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8/15/2019 Economics of Livestock Production in Various Ecological Zones of Punjab -Survey 26-08-09
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Economics of Livestock Production L&DDD
&!BLE /* +/'&E'
#r% 0 +ontents Page 0
01 Summary 03
02 Introduction 04
03 Objectives of Study 05
04
Methodology !riteriono "arget #reas
o Methodology
0$0$0%
05
&conomics of mil' (roduction )ujran*ala area
+ha''ar area
,ehlum area
-a'(attan
.aisalabad area
/ahore area
10 11
151%23234
0$ +eef -roduction in -unjab 3
0 -erirban !ommercial .arming Mar'eting !hain 3
0 Mil' Mil' +y-roducts -rocessing #nd Mar'eting 40
0% Sources of Mil' -roduction 41
10 #verage nit -roductivity 42
11 !ost of Mil' -roduction 44
12 Mil' Su((ly !hannels !ost and Sale 45
13 Salve alue of Mil' 4$
14 Managemental -ractices 4
15 Mil' +y-roducts 52
1$ Major .indings 55
1 6ecommendations 5
14 6eferences 5
&able ( +"art Inde,#r &able ID Descri$tion1 )1 .i7ed !ost its elements)ujran*ala
3
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Economics of Livestock Production L&DDD
2 )2 .i7ed !ost its elements)ujran*ala3 )3 .i7ed !ost its elements)ujran*ala4 )4 -rofitability)ujran*ala5 +1 .i7ed !ost its elements+ha''ar $ +2 .i7ed !ost its elements +ha''ar +3 .i7ed !ost its elements +ha''ar
+4 -rofitability +ha''ar % ,1 .i7ed !ost its elements,helum10 ,2 .i7ed !ost its elements ,helum11 ,3 .i7ed !ost its elements ,helum12 ,4 -rofitability ,helum13 -1 .i7ed !ost its elements-a'(attan14 -2 .i7ed !ost its elements -a'(attan15 -3 .i7ed !ost its elements -a'(attan1$ -4 -rofitability -a'(attan1 .1 .i7ed !ost its elements.aisalabad1 .2 .i7ed !ost its elements .aisalabad
1% .3 .i7ed !ost its elements .aisalabad20 .4 -rofitability .aisalabad21 /1 .i7ed !ost its elements/ahore22 /2 .i7ed !ost its elements /ahore23 /3 .i7ed !ost its elements /ahore24 /4 -rofitability /ahore25 +&1 +eef -roduction2$ 8M- 8orld Mutton (roduction 9Million "ons:2 S6-S- Small 6uminants -rod; Systems in -a'istan2 M-r Mutton -roduction 9000 tons:2% &OM &7(ort of Mutton
30 M/1 Mortality /oss (er #nnum31 &I1 &ducation Im(act32
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Economics of Livestock Production L&DDD
2 -r! -rofitability 9!om(arison :
3 .!) .i7ed !ost )ujran*ala
4 !) ariable !ost)ujran*ala
5 "!) "otal !ost)ujran*ala
$ -r) -rofitability)ujran*ala
.!+ .i7ed !ost +ha''ar !+ ariable !ost +ha''ar
% "!+ "otal !ost +ha''ar
10 -r+ -rofitability +ha''ar
11 .!, .i7ed !ost ,helum
12 !, ariable !ost ,helum
13 "!, "otal !ost ,helum
14 -r, -rofitability ,helum
15 .!- .i7ed !ost -a'(attan1$ !- ariable !ost -a'(attan
1 "!- "otal !ost -a'(attan
1 -r- -rofitability -a'(attan1% .!. .i7ed !ost .aisalabad
20 !. ariable !ost .aisalabad
21 "!. "otal !ost .aisalabad
22 -r. -rofitability .aisalabad
23 .!/ .i7ed !ost /ahore
24 !/ ariable !ost /ahore
25 "!/ "otal !ost /ahore
2$ -r/ -rofitability /ahore
2 M-/# Mortality /oss (er #nnum
2 /#. /iteracy #mong .armers2% /#.C8 /iteracy #mong .armers 9Cone *ise:30
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and earn revenue; "he (ublic sector
de(artments hold (rimary res(onsibility to guide
the farmers and (lay their significant role in dairy
sector develo(ment; "he research based
decisions of (olicy ma'ers *ill have real im(act
on *elfare of farmers and (rogress of all the
sta'eholders of this sector;
"he livestoc' sector (lays a vital role in
the economies of many develo(ing countries; It
(rovides food orB more s(ecificallyB animal
(rotein in human dietB incomeB em(loyment and
(ossibly foreign e7change; .or lo*income
(roducersB livestoc' also serves as a store of
*ealthB (rovides draught (o*erB and organic
fertiliDer for cro( (roduction and can even be a
means of trans(ort; Mil' (rovides relatively =uic'
returns for smallscale livestoc' 'ee(ers andsmallholders (roduce the vast majority of mil' in
most develo(ing countries; It is a balanced
nutritious food and is a 'ey element in
household food security;
In -a'istanB the livestoc' sector as a
*hole (lays a crucial role in the countryEs rural
economy and *ithin this sector mil' is the
largest and single most im(ortant commodity;
-a'istan is the fourth largest mil' (roducer in the
*orld and the im(ortance of the countryEs dairysector can be judged from the fact that in terms
of mar'et valueB its contribution to )ross
(rocessing industries comes from small herd
families; "hese farmers can usually sell either to
middlemen such as gawalas 9local mil'
collectionB trans(ortationB and distribution
(eo(le:B to sho(sB or direct to the 9usually rural:
consumer; "he farm gate (rice of mil' ranges
from -H6s1% to -H6s40 (er liter; "his variationis not lin'ed to the =uality of the mil' but is rather
determined by the financial arrangement
bet*een the buyer and seller and geogra(hical
location; !urrentlyB there are no (olicies to
regulate mil' (rices at the farm level; In
conse=uenceB the mar'et forces o(erating in a
totally unregulated environment are e7(loiting
the (oor farmers by offering lo* (rices for their
(roduce;
"he (ur(ose of the study *as togenerate (olicyrelevant research and to identify
the cost structure in various ecological area and
mar'eting (ractices of in(ut and out(ut using
=ualitative research techni=ues; # team of three
researchers *as trained in =ualitative data
gathering techni=ues and su(ervised by a senior
researcher 9-rof;
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Economics of Livestock Production L&DDD
*as 6s 14;% the "! turns out to be 6s 5;5;
"he (rofit *as 6s 3;53; .armers having 1120
have "! (er day (er animal 6s 50;1 their ".!
*as 6s 15;1 the "! turns out to be 6s $5;2 ;
"he (rofit *as 6s 13;4;.inallyB farmers having
21 above have "! (er day (er animal 6s
50;2 their ".! *as 6s 1; the "! turns outto be 6s 0;0; "he (rofit *as 6s 24;$; Major
reasons for these lo* valuesB as described
aboveB are lac' of irrigation *aterB dee( subsoil
*aterB lac' of dairy breedsB nonavailability of
fodder lac' of so*ing of berseem fodder;
In #out"ern Punjab Livestock
Production #ystem 9ie -a'(attan:B farmers
having 15 animals having total variable cost
9"!: (er day (er animal 6s %;$ their total
fi7ed cost 9".!: *as 6s 1%;$ the total cost9"!: turns out to be 6s; 11;3 ;"he (rofit *as
6s 11;$2; .armers having $10 have "! (er
day (er animal 6s 4;0 their ".! *as 6s 1;
the "! turns out to be 6s %1;%5; "he (rofit
*as 6s %;$; .armers having 1120 have "!
(er day (er animal 6s $%; their ".! *as 6s
1%; the "! turns out to be 6s %;5%; "he
(rofit *as 6s 14;52;.inallyB farmers having 21
above have "! (er day (er animal 6s 0;33
their ".! *as 6s 22;12 the "! turns out to be
6s %2;44; "he (rofit *as 6s 15;%;
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%2;3; "he (rofit *as 6s 12;21;"he major
edges (resent in this areaB as listed aboveB are
fertile landB subsoil fit *aterB availability of canal
*ater for fodder irrigationB a*areness among
farmers convenient (rovision of veterinary
services;
#s a matter of factB 2J mil' is
contributed by buffaloes *ith averagely 1
buffaloes *ith one formerB *hile 4 co*s are
averagely o*ned by one farmer *ith 1J share
in the mil' industry;
)6#-KI
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by day and our farmer is highly under em(loyed
in disguised labor (roductivity; !ro( (roduction
is stagnant and only daily cash flo* source is
meat and mil' and a good source of livelihood
and life sustenance;
)ovt; of -unjab is striving through its
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Economics of Livestock Production L&DDD
Estimation of cost and return in milk) business in different
ecological 4ones of Punjab%
"he follo*ing areasLdistricts *ere selected;
5% &"all Livestock Production Zone B"akkar
6% #out"ern Punjab Livestock Production #ystem Pak$attan
7% Barani .ain *ed Production Zone 8"elum
9% Peri 2rban Milk Production #ystem *aisalabad ( La"ore
% Punjab Irrigated Zone -ujran3ala
&ach ecological district is discussed one by one;
5% &"all Livestock Production Zone ;Dist% B"akkar<
12
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Milk Production
In +ha''arB three "ehsilsA Man'eraB
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"he total variable cost com(rises of
aggregation of costs for electricityB et ServicesB
/aborB )reen .odderB
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Economics of Livestock Production L&DDD
cost *as 6s; 100;35B 0;$B 50;11 $;04 by
the farm siDe IB IIB III and IB res(ectively;
Farmer Group FC VC TC
Animals
reque
ncy
Depp.
!
Equip&S"
e# $% TFC
Labo
r
Ele
c
Vet
Serv G F D F
Con
c. TVC TC
$-5 Animals (: 4&4$ $&(* :&:"$4&)
0 (*&50(&$
5 0&)(4:&$
$*&*
( (&""$00&(
5$$4
5)-$0Animals 5$ 4&)# 0&:4 #&(:
$4$ ""&($
$&4" 0&5*
()&(0
)&04 4&0( *0&): :5&5#
$$-"0Animals (0 4&:4 0&5* #&):
$5&$0 $4&(:
$&"" 0&4$
")&55
4&4) (&0# 50&$$ )5&"$
"$ / A6ove $) 5&5# $&05$$&$
:$*&:
" $5)$&"
$ 0&":""&(
(4
$ 5&5" 50&"" ):&04
otal $(5
"able I
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Economics of Livestock Production L&DDD
Farmer Group FC VC TC $ncome
AnimalsFrequency TFC TVC TC ' %ate
$ncome
(ro)t
$-5 Animals (: 0&00 $00&(5 $$4 4&$"""&$
: #$&4#
-"(&4
)
)-$0Animals 5$ 0&00 *0&): :5&5# 4&$*"$&(
: :#&$( (&5(
$$-"0Animals (0 0&00 50&$$ )5&"$ (&)$
"$&:# *:
$(&*4
16
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Economics of Livestock Production L&DDD
"$ / A6ove $) 0&00 50&"" ):&04 4&(0"$&5
) #"&*#"4&*
)
otal $(5
"able I
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Economics of Livestock Production L&DDD
e=ui(ment *as 6s; 1;1B 0;$B 0;$B 1;2 (er animal
(er day by the farm siDe in the descending orderB
res(ectively; Interest on the value of animal (er
day *as 6s; 12;5B 11;5B 12; and 13;%B
res(ectively;
"otal #nimalsA 1%23
Mil'ing #nimalsA 13FC
AnimalsFrequency Depp.
Equip &S"e# $% TFC
$-5 Animals 4: )&") $&0: $"&5" *+.,-)-$0Animals 4) 5&*4 0&)( $$&4# *.,-$$-"0Animals 4" )&4" 0&)$ $"&:4 *+.,
"$ / A6ove "4 )* $&"0 $( //.*/
otal $)0
"able I
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Economics of Livestock Production L&DDD
VC
AnimalsFrequency Labor Electr Vet serv G F D F Conc TVC
19
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Economics of Livestock Production L&DDD
$-5 Animals 4: (*) $&)) $&0( ("&50 #&0)$5&)
) +.,-)-$0Animals 4) "$: (&*( 0&*# ")&(: :&54
$"&)) 0.1,
$$-"0Animals 4" $:&0) 0* 0&(: "5 :&*0
$5&)* -+./
"$ / A6ove "4 $"&$) $&$$ 0&() "4&40$0&"
0""&$
0 1.22
otal $)0
"able I
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Economics of Livestock Production L&DDD
FarmerGroup FC VC TC
AnimalsFrequency
Depp.
Equip &S"e# $% TFC
Labor
Electr
Vetserv G F D F Conc TVC TC
$-5Animals 4:
)&") $&0:
$"&5"
*+.,-
(*) $&)) $&0(
("&50 #&0) $5&))
+.,-
**.2
)-$0Animals 4)
5&*4 0&)(
$$&4#
*.,-
"$: (&*( 0&*#
")&(: :&54 $"&))
0.1,
+*.+3
$$-"0Animals 4"
)&4" 0&)$
$"&:4
*+.,
$:&0) 0* 0&(:
"54 :&*0 $5&)*
-+./
,+.3+
"$ /A6oveAnimals "4
)* $&"0
$(4
//.*/
$"&$) $&$$ 0&()
"4&40
$0&"0 ""&$0
1.22
+/.00
otal $)0
"able I
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Economics of Livestock Production L&DDD
"able I
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Economics of Livestock Production L&DDD
animal (er day by the farm siDe in the
descending orderB res(ectively; Interest on the
value of animal (er day *as 6s; 12;%B 12;25B
12;1$ and 12;1B res(ectivelyB
"otal #nimalsA 12%Mil'ing #nimalsA 3%1
FC
Animals Frequency Depp. Equip&S"e# $% TFC
$-5 Animals 5) )&4# "&0: $"* /*.30)-$0Animals "* )&$( $&5) $"&"5 *+.+0$$-"0Animals $# )&0: $&5$ $"&$) *+.3
"$ / A6ove $5 )&() $&") $"&*$ /1.22
otal $$*
"able I
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Economics of Livestock Production L&DDD
)-$0Animals "* ($&55 $&(* $&"* "#&$$ $0&$( $(&0: ,-.3*$$-"0Animals $# "5&(4 $&0" $&0" "4&*: :&:( $$&44 /.00
"$ / A6ove $5 $$ 0&:: 0&$0 $$&40 "(&): "(&5# *.3+ otal $$*
"able I
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)6#- I
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9% Peri urban Punjab ;*aisalabad<
.aisalabad city have a (o(ulation of
more than five million *ith high o((ortunities of
em(loyment in industrial sector; "here is a high
demand of mil' and mil' (roducts; .or su((ly of
mil' to the cityB there are t*o large cattle
colonies established by the local authorities for
the farmers;
.orty five farmers *ere intervie*ed from
the t*o organiDed colonies !ha'ader #min(ur
road and Satiana road .aisalbad; OrganiDed
sheds *ere constructed by the farmers; /and
*as allotted to each farmerB boundary *alls
enclosed each farm se(arately; Major mil'
animal *as buffalo of @ili6avi and 6avi breed
*ith fe* co*s by some farmers; !o* mil' *as
not (referred by the consumers due to lo* fat
contents and total S@.;
+ost of milk
*i,ed +ostSam(le siDe *as 45 res(ondents; .or
.aisalabadB the fi7ed cost (er animal (er day
*as calculated; "he de(reciation of animal *as
6s; $;B %;12B ;11 and 10;14 (er animals (er
day for the farm siDe grou( of 15 animalB $10
animalsB 1120 animals and 21 and aboveanimals res(ectively;
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Economics of Livestock Production L&DDD
FCFC
Animalsre+.ency Depp E+.i3/ Shed 89 '
$-5 Animals 5 )&)0 "&:0 $(&"0 ""&5#)-$0
Animals 5 #&$" $( $:&"( "#&":$$-"0Animals $5 :&$$ 0&"( $)&"$ "4&55"$ / A6ove "0 $0&$4 0&0* "0&"* (0&4*
otal"able Imi7ture in the anda; .odder and ingredients
mar'ets *ere available in the vicinity of dairy
farms; .eeding cost *as the dominant
(ro(ortion of variable and total costB it *as
almost 0J of all the cost in mil' (roduction;
ariable cost (er day (er animal for
electricity *as 4;%4B 2;%B 2;2% 1;4 for 15
#nimalsPB $10 #nimalsPB 1120 #nimalsP 21
above #nimalsP ;SimilarlyB et Services count
for 2;$B 0;5$B 1;03B 0;$$ res(ectively; /abor
costs %2;33B 3%;B 2%;4 1%;5$ res(ectively;
SimilarlyB )reen .odderB
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Economics of Livestock Production L&DDD
VC Animals re+.ency La6or Elec Vet Serv D 'onc V'$-5
Animals 5 #"&(( 4 "&): :5&(5 "#: 4:&$ ")4&5)-$0Animals 5 (#&** "&:# 0&5) *$&4: "*&*( "#&4 $*"&*$$-"0Animals $5 "#&4: "&"# $&0( ))&*# "0&(* 4(&5 $)(&)
"$ / A6ove "0 $#&5) $&4* 0&)) (#&0( "0&"# *4&"( $55&"
otal
"able I
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Economics of Livestock Production L&DDD
TC Farmer Group FC VC TC
Animalsre+.ency
Depp
E+.i3/Shed 89 ' La6or
Elec
VetServ D
'onc V' '
$-5
Animals 5 )&)0 "&:0
$(&"
0
""&5
# #"&((
4
4 "&):
:5&(
5
"#
: 0&00
"$5&"
#
"(*&:
:)-$0Animals 5 #&$" $(
$:&"(
"#&": (#&**
"&:# 0&5)
*$&4:
"*&*( 0&00
$4"&4"
$*$&*0
$$-"0Animals $5 :&$$ 0&"(
$)&"$
"4&55 "#&4:
"&"# $&0(
))&*#
"0&(* 0&00
$$#*
$44&5"
"$ /A6ove "0
$0&$4 0&0*
"0&"*
(0&4* $#&5)
$&4* 0&))
(#&0(
"0&"#
*4&"(
$55&"5
$:5&*"
otal
"able I
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Economics of Livestock Production L&DDD
)6#- I
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Economics of Livestock Production L&DDD
ilkin6 7nits 3/2
Total 7nits +/
FCAnimals
Frequency Depp.
Equi(&S"e# $% TFC
$-5 Animals ( #&*0 "&(# $#&4$ 2*.31
)-$0 Animals 4 :&4$ 0: $)&:" /-./*$$-"0Animals $" :&5$ $&*" $*&0" /./3
"$ / A6ove "$ $$&0# $&44 ""&$: 20.*
otal 40
"able I
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Economics of Livestock Production L&DDD
FarmerGroup FC VC TC
Animals
Frequency
Depp.
Equi(&S"e# $% TFC
Labor
Elec
Vetserv G F D F
Conc TVC TC
$-5Animals ( #&*0 "&(#
$#&4$
2*.31
)5&)#
"&(# $&(*
:#&0$
44&05
($&04
/22.33
/-3.13
)-$0
Animals 4 :&4$ 0:
$)&
:"
/-.
/*
((&"
(
"&"
* $&$$
$0:&
#"
($&
4(
(:&
$:
/*3.
*2
/0*.
22$$-"0Animals $" :&5$ $&*"
$*&0"
/./3
((&(#
$&:# 0&:*
*0)
"0&(5
(0&54
*3,.1*
*,3./-
"$ /A6ove "$
$$&0# $&44
""&$:
20.*
$#&(:
$&5" 0&*$
)5&"#
$:&":
"5&05
*21./2
*-0.+3
otal 40
"able I
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Economics of Livestock Production L&DDD
)6#- I
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Economics of Livestock Production L&DDD
*i,ed +ostSam(le siDe *as %0 res(ondents; .or
)ujran*ala the fi7ed cost (er animal (er day
*as calculated; "he de(reciation of animal *as
6s; $;B ;2B ;0 and ;4 (er animals (er day for
the farm siDe grou( of 15 animalB $10 animalsB
1120 animals and 21 and above animals
res(ectively;
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Economics of Livestock Production L&DDD
PVC
AnimalsFrequency
Electr VetServ
Labor G F D F Concen TVC
$-5Animals
) (&4* $&$) ((" ((" $)&0" 0&00 ,,.31
)-$0Animals
# $ $&00 "4) "4) $*&*" 0&00 1.3+
$$-"0Animals $" $&:) 0&:( "(&$" "(&$" #&(* 0&00 3,.21
"$ / A6ove $: "&)$ 0&)( $:&:" $:&:" )$ 0&00 0.,
otal 45
"able I
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Economics of Livestock Production L&DDD
)6#-KI
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Economics of Livestock Production L&DDD
armer ro.pFrequency TFC TVC TC .'. %ate $ncome (%5F$T
$-5 Animals ) -.11*/3.+
,*0,./
/ 5&"5 ("&": $)#&5* "$&(5)-$0Animals # +.11 +,.0/
*/*.3+ 5&50 ($&50 $*(&$0 5$&5$
$$-"0
Animals $" */.11 ,*.0
*12.-
2 )&)* (0&)$ "04&") $00&)("$ / A6ove $: *,.11 --.- +/.2, :" (0&*# "*4&5# $:"&"$
otal 45
"able I
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Economics of Livestock Production L&DDD
Comparison between Various Zones of Punjab
"his Section of the re(ort *ill com(rise;;
#; .i7ed !ost !om(arison
+; ariable !ost !om(arison
!; "otal !ost !om(arison
ield 6ate!om(arisonB Income -rofitability !om(arison
are given to have a better understanding of the
various ecological Dones; !om(arison at a
glance ?PB at the end com(ares (er animal (er
day fi7ed costB variable costB total costB mil' yield
rateB income (rofitability;
A !i"ed Cost Comparison
*i,ed +ost +onstituents
40
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Economics of Livestock Production L&DDD
1. Depreciation of Animals (Per Animal per day
2. Depreciation of !"#ipment $ %&eds (Per Animal per day
3. 'nterest ate (Per Animal per day
# $epreciation of Animals %Per Animal per day
)6#-KI
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Economics of Livestock Production L&DDD
)AP* 'D+ S&=-#!om
armer ro.p 4"akkar(akpattan 9"elum
Faisalaba# La"ore
Gu:ran;ala
$-5 Animals $&(* $&0: $*&)4 "&:0 "&(# "&$4)-$0Animals 0&:4 0&)( $:&*) $( 0: $&4)$$-"0Animals 0&5* 0&)$ $#&() 0&"( $&*" $&$)
"$ / A6ove $&05 $&"0 ""&() 0&0* $&44 0&)5
,A-! 'D+ %$!"PA/om
+ ,nterest ate %Per Animal per day
)AP* 'D+ I6-#!om
armer ro.p 4"akkar(akpattan 9"elum
Faisalaba# La"ore
Gu:ran;ala
42
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Economics of Livestock Production L&DDD
$-5 Animals :&: $"&5 "&$ $(&" $#&4 $(&4)-$0Animals #&4 $$&5 $&) $:&" $)&: $4&5$$-"0Animals #&* $"&: $&5 $)&" $*&0 $4&0
"$ / A6ove $$&" $( $&( "0&( ""&" $)&*
,A-! 'D+ I6-#!om.otal !i"ed Cost
)6#-KI
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Economics of Livestock Production L&DDD
/ Variable Cost Comparison
ariale ost onstit#ents
1. aor (Per Animal per day
2. !lectricity (Per Animal per day
3. )reen odder (Per Animal per day
4. Dry odder (Per Animal per day
5. oncentrates (Per Animal per day
6. et %erices (Per Animal per day
# 0abor %Per Animal per day
)6#-KI
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Economics of Livestock Production L&DDD
' (lectricity %Per Animal per day
)6#-KI
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Economics of Livestock Production L&DDD
)6#-KI
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Economics of Livestock Production L&DDD
)6#-KI
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Economics of Livestock Production L&DDD
)6#-KI
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Economics of Livestock Production L&DDD
)6#-KI-# !om
FarmerGroup 4"akkar
(akpattan 9"elum
Faisalaba# La"ore
Gu:ran;ala
$-5 Animals 4&$ 4&5 )&0 $0&$ :&0 5&()-$0Animals 4&" 4&4 )&0 )&( :&( 5&5$$-"0Animals (&) 4&4 4&: *&5 )&* )&*
"$ / A6ove 4&( 4&* 5&5 *&( :&* :
,A-! 'D+ M>-#!om
)6#-KI
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Economics of Livestock Production L&DDD
( ,ncome & Profitability Comparison
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Economics of Livestock Production L&DDD
)6#-KI
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Economics of Livestock Production L&DDD
scale and " mil' (rices are almost doublethan the loose fresh mil' su((lied by dhodies;
In meat mar'etingB the abattoirs are the(roduction (oints and butchersE sho(s are theonly vending (oints to the consumers; "heabattoirs are seriously lac'ing basic sanitationfacilities 9li'e lightB ade=uate *ater su((lyB s(ace
for slaughtering and animal 'ee(ingB meatrefrigerationB and dis(osal of offal: all over thecountry; # large (ortion of the by(roducts suchas bloodB glandsB intestinesB and bones areeither *asted or (oorly (rocessed; "he hygienicconditions of the slaughterhouses and meatsho(s are very (oor; One of the underlyingreasons is that these facilities *ere not(eriodically u(dated because of com(le7administratively (rocedures involved; "he flayersand butchers are also not (rofessionally trained;"he fi7ing the (rices of beef and mutton by localgovernments are serious obstacles in buyinggood =uality animals for slaughtering;
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Economics of Livestock Production L&DDD
!reation of a /ivestoc' Mar'eting6egulatory #uthority is recommended to ensuregood governance in mar'eting of livestoc' andlivestoc' (roductsB -racticing of S-S measuresin (roduction and mar'eting of mil' and meat
mar'eting -rovision of mil' (asteuriDation andchilling facilities in dee( rural areasB andhidesLs'ins (rocessing facilities in 6ain fed and+arani areas is the solution to the (roblems of livestoc';
Beef ( Mutton $roduction
56
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Beef Production #ystem:
Most of the meat (roduction *as
conventional based on graDing *ith very (oor
management and veterinary facilities; Male
calves after *eaning at the age of months are
usually slaughter and their body *eight is less
than 100 'g *ith lean body;
#nimals used for fattening *ere
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cattleB in nited StatesB is derived from
roughages; )reen and cured fodder can su((ly
all the nutrients re=uired for the beef cattleB
e7ce(t common salt and *hatever energy rich
feeds may be necessary for additional
conditioning 9&nsmmger et al;B 1%%0:;
+2..E'& BEE* P./D2+&I/' #I&2!&I/'
I' P2'8!B
Beef $roduction t"roug" cross
breeding% In -a'istanB cattle and buffalo are
mainly maintained for mil' (roduction and to
some e7tent for draught (ur(ose; "here are
neither s(ecific breeds of cattle or buffaloes nor
any s(ecific rearing system for beef (roduction;
&fforts have been made to develo( a breed for
beef (ur(ose; "he first effort *as made bycrossing !harolais *ith local co*s 9Sahi*alB
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been re(orted *ith dressing (ercentage similar
to buffalo male calves;
Buffalo vs cattle as beef animal% +om$arative
-erformance of buffalo male calves and
(ure and crossbred cattle calves has e7tensively
been re(orted; #srar 91%$: re(orted thatbuffaloB Sahi*al and crossbred 9.riesian 7
Sahi*al: male calves of 1214 months of age
had *eight gain 0;%1B 0;%4 and 0;% 'gLdayB
res(ectively on a diet having 10;2J !- and $0J
"
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1%4:; "hese mineralsB thereforeB must be given
s(ecial considerations in feeding beef animals
for their higher gro*th rates;
7% 2se of gro3t" $romoters
"he nonnutritive feed additives and
im(lants are used in the feedlot (roduction9@6!B 1%4:; "he gro*th (romoting im(lants
(romote *eight gain and feed efficiency by
re(artitioning energy to*ard muscle gro*th and
a*ay from fat de(osition 9SamfordB 1%:; .eed
additives and antibiotics may increase gro*th
rate by enhancing nutrient utiliDation
9einemann et al., 1% -endlum et al., 1%:
andLor decreasing e7(ected *eight loss due to
sic'ness or natural but undesirable behavioral
(atterns 9over eating and normal cycling by
heifers: 9SamfordB 1%%:; "he im(lants are(re(arations of se7 hormones 9&stradiolB
-rogesterone and "estosterone: 9@6!B 1%4:
"he nonnutritive feed additives include
monensinB lasalocid and other antibiotics; "he
research is re=uired to be conducted on the use
of these gro*th (romoters in co* and buffalo
calves meant for meat (roduction to give sound
recommendation to the beef (roducers in the
country;
9% +ross Breeding vs e,$loitingindigenous resources
!rossing of native ty(e of cattle *ith
im(roved breeds is an attractive a((roach as a
(o(ulation average can be moved to a ne*
(lateau for certain traits rather ra(idly
9Mc
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*re
u
en
cy
'o of
animal
Breed Purc"ase
$rice@animal
.s
De$ of
s"ed
Dry
fodd
er
+oncentrate
ration
-ree
n
fodde
r
*eed
cost
Labor@
animal
&otal
+ost
#ale
of
!nima
ls
7 15A 'onde
scri$t
56AAA1AA 5% 5A% 6%A C%97 9=%97 5=%=A =9%
7
67AAA
9 5516A D"anni
5AAA1AA 5%7 55%C 7%= 5A%55 C%5 56%9 C5%75
677AA
"able I
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in -unjab and @8.-B under *hich about 3J
small ruminants are raised
&able : #mall .uminants Production #ystems in Pakistan
Production #ystems Province
@8.- -unjab Sindh +alochistan "otal
@omadic 50 2$ 44 3 44
"ranshumant 33 4 3 21 3
SedentaryLousehold 1 2 1% $ 1
SourceA Isha=ueB 1%%3
"#+/& I
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mutton (roduction; !onsumer ratesB hereB
normally range from 6s 220LHg to 2$0LHg;
Fousing:
@o sheds *ere constructed in the "hall
area; +arns *ere *alled *ith thorny bushes
#cacia *ith no roots under the trees in *inter;
+ut in rainfed areasB 'atcha houses *ere
constructed to fight against rain; -eo(le are
never *illing to invest into the im(roved housing
for shee( goat;
&able: >orld Mutton Production ;Million tons<
5= 6AAA 6AA9 6AA
#"ee$ -oat s"ee$ goat #"ee$ -oat #"ee$ -oat
>orld ;02 3;0% ;5% ;3 ;20 4;3$ ;44 4;53
!sia 2;% 2;11 ;4 ;$ 4;2% 3;24 4;50 3;41
Banglades" 0;25 0;11 ;03 ;13 0;03 0;14 0;03 0;14
+"ina 1;00 0;1 ;44 ;30 2;24 1;5 2;40 1;%0
India 0;21 0;45 0;22 ;4$ 0;23 0;4 0;24 0;4
Pakistan 0;15 0;2 0;1$ 0;31 0;1$ 0;3$ 0;1 0;3
SourceA .#OB 200$
"#+/& I
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7ear Production
% tons
("port
% tons
;
2000/01 666 2.69 0.40
2001/02 683 0.79 0.12
2002/03 702 1.09 0.15
2003/04 720 0.53 0.07
2004/05 740 1.90 0.25
%o#rce+ inistry of ood Aric#lt#re and iestoc 2006
65
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Mortality Losses
Survival of neonatal calves is im(erative
for livestoc' (ro(agation ho*everB a large
number of calves die during the first year of their
life causing heavy drain on the economics of livestoc' (roduction; Mortality of neonatal calves
*as attributed to conditions li'e diarrhea and
(neumonia 9ShimiDu and @agatoma;B 1%:;
o*everB environmental and managemental
factors hasten the occurrence of such conditions
9Hhan and HhanB 1%%1:;
!alf mortality *as associated *ith the
ty(e of housingB feedingB managemental
(racticesB *eather conditionsB e7ternal and
internal (arasitic infestation and bacterial
infections es(ecially those causing se(ticemia
and enteritis 9+lood et al;B 1%%4:;
#ccording to #fDal et al; the mortality in
cattle and buffalo calves ranged from 2%;1J to3%;J; Martin and 8iggins estimated that 20J
calf mortality resulted in reduction of 3J (rofit
of a livestoc' farm; .urthermoreB 25J average
early calf mortality hardly (rovides any chance
for regular re(lacement of lo* (roduction
animals; # minimum mortality rate of 5J is
usually acce(table to dairy farm having standard
managemental conditions; In this (a(erB the
e7isting onfarm (ractices of buffalo calves
rearing and mortality incidence in buffalo calves
in commercial dairy farms of -unjab (rovince is
re(orted;
ortality Loss per annum
Animals
Gu:ran;ala
4"akk ar
9"elum
(akpattan
Faisalaba#
La"ore
$-5Animals 44#5&5 :*) 5($&: $4)(&0 ):0:&5 0&0
)-$0Animals *#()&0 $0)"&0 *45 *:(&: (:")&*
4$)5&4
$$-"0
Animals (#(*&5 $55#&:
"(:$&
4 $$5#&0 $$($
"($)&
*"$ /A6ove 4*$* $$50&* 4$#&( "44&( 50) *(0&5
Total /*1,-.+ 0-0+.001,.
0 2-31.* *//0.*/*/.
-
"able I
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-ra$" ID:MLP!
Education Im$act *actor
-a'istan is a develo(ing country *ith a
lot many illiterate (eo(le; Illiteracy is the national
(roblem of -a'istan; -a'istan literacy rate is
nearly 54JG *here a literate (erson is defined asa one *ho can read *rite oneEs name; 51;J
farmers *ere illiterateB %;$J *ere (rimaryB
12;J *ere middleB 1;J *ere metric B 3;0J
*ere intermediate B 2;J *ere )raduatesB 1;3J
*ere masters; "he lac' of a*areness to various
ne* techni=uesB )ovt; incentivesB modern
management discoveries are the major
hindrances in bring our farmer to (resent
themselves as (rofitable livestoc' farmers;
)ovt; of -unjab has started various
e7tension (rograms to bring about availability of
significant im(ortant information; MoreoverB
e7tension *or'ers from various universities are
busy in (roviding media consciousness about
common diseases nutrition recommendations;
67
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=one>Level
Gu:ran;
ala
4"ak
kar
9e"lu
m
(akpat
tan
Faisala
ba# La"ore
? illiterate 50&5 5$ (0&: )0&4 4: )*&5
? primary (&" :&$ $5&4 $$ )&* $"&5
? mi##le $" $(&( $)&" $(&" $(&( *&5
? metric $#&4 $)&( ":&" #&4 ")&* $"&5?
interme#iate *&5 4&4 4&( $ 0&0 0&0?
Gra#uation 4&( 4&4 "&) $&( 4&4 0&0
? masters "&" $&5 "&) $ 0&0 0&0
"able I
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Major *indings
•
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breeding; "he -a'istan is rich in dairy
animals ie $0 million large ruminants
ma'ing im(ortant share of #griculture and
based in 0J rural (o(ulation of the
country; /ac' of mar'eting and su((ly
chain adulteration in dairy and meat
(roduction is another bottlenec' of develo(ment;
•
• "his survey brings for*ard the valued
findingsB that is im(roving breedB (er unit
out(ut of fodderB research in fodder =uality
im(rovementB modern conce(ts of housing
and technological (ac'age of (ractices
communicated u( to the farmers;
•
• "he (ro(ortion of small mil' (roducers is
=uite highB *hich hel( in em(loyment
generation; Increasing the (roductivity of
small holder should be ta'en as challengeB
to 'ee( rural urban migration balance;
•
• #nmol 8anda by the )ovt; of -unjab by its
/
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•
• .or crossbred animalsB (articularly *ith
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• )ovt farms need to act as demonstration
units for (ublic /ivestoc' breeders *hile
conserving the breeds;
•
Vet #ervices:
•
• -rovision of vetservices in "hal 6ainfed
area may be increasedB as livestoc' is
more im(ortant mil' yield other /ivestoc'
(roductions to a great e7tent; MoreoverB
local livestoc' fairsLmailaas should be
arranged in collaborating *ith /
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•
•
•
•
•
•
.eferences•
• &anvir !li9200$: # case study of mil'
(roduction and mar'eting by small and
medium scale contract farmers of
aleeb .oods /td;B -a'istan niversity
of #griculture B.aisalabad -a'istan;•
• Burki) !% !%) ?"anB M and +ariB .;
92005:; "he state of -a'istanEs dairyA
#n assessmentPB !M&6 8or'ing
-a(erB 0534B /MSA /ahore
•
• PI#D!12#!ID 9200$:; "he 8hite
6evolutionA Strategic -lan for the
-a'istan
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• Berdegue) 8% !%) -e((elenbosB /;
and +ienabeB &; 2005; 6egoverning
Mar'etsA Heys to Inclusion of Small
-roducers in
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
!$$endi,:
!A5(S•
# ?ame of respondent:@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
' Villa9e:@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ .e*: @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ $istrict: @@@@@@@@@
+ !amily Sie @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
2 (ducational status: %a Primary %b 5iddle %c 5etric %d Above 5etric
3 A9e: @@@@@@@@@@@@@ 7ears in $airy@@@@@@@@@@@
4 0and *oldin9:a Aoe 25 acres ////////////////////////////////////////////////
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12.54 to 25 acres//////////////////////////////////////////////
c ess t&an 12.5 acres//////////////////////////////////////////
d andless (;o land///////////////////////////////////////////
e ,enant /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
f and ent (per acre/////////////////////////////////////////
Animal
?um
ber
Value
Sold for
meat
purpose
s
$eat* >
losses
.otal
value
• attle • • • • • •
• -#ffalo • • • • • •
• -#ff
t&ers • • • • • •
B Ot*er type of /usiness@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
Stren9t* of livestoc6 maintained by t*e farmer
•
•
•
Purc*ase of Animals and ()uipments
•
-#ffalo lactatin or Adance //////////////////////////////////////////
• Prenant ;ili ai -#ffalo /////////////////////////////////////////////
• Ad#lt -#ffalo -#ll (;ili -reed /////////////////////////////////////
• &aff #tter ?it& ////////////////////////////////////////////////////
• )oldamatic ?ater p#mp ///////////////////////////////////////////////
• 'ron &ain ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
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• ane/ ope /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-#cet (%tain /less %teel /////////////////////////////////////////////
• il ans /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
Dial :ei&in %cale ////////////////////////////////////////////////
•
!i"ed Cost :
•
/uff in mil6DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
Cow in mil6DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
,nterest rate on t*e value of animal
$epreciation at E 3;
Cost of s*edDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
Cost of e)uipmentDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
$epreciation of s*ed and e)uipmentDDDDDDDDD
•
•
VA,A/0( COS.:
•
0abor Cost
•
!amily 0abor en9a9ed in a9ricultureDDDDDDmen
Fired labor en9a9ed in a9ricultureDDDDDDDDDmen
0abor *our spent on 0ivestoc6DDDDDDDDDD*our
Ga9es per labor per dayDsDDDDDDDDDDD
.otal labor spent on livestoc6 s
•
•
!O$$( COS.
•
• abi odder so?n and p#rc&ased@@@@@@@@@@@@
• =&arif odder so?n and p#rc&ased@@@@@@@@@@@..
• ate of fodder per [email protected]@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
•
Dry odder fed to animals@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
• al#e of dry fodder@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
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• ;o of -#ff. ///////// ////////////////// ///////////////////
/////////////
•
• ;o of o?s //./////// ////////////////// //////////////////// //////////////
•
Variable Cost:•
!odder $ry !odder Concentrate .ype of concentrate 0abor
•
• ///////// /////////////// //////////////// //////////////////////// ///////
0abor 5edicine (lecticity&power 5ortality Cost
•
----------- ------------- ------------------------ ---------------------------
•
5il6 Production per lactation:
•
• ateory period Aerae prod#ction per lactation
•
/uff: ------------ ----------------liter
Cattle: ------------ ----------------liter
•
• ,otal eef Animal soled ;o. /////////////////
• -eef animals sold on !id /////////////////
• attened animals sold /////////////////
• %pent animals sold /////////////////
• ,otal 'ncome eceied s. /////////////////
1oat> S*eep 0ivestoc6 Stren9t*
O/ /irt* Sold $eat* C/
• 1st
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•
•
!eedin9 Practices• ;at#ral )raBin on p#lic places>?n landfodderstal feedin
• odder land allocated /////////////////
• ent of t&e land /////////////////
• aor 'noled in armin ///////////////// men
• aor &o#rs spent on feedin ///////////////// &o#rs
• ,ype of %&ed /////////////////
• al#e of %&ed /////////////////
• Depreciation of %&ed /////////////////
• oncentrate fed d#rin t&e year /////////////////
• Diseases of animals Pne#moniadiarr&eapoCenterotoCaemia
• accination in Practice /////////////////
• accination ost /////////////////
• De?ormin cost /////////////////
•
.otal Cost
•
al#e of Animals eedin aor %&ed et oer
• ///////////////////// ////////// //////// //////////// /////////////
•
.otal ,ncome from Animals sold for mutton
• %old for reedin (ate per animal////////// ;o. sold////////
• Domestic ons#mption (ate per animal////////// ;o. sold////////
• #tton animals sold on !id (ate per animal////////// ;o. sold////////
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