Source:
world development report 201243
44. Sex ratio of population and of children aged 0-6 year in
India, 1961-2011 Figure: 13Child sex ratio is drastically falling
in India. And this impacts after 20 years, Total Sex ratio will
fall drasticallySource: census of India, 2011.44
45. In China death of girls increased between 1990 and 2008 In
Africa, death of women increased, In India, female deaths
reducedSource: world development report 201245
46. why are so many missing girls at birth?Source: world
development report 201246
47. What explains excess morality among women in reproductive
ages?Source: world development report 201247
48. Low women education - Female enrollment remains very low
Current Female enrollment in schools in India = that of USA in
1940, are we forward?IndiaSource: world development report
201248
49. Women are spending more time per day on household work and
child care than men leaving less educational opportunitySource:
world development report 201249
50. Who controls women income ? In India, 78 % of women have
decision making or control over their income Where as in Indonesia
and Philippines about 90% of the women have control over their own
income.Source: world development report 201250
51. Earning gaps between women and men (female earnings
relative to $1 of male earnings)Indian salaried woman earning 0.
64$ for every $ earned by Man Source: world development report
201251
52. Explaining persistent segregation and earning gapsSource:
world development report 201252
53. States with GEP (V) consolidated indices, 1971 and 1991.
GEP (V) is calculated by consolidating average individual indices
for sex ratio, female literacy rate, % area under forest, normal
rainfall, % of rural poor.Kerala, Tripura, Mizoram.. are least
vulnerable where as Bihar and Rajasthan are highly vulnerable to
environmental degradation. Forcing women to spend More time in
gathering Fuel, fodder, water For the family.Source: Gender,
Environment and poverty interlinks: regional variations 53 and
temporal shifts in rural India, 1971-1991. Bina Agarwal, (Gender
economist of India
54. Schemes related to women empowerment By department of women
and child development, Karnataka.54
55. 1. KARNATAKA MAHILA ABHIVRUDHI YOJANE (KMAY) Date of
commencement: 3-5-2003 Purpose: to monitor the scheme for
inter-sectoral allocation of fundsfor women (KMAY) to ensure gender
equality and to integrate women in the mainstream of development.
The strategy is to earmark 1/3rd resources for women in individual
beneficiary oriented schemes and labor intensive schemes of various
departments of Government.55
56. 2. Bhagyalakshmi Year of commencement: 2006. Eligibility
criteria: BPL Families and Families having income less than17,000
Rs/year. Benefits: Rs.19,300 will be deposited in the name of newly
born girl child. Purpose: To discourage the female foeticide.3.
Udyogini scheme: Year of commencement: 2000-01 Eligibility
criteria: Based on the kind of Training required and skills of
theapplicant. Benefits: Subsidized loans up to Rs.50,000. Subsidy
up to 20% of loan amount or Rs.7,500 direct support. Purpose: For
self- employment along with required training. 56
57. 4. Stree sakthi Date of commencement: 18-10-2000.
Eligibility criteria: Group of 10 to 20 interestedwomens registered
at the department. Benefits: Loan up to 50,000 Rs per group and
incentives to groups having savings more than 1 lakh. Purpose: To
empower women economically and socially by organizing them in self
help groups.( At present 1,30,000 rural Stree Shakthi groups have
been formed in the state and 19.00 lakh women members have been
organized in these groups).5. Scheme for Combating Trafficking of
Women and Children Year of commencement: 2006-07.57Training
programmes were conducted to create awareness among committee
members at taluka and grama panchayat level to sensitization on the
issue of trafficking to the members of the committees. A one day
awareness programmes through rallies, street plays etc.
58. 6. Hostel for girls Eligibility criteria : Admissions to
the hostels are available forstudents residing in rural areas,
whose family income is less than Rs.10,000 /year and are studying
in 6th Std. and above up to post-matric courses. Purpose: enable
girls from rural areas to pursue higher education and reduce school
drop out of girls.7. Santhwana Year of commencement : 2000-01
Purpose: to assist women who are victims of domestic
violence,sexual abuse and dowry harassment. 58
59. Benefit: It aims at providing legal assistance, temporary
shelter,financial relief and training to enable them to be
self-reliant and also to achieve social and economic empowerment.
If the woman is in immediate need of financial help an amount
ranging from Rs. 2000/to a maximum of Rs. 10,000/- is sanctioned as
financial relief. 8. SWADHAR A scheme for women in difficult
circumstances purpose: Central sector scheme for providing holistic
and integrated services to women in difficult circumstances
Benefit: The package of services made available include provision
for food, clothing, shelter, health care , for the women and their
children below the age of 18 years. counseling and legal support,
social and economic rehabilitation through education, awareness
generation, skill up gradation. 59
60. Gender budgeting scheme grants for researchers Objective:
To60guide the Gender Budgeting Cells (GBCs) by
Ministries/Departments. To provide assistance to develop training
packages, material and Information booklets for gender budgeting
for all stakeholders. To provide assistance to support research
studies, surveys to Research Institutes, NGOs, etc for gender
budgeting. To pilot action on gender sensitive review of national
policies such as fiscal, monetary, environment, trade and so on.
Conduct gender based impact analysis, beneficiary needs assessment
and beneficiary incidence analysis.
61. ELIGIBILITY OF THE IMPLEMENTING ORGANISATION/AGENCIES
Social Welfare Department, State Government Women and Child Welfare
Department, State61Government Womens Development Corporations State
Commissions for Women Womens Development Centers Rural (PRI) &
Urban Local Bodies Voluntary Organizations with 3 years experience
after registration Universities & UGC approved Institutions
Public Sector Undertakings etc
62. Grants under the scheme will include:1. Grants for Research
& Documentation 2. Grants for Training 3. Grants for Sustained
and Combined Research and Training Activities62
63. PROSPECT Policies to reduce gender gaps in human capital
63endowments (health and education) Reducing excess female
mortality Providing education to severely disadvantaged populations
Releasing womens time Closing gaps in access to assets and inputs
Addressing discrimination in labor markets Increasing womens
societal voice Policies to prevent the gender inequality across
generations Providing financial support