Economics of knowledge cities

Arab Urban DevelopmentInstitute

Malaysian Institute ofPlanners

Shah Alam City CouncilSelangor - Malaysia

Al-Madina MunicipalitySaudi Arabia

Economics of Knowledge Cities:Opportunities and Challenges Oppo u es d C e ges

Khaled Ali Ph DKhaled Ali, Ph.D.Lecturer (Assistant Professor)

Department of Architectural EngineeringAssiut University, Egypt

The 2nd International Symposium onThe 2nd International Symposium onKNOWLEDGE CITIES

Future of Cities in the Knowledge Economy16-18 July 2007 – Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

IntroductionIntroduction

By the dawn of the 21st Century, computation became one of the most important transformations, emphasizing the importance of the informational mode, affecting the life patternsof people reshaping the built environment and radicallyof people, reshaping the built environment, and radically changing the profile of the city. These transformations appeared to accelerate the rise of new economic modes such as 'knowledge-based economy’ and 'weightless economy', g y g y ,promoting the city to morph into the so-called 'knowledge city’.

The concept of 'Knowledge Cities' is argued to have the potential to offer influential opportunities and pose powerful challenges, formulating in their totality the implications of application.

In this paper, and in order not to imitate without understanding the implications, the economic opportunities and challenges that associated with the concept of 'Knowledge Cities' are exploredassociated with the concept of Knowledge Cities are explored.

Economics of Knowledge Cities: Opportunities and ChallengesThe 2nd International Symposium onKNOWLEDGE CITIES Slide ٢ of 3516-18 July 2007 – Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

Paper OrganizationPaper Organization

For the aim to be attained and the objectives to be accomplished; exploring the economic opportunities and challenges of “Knowledge Cities”, the paper is divided into

For the aim to be attained and the objectives to be accomplished; exploring the economic opportunities and challenges of “Knowledge Cities”, the paper is divided into

Paper Organization

6 parts:6 parts:

Motivation Aim & Objectives1- Introduction Introduction

Knowledge Cities:Theoretical Background

Definitions, Proposals, Viewpoints andKey Ingredients of Knowledge Cities

Motivation, Aim & Objectives,Scope & Limitations, and Methods

1- IntroductionMotivation - Methods

2- Knowledge CitiesTheoretical Background

Requirements of Application Key Components needed for application

Economics ofKnowledge Cities

The offered opportunities andthe imposed challenges

3- RequirementsKey Components

4- Economics ofKnowledge Cities g p g

Discussion Results and Findings

Conclusions Conclusions of the work

5- Discussion:Results and Findings

6- Conclusions Conclusions Conclusions of the workOf the Work

Economics of Knowledge Cities: Opportunities and ChallengesThe 2nd International Symposium onKNOWLEDGE CITIES Slide ٣ of 3516-18 July 2007 – Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

1- Introduction1- Introduction

1 1 M ti ti1-1 Motivation:Why the Economics of Knowledge Cities?Why the Economics of Knowledge Cities?

6 issues appeared to announce themselves

The rise of the term “Knowledge Cities” and other associated and intersected terms: i.e. Intelligent/Smart City Educating City Creative City Science City High Tech

pp

1- Introduction City, Educating City, Creative City, Science City, High Tech Knowledge Corridor, and Knowledge Innovation Zones.

The rise of 'Knowledge Economy'; or the so called



The rise of Knowledge Economy ; or the so-called 'knowledge-based economy', ‘weightless economy', 'high skill economy', and 'dynamic knowledge economy‘, and the integration of 'Knowledge Economy‘ and the City profile.


4- Economics ofKnowledge Cities

Critics and theorists have started to sketch profiles of these terms i.e.: “Cities of the 21st Century” (Eger, 2001),


6- Conclusions y ( g , ),“the cities that work smarter not harder” (Mitchell, 2000)

Of the Work

Economics of Knowledge Cities: Opportunities and ChallengesThe 2nd International Symposium onKNOWLEDGE CITIES Slide ٤ of 3516-18 July 2007 – Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia



The disparity between the interpretations of the terms 'Knowledge Economy' and 'Knowledge Cities', not only because of the varying vitality of a nation’s economy and1- Introduction because of the varying vitality of a nation s economy and the advancement of society as a whole (Amidon 1993), but also because the varying demands placed on the concept (Dvir, 2004)



i.e. “In investigating how UK cities can become drivers of the knowledge economy and what the implications of becoming a ‘knowledge city’ might be Jones et al (2006)



becoming a knowledge city might be, Jones et al (2006)address three basic challenges; each starts with 'lack of clarity about', showing the lack of clarity about the terms 'knowledge' and 'city' to become an obstacle”.


6- ConclusionsOf the Work

Economics of Knowledge Cities: Opportunities and ChallengesThe 2nd International Symposium onKNOWLEDGE CITIES Slide ٥ of 3516-18 July 2007 – Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia



Over simplifying the concept of 'Knowledge Economy'; in term of concentrating on the association with the Internet (Coats, 2005)

1- Introduction

"Some of the media interest in the knowledge economy was a phenomenon associated with the dot.com bubble …. but the knowledge economy story has more substance than



the knowledge economy story has more substance than that and needs to be the subject of serious analysis……

Most commentary on the knowledge economy has focused



on ICT production, the ICT using sectors and biotechnology, but this is to oversimplify the richness of the concept and could potentially lead to bad policy choices" (Coats, 2005).



Economics of Knowledge Cities: Opportunities and ChallengesThe 2nd International Symposium onKNOWLEDGE CITIES Slide ٦ of 3516-18 July 2007 – Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia


1 1 M ti ti

Lit t d th t th i fl ti l t iti

1-1 Motivation:Why the Economics of Knowledge Cities?Why the Economics of Knowledge Cities?

Literature argued that there are influential opportunities and powerful challenges attached to the concept. i.e. the studies done by Manuel Castells (1996) and G. Smith (2003).

1- Introduction“Networks do not have hearts; they can kill or kiss. They can go both ways; as tools for creation and free communication, and as tools for concentrating wealth and power” (Kreisler, 2001)



2001).

Summing up..The awareness of knowledge, the lack of clarity about


4- Economics ofKnowledge Cities g , y

what the term 'Knowledge Cities‘ implies, oversimplifying the concept, the massive opportunities andchallenges offered by it highlight the importance ofstudying the economics of 'Knowledge Cities' as an


6- Conclusionsstudying the economics of Knowledge Cities , as animportant step to better understand its implications.

Of the Work

Economics of Knowledge Cities: Opportunities and ChallengesThe 2nd International Symposium onKNOWLEDGE CITIES Slide ٧ of 3516-18 July 2007 – Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia


1 2 Ai d Obj ti1-2 Aim and Objectives:What does the paper aim at?What does the paper aim at?

To better understand the implications of application, the paper aims at exploring the economic opportunities and challenges of ‘Knowledge Cities’. The issue is to help

1- Introductionsketching a coherent and concrete vision of 'Knowledge Cities‘.



For the aim to be attained the following objectives were to be accomplished:

I ti ti th l it f 'K l d Citi '



Investigating the complexity of 'Knowledge Cities',Deriving the key ingredients of the concept,Identifying the requirements of application, andExploring the offered opportunities and imposed challenges


6- Conclusions Exploring the offered opportunities and imposed challenges.Of the Work

Economics of Knowledge Cities: Opportunities and ChallengesThe 2nd International Symposium onKNOWLEDGE CITIES Slide ٨ of 3516-18 July 2007 – Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia


1 3 S d Li it ti1-3 Scope and Limitations:What should the paper focus on?What should the paper focus on?

In this paper, the investigation is limited to exploring the economic opportunities and challenges of 'Knowledge Cities' as far as they1- Introduction challenges of 'Knowledge Cities' as far as they would influence and be influenced by the cityarchitecture and planning, as well as the environmental, functional, political and social



environmental, functional, political and social opportunities and challenges that engaged to, and can be translated into, economic terms.





Economics of Knowledge Cities: Opportunities and ChallengesThe 2nd International Symposium onKNOWLEDGE CITIES Slide ٩ of 3516-18 July 2007 – Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia


1 4 M th d1-4 Methods:How to do it?How to do it?

First, a rich collection of definitions, proposals and viewpoints is introduced and analyzed, and keyingredients of “Knowledge Cities” are derived.1- Introduction g g

Second, the requirements of application are identified and analyzed.



Third, the economic opportunities and challenges are explored and classified.



At last, and in the light of the explored opportunities and challenges, a discussion takes place highlighting the findings of the paper.


6- Conclusions findings of the paper. Of the Work

Economics of Knowledge Cities: Opportunities and ChallengesThe 2nd International Symposium onKNOWLEDGE CITIES Slide ١٠ of 3516-18 July 2007 – Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

2- Knowledge Cities: Definitions and Key Ingredients2- Knowledge Cities: Definitions and Key Ingredients

2 1 K l d Citi2-1 Knowledge Cities:Definitions, Proposalsand ViewpointsDefinitions, Proposalsand Viewpoints

Although the paper focuses on the concept of 'Knowledge Cities', the scope of deriving its key ingredients is extended to embrace other knowledge-1- Introduction g gbased zones; as they apply nearly the same principlesbut starting from different start points.

These knowledge-based zones are: Smart/Intelligent



These knowledge based zones are: Smart/IntelligentCity (WTA, 2000), Educating City, Creative City, Science City, Knowledge Societies ('Towards Knowledge Societies', 2005), Smart/Intelligent



Communities (Eger, 2001; and ICF, 2007), Region of the Future, Media Village, Knowledge Corridors, Knowledge Harbors, Knowledge Villages, KnowledgeRegions and Knowledge Innovation Zones (Amidon &


6- ConclusionsRegions and Knowledge Innovation Zones (Amidon & Davis, 2006)

Of the Work

Economics of Knowledge Cities: Opportunities and ChallengesThe 2nd International Symposium onKNOWLEDGE CITIES Slide ١١ of 3516-18 July 2007 – Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia


2 1 K l d Citi2-1 Knowledge Cities:Definitions, Proposalsand ViewpointsDefinitions, Proposalsand Viewpoints

Edvinsson (2002)

A 'Knowledge City' is 'a city that is purposefully designed

Davis (2004)

A 'Knowledge City' is 'anErgazakis et al. (2004)UNESCO R t (2005)

In this part of the paper, numerous definitions, proposals and viewpoints

p p y gto encourage the nurturing of knowledge'

A Knowledge City is an umbrella metaphor for geographical entities which focus on knowledge creation'

A 'Knowledge City' is 'a town that encourages ongoing creation, sharing, evaluation,

l d d t f

UNESCO Report (2005)

A 'Knowledge Society' is to create new chances and new

ICF (2007)

There are 5 indicators for the Coats (2005), Smith (2003Eger (2001)1- Introduction proposals and viewpoints

are introduced and analyzed; as a step to derive the key ingredients

renewal and update of knowledge through the continuous interaction between its citizens as well as

kinds of development via: the availability of knowledge, better higher education strategies, research revolution,

community to be an ‘Intelligent Community':broadband infrastructure, knowledge force, innovation,'Knowledge Cities', are strongly connected to

Eger (2001)A ‘Smart Community' is the 'community which makes a conscious decision to

i l d l

Amidon & Davis (2006)

‘Knowledge Innovation Chesbrough (2006)15 key components are needed WTA (2000)



de e t e ey g ed e tsof ‘Knowledge Cities’ and other knowledge-based zones.

interaction with citizens of other cities',

g'lifelong' education, and the culture of innovation.

knowledge force, innovation, digital inclusion and marketing

g y'Knowledge Economy’.aggressively deploy technology as a catalyst to solve its social and business needs, undoubtedly focusing

Zones’ are 'geographic regions, economic sectors or communities of practice where knowledge flows from origin

to build a ‘Knowledge City‘: capital; customer; commerce; competitiveness; community, culture; cost; cognition;

WTA (2000)‘Intelligent City’ is toencourage the broad bandwidth to attract leading-edge businesses make job

Amidon (1993)'Knowledge Innovation‘ is the exchange and application

f id i t k t bl



on building its high speed broadband infrastructures'

g gto the point of highest need or opportunity'.

culture; cost; cognition; change; communications; capabilities; collaboration; coordination; computerization; and continuity

edge businesses, make job creation opportunities, generate economic growth and improve the delivery of

t l i

of new ideas into marketable goods and services for the excellence of an enterprise, the vitality of a nation’s economy


6- Conclusions and continuity governmental services.and the advancement of society as a whole.

Of the Work

Economics of Knowledge Cities: Opportunities and ChallengesThe 2nd International Symposium onKNOWLEDGE CITIES Slide ١٢ of 3516-18 July 2007 – Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia


2 2 K l d Citi2-2 Knowledge Cities:Key IngredientsKey Ingredients

In analyzing the reviewed definitions, proposals and viewpoint, 'Knowledge Ci i ' ll k l d1- Introduction Cities' as well as knowledge-based zones appeared to have 6 groups of attributesand base principles being



and base principles, being affected by the scale of application and the motivations & targets of



application; formulating in their totality the following 8 key ingredients of ‘Knowledge Cities’


6- Conclusions‘Knowledge Cities’. Of the Work

Economics of Knowledge Cities: Opportunities and ChallengesThe 2nd International Symposium onKNOWLEDGE CITIES Slide ١٣ of 3516-18 July 2007 – Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia


2 2 K l d Citi M li d

Intelligence /

2-2 Knowledge Cities:Key IngredientsKey Ingredients

Moreover, literature appeared to acknowledge future key ingredients

Knowledge Economy Intelligence / Smartness

Culture

1- Introduction“An unstoppable

momentum”Future key ingredients





Future key ingredients5- Discussion:

Results and Findings

6- Conclusions

Citizens Motivations & Targets

Scale of Application

WorkforceOf the Work

Economics of Knowledge Cities: Opportunities and ChallengesThe 2nd International Symposium onKNOWLEDGE CITIES Slide ١٤ of 3516-18 July 2007 – Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia


• Availability of • Weightless economy • Intelligent / Smart • Presence of local

Knowledge Economy Intelligence / Smartness

Culture

yknowledge

• Open flow ofknowledge

• E-knowledge• Knowledge intensive’ activitiesB id i th

g y• Connections to local and international markets

• Attracting leading-edge businesses

• Building cross-ti t hi

gcities

• Intelligent / Smart community

• Intelligent / Smart zones

• Intelligent / Smart iti l t

amenities• Cultural diversity• Linking 'economic growth' with 'quality of life'

• Emphasizing face-to-f l ti1- Introduction • Bridging the

knowledge dividesection partnerships

• Dynamic flow of goods and services

citizens-employment face relations• Disseminating the culture of knowledge

M ti ti & S l f



• Citizenship involvement and participation

• Access to knowledge

• High skilled workforce

• Labor force working in creative positions

• Competitiveness• Leadership • Economic growth• Quality of life

• Building• Village• City• Community

Citizens Motivations & Targets

Scale of Application

Workforce3- RequirementsKey Components


• Access to knowledge• Attracting individuals who place value on creativity

• Knowledge citizens

in creative positions• Matching between labor force capabilities and types of job

• Quality of life• Innovation• Increase overall prosperity

• Community• Region• Nation• The Globe



Economics of Knowledge Cities: Opportunities and ChallengesThe 2nd International Symposium onKNOWLEDGE CITIES Slide ١٥ of 3516-18 July 2007 – Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

3- Requirements of Application: Key Components3- Requirements of Application: Key Components

In investigating the requirements needed to apply the concepts of ‘Knowledge Cities’, the following componentsare argued to be in place:

1- Introduction

Infrastructure

Hardware

ICTs&

High-Tech 1- IntroductionMotivation - Methods


Software

Smart Places

Spatial Configurations

gInstallations

Architecture3- Requirements

Key Components


Spatial Configurations

Smart Employment

Knowledge Citizens

Human

Factor


6- Conclusions

o dg

Theoretical framework

Research and education strategyDevelopment

StrategyOf the WorkCollaboration

Strategy

Economics of Knowledge Cities: Opportunities and ChallengesThe 2nd International Symposium onKNOWLEDGE CITIES Slide ١٦ of 3516-18 July 2007 – Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

3- Requirements of Application: Key Components3- Requirements of Application: Key Components

Therefore, for a city to be a knowledge city is to have these 4 key components in place and effectively exploitthem.

1- Introduction1- IntroductionMotivation - Methods




Infrastructure

Hardware

TheoreticalFramework

Research andEdu. Strategy

& H

igh-

Tech

ta

llatio

ns

elop

men

ttr

ateg

y


6- Conclusions

Software

gy

Collaboration ICTs

&In

st

Dev

eSt

Of the WorkKey Components of a 'Knowledge City'

Economics of Knowledge Cities: Opportunities and ChallengesThe 2nd International Symposium onKNOWLEDGE CITIES Slide ١٧ of 3516-18 July 2007 – Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

4- Economics of Knowledge Cities4- Economics of Knowledge Cities

In this part of the paper, and in the light of the reviewed key ingredients and key components, a rich collection of opportunitiesand challenges attached to the subject of the paper are derived1- Introduction subject of the paper are derived from various data sources, and brought together under one roofto be analyzed, criticized and



y ,classified. 3- Requirements

Key Components




Economics of Knowledge Cities: Opportunities and ChallengesThe 2nd International Symposium onKNOWLEDGE CITIES Slide ١٨ of 3516-18 July 2007 – Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia


4 1 E i f K l d Citi4-1 Economics of Knowledge Cities:The Offered OpportunitiesThe Offered Opportunities

1- Introduction

International Competitiveness and Leadership"H d t H d"

1



"Head to Head"

• The concept of 'Knowledge Cities' is argued to supportinternational competitiveness and leadership, especially for



te at o a co pet t e ess a d eade s p, espec a y othe developed countries that appear to be in battle with eachother for their share of global prosperity, threatened in totalityby the rise of India and China



Economics of Knowledge Cities: Opportunities and ChallengesThe 2nd International Symposium onKNOWLEDGE CITIES Slide ١٩ of 3516-18 July 2007 – Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia



1- Introduction

EconomicGrowth

2


2- Knowledge CitiesTheoretical Background • The shift into a 'Knowledge City' is argued to accelerate

economic growth, increase productivity, make job creation3- Requirements

Key Components


economic growth, increase productivity, make job creationopportunities, improve the delivery of governmental servicesand increase overall prosperity.

• 'Economic growth' is linked with the quality of life better5- Discussion:


6- Conclusions

• Economic growth is linked with the quality of life, bettereducational attainments, and more social cohesion andparticipation, the fact that improves citizens' performance andincreases productivity.

Of the Work

Economics of Knowledge Cities: Opportunities and ChallengesThe 2nd International Symposium onKNOWLEDGE CITIES Slide ٢٠ of 3516-18 July 2007 – Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia



1- Introduction

Increasing Capital Investments

3


2- Knowledge CitiesTheoretical Background • Knowledge capital investments will be concentrated in places

with competitive advantages in knowledge production and3- Requirements

Key Components


p g g pexploitation.

• Telecommunications technologies are claimed to attractleading-edge businesses.


6- Conclusions

• Investments, which migrate to regions that can quickly putthe digital infrastructure in place and effectively exploit it, areargued to offer unlimited money-making opportunities,

t ib t t th GDP t th t t l t d idOf the Work contribute to the GDP, support the total turnover, and providethe labor force with highly-paid workers.

Economics of Knowledge Cities: Opportunities and ChallengesThe 2nd International Symposium onKNOWLEDGE CITIES Slide ٢١ of 3516-18 July 2007 – Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia



1- Introduction

LifecycleSavings

4


2- Knowledge CitiesTheoretical Background • As an example, the 'Technology Roadmap' (1999) introduces

25 intelligent buildings of different types and scales in the3- Requirements

Key Components


g g ypUnited States and Canada showing how far automationsystems, energy management systems, wirelesscommunication, and intelligent facility management systemscan make savings up to 30% of the running costs


6- Conclusions

can make savings up to 30% of the running costs.

Of the Work

Economics of Knowledge Cities: Opportunities and ChallengesThe 2nd International Symposium onKNOWLEDGE CITIES Slide ٢٢ of 3516-18 July 2007 – Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia



1- Introduction

Conservation of Resources

5


2- Knowledge CitiesTheoretical Background • As an example, and as Mitchell (2000) argued, innovative

sustainability can be achieved via applying the principles of3- Requirements

Key Components


susta ab ty ca be ac e ed a app y g t e p c p es odematerialization, demobilization, mass customization,intelligent operation and soft transformation.



Economics of Knowledge Cities: Opportunities and ChallengesThe 2nd International Symposium onKNOWLEDGE CITIES Slide ٢٣ of 3516-18 July 2007 – Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia



1- Introduction

MinimizingCost at an Individual

S l

6



Scale

• Minimizing the presence cost since people will not have todaily commute, shifting into the 4th mode of presence;



daily commute, shifting into the 4th mode of presence;remote and asynchronous.

• Facilitating work, improving performance and increasingindividual productivity.


6- Conclusions

individual productivity.

Of the Work

Economics of Knowledge Cities: Opportunities and ChallengesThe 2nd International Symposium onKNOWLEDGE CITIES Slide ٢٤ of 3516-18 July 2007 – Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia


4 2 E i f K l d Citi4-2 Economics of Knowledge Cities:The Imposed ChallengesThe Imposed Challenges

1- Introduction

Re-concentration of Wealth

andP

1



Power

• 'Knowledge Cities' key components are mostly possessedand dominated by a few number of countries and imported by



y p ythe majority of the rest

• Most of these key components have to be continuouslyupdated and upgraded


6- Conclusions

updated and upgraded.

• The rise of ‘global financial market’, widespread knowledge‘marketplace’ and global-scale capitalism.

Of the Work

Economics of Knowledge Cities: Opportunities and ChallengesThe 2nd International Symposium onKNOWLEDGE CITIES Slide ٢٥ of 3516-18 July 2007 – Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia



1- Introduction

Re-concentration of Wealth

andP

1



Power

• Networks can be used as tools for creation and freecommunication and as tools for concentrating wealth and



communication, and as tools for concentrating wealth andpower.

• As knowledge capital investments will be increasinglyt t d i l ith titi d t i


6- Conclusions

concentrated in places with competitive advantages inknowledge production and exploitation, the gap between thedeveloped countries and developing countries is expected tobe widened.

Of the Work

Economics of Knowledge Cities: Opportunities and ChallengesThe 2nd International Symposium onKNOWLEDGE CITIES Slide ٢٦ of 3516-18 July 2007 – Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia



1- Introduction

Rise of 'Dualities', 'Digital Divide'

and 'Knowledge Di id '

2



Divide'

• The rise of 'Dualities': most developing countries do nothave the money, the education, the culture and the training to



y, , gbenefit from the offered opportunities, while the elites of theworld do.

• The well-known 'digital divide' is now coupled with a


6- Conclusions

The well known digital divide is now coupled with a'knowledge divide', which separates countries with a goodeducation system, research facilities and developmentpotential, from developing countries.

Of the Work

Economics of Knowledge Cities: Opportunities and ChallengesThe 2nd International Symposium onKNOWLEDGE CITIES Slide ٢٧ of 3516-18 July 2007 – Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia



1- Introduction

Rise of 'Dualities', 'Digital Divide'

and 'Knowledge Di id '

2



Divide'

• The gap between the limited number of successfulk l d i d th i f h l b li ti3- Requirements

Key Components


knowledge regions and those regions for whom globalizationhas brought further troubles, job losses and economicrestructuring.



Economics of Knowledge Cities: Opportunities and ChallengesThe 2nd International Symposium onKNOWLEDGE CITIES Slide ٢٨ of 3516-18 July 2007 – Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

5- Discussion: Results and Findings 5- Discussion: Results and Findings

5 Di i

During the development of the

5- Discussion:Results and Findings Results and Findings

1- Introduction

During the development of thepaper, a number of results andfindings are achieved. In thispart, the research results and1- Introduction

Motivation - Methods


p ,findings in view of itsobjectives are summarized asfollows:





Economics of Knowledge Cities: Opportunities and ChallengesThe 2nd International Symposium onKNOWLEDGE CITIES Slide ٢٩ of 3516-18 July 2007 – Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia


11

•The term 'Knowledge Cities' is connected to numerousterms, applying the same principles but starting from

1- Introduction

, pp y g p p gdifferent start points, the fact that explains why theconcept is celebrated by dozens of various viewpointsand applications; pursing the city to have a wide rangef ib b 'K l d Ci '1- Introduction



2

of attributes to become a 'Knowledge City'.



2

• In analyzing the characteristics of 'Knowledge Cities',they appear to fall into eight groups of attributes; each


6- Conclusions

formulates a 'key ingredient'. These key ingredientsare: knowledge, economy, intelligence/smartness,culture, citizens, workforce, scale of application, andmotivations & targetsOf the Work motivations & targets.

Economics of Knowledge Cities: Opportunities and ChallengesThe 2nd International Symposium onKNOWLEDGE CITIES Slide ٣٠ of 3516-18 July 2007 – Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia


33

• In identifying what is needed for a city to be a'Knowledge City', ten requirements appear to announce

1- Introduction

o edge C y , e equ e e s appea o a ou ethemselves: being categorized into four keycomponents. These four key-components can beconsidered the means whereby a 'Knowledge City' canb d l d1- Introduction



4

be developed.



4

• The concept of 'Knowledge Cities' is argued to havethe outward aspect of offering a wide spectrum of


6- Conclusions

opportunities, that differ in scale, nature and magnitudefrom the intimate and the private (social cohesion andcitizens' participation) to the globally public(international competitiveness and leadership)Of the Work (international competitiveness and leadership).

Economics of Knowledge Cities: Opportunities and ChallengesThe 2nd International Symposium onKNOWLEDGE CITIES Slide ٣١ of 3516-18 July 2007 – Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia


55

• Parallel to the opportunities offered by ‘KnowledgeCities’, the concept is argued to pose powerful

1- Introduction

Cities , the concept is argued to pose powerfulchallenges, even for those who choose not to join thegame. Based on that, the concept of 'Knowledge Cities'appeared to define itself as an economic life-and-death



6

struggle.



6

• In many cases, adopting the concept of 'KnowledgeCities' was not a choice; i.e. the UK prosperity and the


6- Conclusions

threat from economic growth in India and China(Challenge of China), and Shanghai as an innovativeknowledge region and the competition with other globalknowledge regionsOf the Work knowledge regions.

Economics of Knowledge Cities: Opportunities and ChallengesThe 2nd International Symposium onKNOWLEDGE CITIES Slide ٣٢ of 3516-18 July 2007 – Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia


77

• The nature, magnitude and impact of the reviewedopportunities and challenges differ dramatically from an

1- Introduction

opportunities and challenges differ dramatically from anindividual to another, a city to another and a nation toanother, according to the local context and thedemands placed upon the concept; i.e. while Barcelona,1- Introduction



p p p ; ,as a 'Knowledge City', places less emphasize ontechnological installations and more emphasize on thequality of life and cultural aspects, Manchester appearst b d b it it l d hi d l b l3- Requirements

Key Components


to be geared by its prosperity, leadership and global-scale competitiveness.

"Each city is characterized by different cultural economical5- Discussion:


6- Conclusions

Each city is characterized by different cultural, economicaland political conditions. Therefore, the specific set of the city’innovation engines, and the form they will take will becustomized to the unique urban circumstances,

t i t iti d h ll " (D i 2004)Of the Work competencies, opportunities and challenges" (Dvir, 2004).

Economics of Knowledge Cities: Opportunities and ChallengesThe 2nd International Symposium onKNOWLEDGE CITIES Slide ٣٣ of 3516-18 July 2007 – Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

6- Conclusions: 6- Conclusions:

In this paper, a coherent profile of the economics of'Knowledge Cities' is sketched; via exploring themost distinguished opportunities they offer and the

1- Introduction

g pp ypowerful challenges they pose.

First, the complexity of the term 'Knowledge Cities'1- Introduction



is investigated, its attributes are identified, keyingredients are derived, requirements and keycomponents are investigated, opportunities andchallenges are explored and the results and



challenges are explored, and the results andfindings are addressed.

As argued in the paper, this research can be


6- Conclusions

g p p ,considered an important step to define anappropriate vision of what a 'Knowledge City'should be, especially when taking the local contextand varying standards into considerationOf the Work and varying standards into consideration.

Economics of Knowledge Cities: Opportunities and ChallengesThe 2nd International Symposium onKNOWLEDGE CITIES Slide ٣٤ of 3516-18 July 2007 – Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

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Economics of knowledge cities

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