Economy of Canada 1

Economy of Canada

Economy of Canada

Toronto, financial centre of Canada

Rank 11th (nominal) / 14th (PPP)

Currency Canadian dollar (CAD)

Fiscal year 1 April – 29 March

Trade organisations NAFTA, OECD, WTO and others

Statistics

GDP $1.825 trillion (2013 est.)

GDP growth 2.0% (2013 est.)

GDP per capita $51,989 (2013)(10th, nominal; 9th, PPP)

GDP by sector agriculture: 1.7%, industry: 28.5%, services: 69.8% (2012 est.)

Inflation (CPI) 1.2% (2013 est.)

Population below povertyline

9.4% (relative) (2008)

Gini coefficient 32.1 (2005)

Labour force 18.89 million (2012 est.)

Labour force byoccupation

agriculture: 2%, manufacturing: 13%, construction: 6%, services: 76%, other: 3% (2006 est.)

Unemployment 6.9% (March 2014)

Main industries transportation equipment, chemicals, processed and unprocessed minerals, food products, wood and paper products,fish products, petroleum and natural gas

Ease-of-doing-businessrank

17th

External

Economy of Canada 2

Exports $462.528 billion (2012)

Export goods motor vehicles and parts, industrial machinery, aircraft, telecommunications equipment; chemicals, plastics,fertilizers; wood pulp, timber, crude petroleum, natural gas, electricity, aluminum

Main export partners  United States 73.2%  EU 4.6%  UK 4.3%  China 4.3%  Germany 3.4%  Israel 3.1%

Imports $474.544 billion (2012)

Import goods machinery and equipment, motor vehicles and parts, crude oil, chemicals, electricity, durable consumer goods

Main import partners  United States 50.6%  China 11.0%  UK 6.2%  Japan 6.2%  Mexico 5.5%  South Korea 4.5% (2012 est.)

FDI stock $528.7 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

Gross external debt $1.326 trillion (31 December 2012)

Public finances

Public debt $582.2 billion CAD (2012) / 33.8% of GDP (2012 est.)

Budget deficit $18.9 billion CAD (Federal, 2012-13)[1]

Revenues $682.5 billion (2012 est.)[2]

Expenses $749.5 billion (2012 est.)

Economic aid $4.1 billion (donor) (2010)

Credit rating AAA (Domestic)AAA (Foreign)AAA (T&C Assessment)(Standard & Poor's)

Foreign reserves $65.82 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Main data source: CIA World Fact Book [3]

All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.

Canada has the eleventh or 14th-largest economy in the world (measured in US dollars at market exchange rates), isone of the world's wealthiest nations, and is a member of the Organization for Economic Co-operation andDevelopment (OECD) and Group of Seven (G7). As with other developed nations, the Canadian economy isdominated by the service industry, which employs about three quarters of Canadians. Canada is unusual amongdeveloped countries in the importance of the primary sector, with the logging and oil industries being two ofCanada's most important. Canada also has a sizable manufacturing sector, centred in Central Canada, with theautomobile industry and aircraft industry especially important. With a long coastal line, Canada has the 8th largestcommercial fishing and seafood industry in the world.[4] Canada is one of the global leaders of the entertainmentsoftware industry.[5]

Economy of Canada 3

Basic informationCanada has a private to public (Crown) property ratio of 60:40 and one of the highest levels of economic freedom inthe world. Today Canada closely resembles the U.S. in its market-oriented economic system and pattern ofproduction. As of February 2013, Canada's national unemployment rate stood at 7.0%, as the economy continues itsrecovery from the effects of the 2007-2010 global financial crisis. In May 2010, provincial unemployment ratesvaried from a low of 5.0% in Saskatchewan to a high of 13.8% in Newfoundland and Labrador. According to theForbes Global 2000 list of the world's largest companies in 2008, Canada had 69 companies in the list, ranking 5thnext to France.International trade makes up a large part of the Canadian economy, particularly of its natural resources. In 2009,agricultural, energy, forestry and mining exports accounted for about 58% of Canada's total exports. Machinery,equipment, automotive products and other manufactures accounted for a further 38% of exports in 2009. In 2009,exports accounted for approximately 30% of Canada's GDP. The United States is by far its largest trading partner,accounting for about 73% of exports and 63% of imports as of 2009. Canada's combined exports and imports ranked8th among all nations in 2006.[6]

These primary industries are increasingly becoming less important to the overall economy. Only some 4% ofCanadians are employed in these fields, and they account for 6.2% of GDP. They are still paramount in many partsof the country. Many, if not most, towns in northern Canada, where agriculture is difficult, exist because of a nearbymine or source of timber. Canada is a world leader in the production of many natural resources such as gold, nickel,uranium, diamonds, lead, and in recent years, crude petroleum, which, with the world's second-largest oil reserves, istaking an increasing prominent position in natural resources extraction. Several of Canada's largest companies arebased in natural resource industries, such as EnCana, Cameco, Goldcorp, and Barrick Gold. The vast majority ofthese products are exported, mainly to the United States. There are also many secondary and service industries thatare directly linked to primary ones. For instance one of Canada's largest manufacturing industries is the pulp andpaper sector, which is directly linked to the logging industry.The reliance on natural resources has several effects on the Canadian economy and Canadian society. Whilemanufacturing and service industries are easy to standardize, natural resources vary greatly by region. This ensuresthat differing economic structures developed in each region of Canada, contributing to Canada's strong regionalism.At the same time the vast majority of these resources are exported, integrating Canada closely into the internationaleconomy. Howlett and Ramesh argue that the inherent instability of such industries also contributes to greatergovernment intervention in the economy, to reduce the social impact of market changes.[7]

Such industries also raise important questions of sustainability. Despite many decades as a leading producer, there islittle risk of depletion. Large discoveries continue to be made, such as the massive nickel find at Voisey's Bay.Moreover the far north remains largely undeveloped as producers await higher prices or new technologies as manyoperations in this region are not yet cost effective. In recent decades Canadians have become less willing to acceptthe environmental destruction associated with exploiting natural resources. High wages and Aboriginal land claimshave also curbed expansion. Instead many Canadian companies have focused their exploration, exploitation andexpansion activities overseas where prices are lower and governments more amendable. Canadian companies areincreasingly playing important roles in Latin America, Southeast Asia, and Africa.The depletion of renewable resources has raised concerns in recent years. After decades of escalating overutilizationthe cod fishery all but collapsed in the 1990s, and the Pacific salmon industry also suffered greatly. The loggingindustry, after many years of activism, has in recent years moved to a more sustainable model, or to other countries.

Economy of Canada 4

Province Unemployment rate(seasonally adjusted as of October 2013)

Newfoundland and Labrador 10.4

Prince Edward Island 11.0

Nova Scotia 8.6

New Brunswick 10.7

Quebec 7.6

Ontario 7.3

Manitoba 5.5

Saskatchewan 4.3

Alberta 4.3

British Columbia 6.7

Canada (national) 6.9

Measuring ProductivityProductivity measures are key indicators of economic performance and a key source of economic growth andcompetitiveness. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)[8] The OECDCompendium of Productivity Indicators, published annually, presents a broad overview of productivity levels andgrowth in member nations, highlighting key measurement issues. It analyses the role of "productivity as the maindriver of economic growth and convergence" and the "contributions of labour, capital and MFP in driving economicgrowth."[] According to the definition above “MFP is often interpreted as the contribution to economic growth madeby factors such as technical and organisational innovation” (OECD 2008,11). Measures of productivity include GrossDomestic Product (GDP)(OECD 2008,11) and Multifactor Productivity (MFP).

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)The OECD provides data for example comparing labour productivity levels in the total economy of each membernation. In their 2011 report Canada's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was $CDN 1,720,748 million.

Multifactor productivity (MFP)Another productivity measure, used by the OECD, is the long-term trend in multifactor productivity (MFP) alsoknown as total factor productivity (TFP). This indicator assesses an economy’s "underlying productive capacity(“potential output”), itself an important measure of the growth possibilities of economies and of inflationarypressures." MFP measures the residual growth that cannot be explained by the rate of change in the services oflabour, capital and intermediate outputs, and is often interpreted as the contribution to economic growth made byfactors such as technical and organisational innovation. (OECD 2008,11)According to the OECD's annual economic survey of Canada in June 2012, Canada has experienced weak growth ofmulti-factor productivity (MFP) and has been declining further since 2002. One of the ways MFP growth is raised isby boosting innovation and Canada's innovation indicators such as business R&D and patenting rates were poor.Raising MFP growth, is "needed to sustain rising living standards, especially as the population ages."

Economy of Canada 5

Central Government DebtThe OECD reports the Central Government Debt as percentage of the GDP. In 2000 Canada's was 40.9 percent, in2007 it was 25.2 percent, in 2008 it was 28.6 percent and by 2010 it was 36.1 percent. The OECD reports netfinancial liabilities measure used by the OECD, reports the net number at 25.2%, as of 2008, making Canada’s totalgovernment debt burden as the lowest in the G8. The gross number was 68%.The CIA World Factbook, updated weekly, measures financial liabilities by using gross general government debt, asopposed to net federal debt used by the OECD and the Canadian federal government. Gross general government debtincludes both "intragovernmental debt and the debt of public entities at the sub-national level." For example, the CIAmeasured Canada's public debt as 84.1% of GDP in 2012 and 87.4% of GDP in 2011 making it 22nd in the world.

Household DebtHousehold debt, the amount of money that all adults in the household owe financial institutions, includes consumerdebt and mortgage loans. Paul Krugman argued that by 2007 household debt in the United States, prior to thefinancial crisis, had reached 130 percent of household income. Krugman distinguished between the total domesticnon-financial debt (public plus private) relative to GDP which is "money we owe to ourselves" and net foreign debt.Statistics Canada reported in March 2013 that "credit-market debt such as mortgages rose to 165% of disposableincome, compared with 164.7% in the prior three-month period." According to the IMF, "Housing-related debt(mortgages) comprises about 70 percent of gross household debt in advanced economies. The remainder consistsmainly of credit card debt and auto loans."

Key industriesThe Canadian economy in 2012, composed of the industries below, had a relative weighting by value of GDP:•• 12.34 Real estate and rental and leasing•• 10.86 Manufacturing•• 07.96 Mining quarrying and oil or gas extraction•• 07.03 Health care and social assistance•• 06.90 Public administration•• 06.55 Finance and insurance•• 05.41 Wholesale trade•• 05.41 Retail trade•• 05.38 Educational services•• 05.21 Professional scientific and technical services•• 04.20 Transportation and warehousing•• 03.31 Information and cultural industries•• 02.58 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services•• 02.46 Utilities•• 02.10 Accommodation and food services•• 02.04 Other services (except public administration)•• 01.59 Agriculture forestry fishing and hunting•• 00.76 Management of companies and enterprises•• 00.75 Arts entertainment and recreation

Economy of Canada 6

Service sector

The Toronto-Dominion Centre inToronto

The service sector in Canada is vast and multifaceted, employing about threequarters of Canadians and accounting for 78% of GDP. The largest employer isthe retail sector, employing almost 12% of Canadians.[9] The retail industry ismainly concentrated in a small number of chain stores clustered together inshopping malls. In recent years, there has been an increase in the number ofbig-box stores, such as Wal-Mart (of the United States) and Future Shop (asubsidiary of the US based Best Buy) and Zellers (since most of their leases havebeen purchased by Target). This has led to fewer workers in this sector and amigration of retail jobs to the suburbs.

The second largest portion of the service sector is the business services,employing only a slightly smaller percentage of the population. This includes thefinancial services, real estate, and communications industries. This portion of theeconomy has been rapidly growing in recent years. It is largely concentrated inthe major urban centres, especially Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver (see

Banking in Canada).

The education and health sectors are two of Canada's largest, but both are largely under the purview of thegovernment. The health care industry has been quickly growing, and is the third largest in Canada. Its rapid growthhas led to problems for governments who must find money to fund it.Canada has an important high tech industry, and a burgeoning film, television, and entertainment industry creatingcontent for local and international consumption (see Media in Canada). Tourism is of ever increasing importance,with the vast majority of international visitors coming from the United States. Though the recent strength of theCanadian Dollar has hurt this sector, other nations such as China have increased tourism to Canada. Casino gamingis currently the fastest-growing component of the Canadian tourism industry, contributing $5 billion in profits forCanadian governments and employing 41,000 Canadians as of 2001.

Manufacturing

Bombardier Aerospace is the 3rd largestmanufacturer of commercial aircraft in the world.

Pictured here is a CRJ-900 airplane ofScandinavian Airlines (OY-KFA) built in Canada

The general pattern of development for wealthy nations was atransition from a primary industry based economy to a manufacturingbased one, and then to a service based economy. Canada did not escapethis pattern - at its (abnormally high World War II) peak in 1944,manufacturing accounted for 29% of GDP, declining to 15.6% in 2005.Canada has not suffered as greatly as most other rich, industrializednations from the pains of the relative decline in the importance ofmanufacturing since the 1960s. A 2009 study by Statistics Canada alsofound that, while manufacturing

Economy of Canada 7

Canada Export Treemap by Product (2012) from Harvard Atlas of Economic Complexity[10]

declined as a relative percentage ofGDP from 24.3% in the 1960s to15.6% in 2005, manufacturingvolumes between 1961 and 2005 keptpace with the overall growth in thevolume index of GDP. Manufacturingin Canada was especially hard hit bythe 2007-2010 global financial crisis.As of 2010, manufacturing accountsfor 13% of Canada's GDP, a relativedecline of more than 2% of GDP since2005.

Central Canada is home to branchplants to all the major American andJapanese automobile makers and manyparts factories owned by Canadianfirms such as Magna International and Linamar Corporation. Central Canada today produces more vehicles eachyear than the neighbouring U.S. state of Michigan, the heart of the American automobile industry. Manufacturershave been attracted to Canada due to the highly educated population with lower labour costs than the UnitedStates.Wikipedia:Citation needed Canada's publicly funded health care system is also an important attraction, ascompanies are exempt from the high health insurance costs US firms pay, though they are offset by corporate healthcare taxes.

Much of the Canadian manufacturing industry consists of branch plants of United States firms, though there aresome important domestic manufacturers, such as Bombardier Inc.. This has raised several concerns for Canadians.Branch plants provide mainly blue collar jobs, with research and executive positions confined to the UnitedStates.Wikipedia:Citation needed

EnergySee also: Petroleum production in Canada

Nodding donkey pumping an oil well near Sarnia,Ontario

Canada is one of the few developed nations that is a net exporter ofenergy - in 2009 net exports of energy products amounted to 2.9% ofGDP. Most important are the large oil and gas resources centred inAlberta and the Northern Territories, but also present in neighbouringBritish Columbia and Saskatchewan. The vast Athabasca Oil Sandsgive Canada the world's third largest reserves of oil after Saudi Arabiaand Venezuela according to USGS. In British Columbia and Quebec,as well as Ontario, Saskatchewan, Manitoba and the Labrador region,hydroelectric power is an inexpensive and relatively environmentallyfriendly source of abundant energy. In part because of this, Canada isalso one of the world's highest per capita consumers of energy.[11] Cheap energy has enabled the creation of severalimportant industries, such as the large aluminium industries in British Columbia and Quebec.

Historically, an important issue in Canadian politics is the interplay between the oil and energy industry in WesternCanada and the industrial heartland of Southern Ontario. Foreign investment in Western oil projects has fueled

Canada's rising dollar. This has raised the price of Ontario's manufacturing exports and made them less competitive, a problem similar to the decline of the manufacturing sector in the Netherlands. Also, Ontario has relatively fewer

Economy of Canada 8

native sources of power. However, it is cheaper for Alberta to ship its oil to the western United States than to easternCanada. The eastern Canadian ports thus import significant quantities of oil from overseas, and Ontario makessignificant use of nuclear power.Wikipedia:Citation neededThe National Energy Policy of the early 1980s attempted to force Alberta to sell low priced oil to eastern Canada.This policy proved deeply divisive, and quickly lost its importance as oil prices collapsed in the mid-1980s. One ofthe most controversial sections of the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement of 1988 was a promise thatCanada would never charge the United States more for energy than fellow Canadians.

AgricultureMain article: Agriculture in Canada

An inland grain terminal in Alberta

Canada is also one of the world's largest suppliers of agriculturalproducts, particularly of wheat and other grains. Canada is a majorexporter of agricultural products, to the United States and Asia. Aswith all other developed nations the proportion of the population andGDP devoted to agriculture fell dramatically over the 20th century.As with other developed nations, the Canadian agriculture industryreceives significant government subsidies and supports. However,Canada has been a strong supporter of reducing market influencingsubsidies through the World Trade Organization. In 2000, Canadaspent approximately CDN$4.6 billion on supports for the industry. Ofthis, $2.32 billion was classified under the WTO designation of "greenbox" support, meaning it did not directly influence the market, such as money for research or disaster relief. All but$848.2 million were subsidies worth less than 5% of the value of the crops they were provided for.

Political issues

Part of a series on the

Economy of CanadaEconomic history of Canada

•• Banking history•• Petroleum history•• Energy policy of Canada•• Canadian dollar

Sectors

Economy of Canada 9

Primary sector•• Agriculture•• Energy

•• Petroleum•• Electricity

•• Fishing•• Forestry

Secondary sector• Automotives•• Aerospace

Tertiary sector•• Social programs•• Transportation•• Tourism

Finance•• Central Bank•• Banking in Canada•• Stock exchanges

Companies

•• Companies listed on the TSX

Economy by province

•• Alberta•• Ontario•• Quebec•• Saskatchewan•• more...

Economy by city

•• Montreal•• Toronto•• Vancouver•• more...

•• v•• t• e [12]

Economy of Canada 10

Relations with the U.S.Main article: Canada–United States trade relationsCanada and the United States share a common trading relationship. Canada's job market continues to perform wellalong with the US, reaching a 30 year low in the unemployment rate in December 2006, following 14 consecutiveyears of employment growth.

Flags of Canada and the United States

The United States is by far Canada's largest trading partner, with morethan $1.7 [13] billion CAD in trade per day in 2005. In 2009 9001% ofCanada's exports went to the United States, and 420% of Canada'simports were from the United States. Trade with Canada makes up23% of the United States' exports and 17% of its imports. Bycomparison, in 2005 this was more than U.S. trade with all countries inthe European Union combined, and well over twice U.S. trade with allthe countries of Latin America combined. Just the two-way trade thatcrosses the Ambassador Bridge between Michigan and Ontario equalsall U.S. exports to Japan. Canada's importance to the United States isnot just a border-state phenomenon: Canada is the leading exportmarket for 35 of 50 U.S. states, and is the United States' largest foreignsupplier of energy.

Bilateral trade increased by 52% between 1989, when the U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement (FTA) went intoeffect, and 1994, when the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) superseded it.Wikipedia:Citationneeded Trade has since increased by 40%. NAFTA continues the FTA's moves toward reducing trade barriers andestablishing agreed-upon trade rules. It also resolves some long-standing bilateral irritants and liberalizes rules inseveral areas, including agriculture, services, energy, financial services, investment, and government procurement.NAFTA forms the largest trading area in the world, embracing the 405 million people of the three North Americancountries.

The largest component of U.S.-Canada trade is in the commodity sector.The U.S. is Canada's largest agricultural export market, taking well over half of all Canadian food exports.[14]

Similarly, Canada is the largest market for U.S. agricultural goods, with nearly 20% of American food exports goingto its northern neighbour.Wikipedia:Citation needed Nearly two-thirds of Canada's forest products, including pulpand paper, are exported to the United States; 72% of Canada's total newsprint production also is exported to the U.S.At $73.6 [15] billion in 2004, U.S.-Canada trade in energy is the largest U.S. energy trading relationship, with theoverwhelming majority ($66.7 billion) being exports from Canada. The primary components of U.S. energy tradewith Canada are petroleum, natural gas, and electricity. Canada is the United States' largest oil supplier and thefifth-largest energy producing country in the world. Canada provides about 16% of U.S. oil imports and 14% of totalU.S. consumption of natural gas. The United States and Canada's national electricity grids are linked, and bothcountries share hydropower facilities on the western borders.While most of U.S.-Canada trade flows smoothly, there are occasionally bilateral trade disputes, particularly in the agricultural and cultural fields.Wikipedia:Citation needed Usually these issues are resolved through bilateral consultative forums or referral to World Trade Organization (WTO) or NAFTA dispute resolution.Wikipedia:Citation needed In May 1999, the U.S. and Canadian governments negotiated an agreement on magazines that provides increased access for the U.S. publishing industry to the Canadian market. The United States and Canada also have resolved several major issues involving fisheries. By common agreement, the two countries submitted a Gulf of Maine boundary dispute to the International Court of Justice in 1981; both accepted the court's 12 October 1984 ruling which demarcated the territorial sea boundary. A current issue between the United States and Canada is the ongoing softwood lumber dispute, as the U.S. alleges that Canada unfairly subsidizes its forestry

Economy of Canada 11

industry.Wikipedia:Citation neededIn 1990, the United States and Canada signed a bilateral Fisheries Enforcement Agreement, which has served todeter illegal fishing activity and reduce the risk of injury during fisheries enforcement incidents. The U.S. andCanada signed a Pacific Salmon Agreement in June 1999 that settled differences over implementation of the 1985Pacific Salmon Treaty for the next decade.Wikipedia:Citation neededCanada and the United States signed an aviation agreement during Bill Clinton's visit to Canada in February 1995,and air traffic between the two countries has increased dramatically as a result. The two countries also share inoperation of the St. Lawrence Seaway, connecting the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean.The U.S. is Canada's largest foreign investor and the most popular destination for Canadian foreign investments; atthe end of 2007, the stock of U.S. direct investment in Canada was estimated at $293 billion, while Canadian directinvestment (stock) in the United States was valued at $213 billion. U.S. FDI accounts for 59.5% of total foreigndirect investment in Canada while Canadian FDI in the U.S. accounts for 10% (5th largest foreign investor). USinvestments are primarily directed at Canada's mining and smelting industries, petroleum, chemicals, themanufacture of machinery and transportation equipment, and finance, while Canadian investment in the UnitedStates is concentrated in manufacturing, wholesale trade, real estate, petroleum, finance, and insurance and otherservices.

Free Trade Agreements(source:)• Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement (Signed 12-Oct-1987, entered into force 01-Jan-1989, later superseded by

NAFTA)• North American Free Trade Agreement (Entered into force 01-Jan-1994, includes Canada, U.S. and Mexico)• Canada-Israel Free Trade Agreement (Entered into force 01-Jan-1997, modernization ongoing)• Canada-Chile Free Trade Agreement (Entered into force 05-Jul-1997)• Canada-Costa Rica Free Trade Agreement (Entered into force 01-Nov-2002, modernization ongoing)• Canada-European Free Trade Association Free Trade Agreement (Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and

Liechtenstein; entered into force 01-Jul-2009)• Canada-Peru Free Trade Agreement (Entered into force 01-Aug-2009)• Canada-Colombia Free Trade Agreement (Signed 21-Nov-2008, entered into force 15-Aug-2011; Canada's

ratification of this FTA had been dependent upon Colombia's ratification of the "Agreement Concerning AnnualReports on Human Rights and Free Trade Between Canada and the Republic of Colombia" signed on27-May-2010)

• Canada-Jordan Free Trade Agreement (Signed on 28-June-2009, entered into force 01-Oct-2012)• Canada-Panama Free Trade Agreement (Signed on 14-May-2010, entered into force 01-April-2013)

Economy of Canada 12

Nations that have Free Trade Agreements with Canada are in dark blue, nations innegotiations are in cyan. Canada is green. (As of July 2009)

Canada is negotiating bilateral FTAswith the following countries and tradeblocs:•• Ukraine•• Morocco•• India•• South Korea•• Dominican Republic•• Singapore• Andean Community (FTA's are

already in force with Peru andColombia)

• CARICOM (Caribbean Community)•• European Union•• Japan•• ChinaCanada has been involved in negotiations to create the following regional trade blocks:•• Canada-Central American Free Trade Agreement• Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA)

Notes[1] Fin.gc.ca (http:/ / www. fin. gc. ca/ afr-rfa/ 2011/ report-rapport-eng. asp) Annual Financial Report of the Government of Canada Fiscal Year

2010–2011[2] https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ geos/ ca. html[3] https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ geos/ ca. html[4] http:/ / www. apcfnc. ca/ en/ fisheries/ resources/

Aboriginal%20Fisheries%20in%20Canada%20-%20Overview%20-Canadian%20Market%20Trends%20-%20David%20Millette. pdf[5] http:/ / www. theesa. ca/ wp-content/ uploads/ 2011/ 08/ SECOR_ESAC_report_eng_2011. pdf[6] Canada's Private to Public (Crown) Property Ratio is 60:40.2006 exports/imports[7] Howlett, Michael and M. Ramesh. Political Economy of Canada: An Introduction. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1992.[8][8] The OECD produces an annual report on member nations who share the goal of "contributing to the development of the world economy" by

attaining the "highest sustainable economic growth and employment and a rising standard of living while maintaining financial stability."[9] Wallace, Iain, A Geography of the Canadian Economy. Don Mills: Oxford University Press, 2002.[10] http:/ / atlas. cid. harvard. edu/ explore/ tree_map/ export/ can/ all/ show/ 2012/[11] Environment Canada - Energy Consumption (http:/ / www. ec. gc. ca/ soer-ree/ English/ Indicators/ Issues/ Energy/ Bulletin/ ec_iss_e. cfm)[12] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=Template:Economy_of_Canada& action=edit[13] http:/ / www40. statcan. ca/ l01/ cst01/ gblec02a. htm[14] Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada / Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada (http:/ / ats. agr. ca/ stats/ 4141_e. pdf)[15] http:/ / www. nrcan. gc. ca/ statistics/ energy/ default. html

Economy of Canada 13

References

Bibliography• Howlett, Michael and M. Ramesh. Political Economy of Canada: An Introduction. Toronto: McClelland and

Stewart, 1992.• Wallace, Iain, A Geography of the Canadian Economy. Don Mills: Oxford University Press, 2002.

Further readingMain article: Bibliography of Canadian economic history• "OECD Economic Surveys: Canada 2010" (http:/ / books. google. ca/ books?id=tvLuZ2iQAqkC&

printsec=frontcover& dq=OECD+ economic+ survey. + Canada"+ 2010#v=onepage& q& f=true), Organizaciónpara la Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos (Paris : OECD economic surveys), 2010,ISBN 978-92-64-08325-7

• Baldwin, John Russel (2003), Innovation and knowledge creation in an open economy (http:/ / books. google. ca/books?id=4V9Xx-6B2ZIC& lpg=PA1& dq=nel. Innovation and Knowledge Creation in an Open Economy:Canadian Industry and International Implications& lr& pg=PP1#v=onepage& q& f=true), Cambridge UniversityPress, ISBN 0-521-81086-8

• Easterbrook, William Thoma; Aitken, Hugh G. J (1988). Canadian economic history (http:/ / books. google. ca/books?id=QjmE2bSRzEUC& lpg=PP1& dq=Economic History of Canada& pg=PP1#v=onepage& q& f=true).University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-6696-8.

• Hessing, Melody; Michael Howlett, Tracy Summerville (2005), Canadian natural resource and environmentalpolicy (http:/ / books. google. ca/ books?id=_qHF160KzwgC& lpg=PP1& dq=Canadian Economy&pg=PP1#v=onepage& q& f=true), UBC Press

• Kealey, Gregory S (1995), Workers and Canadian history (http:/ / books. google. ca/books?id=RGnUhCZAW9MC& lpg=PA159& dq=The History of Canadian Business& pg=PP1#v=onepage& q&f=true), McGill-Queen's University Press, ISBN 0-7735-1352-3

• Levi, Michael A (2009), The Canadian oil sands : energy security vs. climate change (http:/ / books. google. ca/books?id=cj2wJGhT-2QC& lpg=PP1& dq=Oil sands& pg=PP1#v=onepage& q& f=true), Council on ForeignRelations, Center for Geoeconomic Studies, ISBN 978-0-87609-429-7

• Lipsey, Richard G; Alice Nakamura, Canada. Industry Canada (2006), Services industries and theknowledge-based economy (http:/ / books. google. ca/ books?id=_0-jUlslCOgC& lpg=PA266& dq=CanadianEconomy& pg=PP1#v=onepage& q& f=true), University of Calgary Press, ISBN 1-55238-149-8

• Pomfret, Richard (1981 revised-2005), The Economic Development of Canada (http:/ / books. google. ca/books?id=tYCexdAOLi0C& lpg=PR7& dq=Canadian Economy& pg=PP1#v=onepage& q& f=true), Routledge,ISBN 978-0-415-37976-2

• Quarter, Jack; Laurie Mook, Ann Armstrong (2009), Understanding the Social Economy: A CanadianPerspective (http:/ / books. google. ca/ books?id=QGbaI3ilv2sC& lpg=PP1& dq=Canadian Economy&pg=PP1#v=onepage& q& f=true), University of Toronto Press, ISBN 978-0-8020-9695-1

• Tavidze, Albert (2007), Progress in Economics Research, Volume 12 (http:/ / books. google. ca/books?id=hWv3ZvmesVoC& lpg=PA3& dq=Canadian Economy& pg=PP1#v=onepage& q& f=true), GardnersBooks, ISBN 978-1-60021-720-3

Economy of Canada 14

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Economy of Canada.

• Economic indicators (http:/ / www. statcan. gc. ca/ dai-quo/ economic_indicators-indicateurs_economiques-eng.htm) - Statistics Canada

• List of Economic Surveys of Canada 1961-present (http:/ / www. oecd-ilibrary. org/ economics/oecd-economic-surveys-canada_19990081) - (OECD)

• Canada Economy 2011 (http:/ / www. theodora. com/ wfbcurrent/ canada/ canada_economy. html) – CIA WorldFactbook

• Comprehensive current and historical economic data (http:/ / www. quandl. com/ canada)• World Bank Canada 2012 Trade Summary Statistics (http:/ / wits. worldbank. org/ CountryProfile/ Country/

CAN/ Year/ 2012/ Summary)• Economy of Canada: data, national statistics, data visualizations - World Data Atlas (http:/ / knoema. com/ atlas/

Canada/ topics/ Economy/ )•  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the CIA World Factbook.

Article Sources and Contributors 15

Article Sources and ContributorsEconomy of Canada  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=618398908  Contributors: 0219631, 123chess456, Achmad Fahri, Adashiel, AddZack, Adnan bogi, Adrey,Afhaalchinees, Ahoerstemeier, Aircraftboy, Aitias, Akanemoto, Akerans, Alansohn, AlexPlank, Alfirin, Alhutch, Allens, Alpha Quadrant (alt), Alphatwo, Alxndr, Andy M. Wang, AndyMarchbanks, Anhydrobiosis, Anwar saadat, Anwynd, Asenine, Astator, Asws, Atif.t2, Australian cowboy, Azertopius, BarretB, Bates420, Batesj420, Beagel, Bearcat, Beland, Benscripps, Berkut,Bgwhite, Bihco, BilCat, Bjr789, Bkonrad, Blanchardb, Bobblewik, Bobo159, Bobo192, Boing! said Zebedee, Bouchardma, BrendelSignature, Bro(sv), Bruguiea, Brutaldeluxe, Cadiomals, Cahk,Caltas, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Canationalist, Captain-n00dle, Casull, Cchow2, Cenarium, Chacault, Charles Matthews, Chealer, Chivista, ChrisDok, Church, CitizenElliot, Ckatz,Codydodd, Cogiati, Colonel Cow, Computerjoe, Conversion script, CooldogCongo, Cooljuno411, Cubs Fan, Cyde, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Damicatz, Dandv, Deetdeet, Depor23, DexDor, DifuWu, Dimethyl, Discospinster, Dismas, Draeco, Dzlife, Dúnadan, E Pluribus Anthony, E2eamon, ESkog, Eastlaw, Edddddddie, Edward, Ember of Light, Enric Naval, Enviroboy, Epbr123,Epipelagic, Erik9, Esn, Eug.galeotti, EuroCarGT, EvanDiBiase, Excirial, Falcon8765, Finavon, Finley, Flyer22, Fnorp, Foxj, FrankCostanza, Frietjes, GVnayR, Gadfium, Gamerider,Gangstaactlikereal, Gary, Generalboss3, Gilliam, Ginsuloft, Gopher65, Grafen, Grantsky, Green Giant, Gregalton, Grmike, Gurch, Gurubrahma, Guyfrombronx, Gzuniga, HIDECCHI001, Hadal,HamburgerRadio, Hashimzia, Haymaker, Headbomb, HistoryBA, Hmains, Holod, Hoogreg, Hottratts, Hu12, I dont know is it, Ices2Csharp, Ikescs, Indon, IndulgentReader, Ino5hiro, Instinct,Into The Fray, Iridescent, Iselilja, Ixfd64, J.delanoy, JDubman, JQF, JRFraser, Jackfork, Jackol, Jake Nelson, Jay-Sebastos, Jcmenal, Jdboone21, Jeffrd10, Jekjc, Jellabob, Jeremyburkhart,Jerryseinfeld, Jgwest, Jj137, Jnb845, John Frink, John of Reading, John21Allen, Johnt9000, Jojo11111, Joolz, Jordo72, Joseph Solis in Australia, Jusdafax, K.d.stauffer, K6ka, Kelisi, KenGallager, Kevlar67, Khazar2, Kimchi.sg, Kinaro, Kkm010, Klilidiplomus, KnightRider, Kortaggio, KoshVorlon, Kralizec!, Kuchiguchi, Kuru, Kyle7893m, Laslovarga, Leszek Jańczuk, Lia 08,Little Mountain 5, Lneal001, Logandibble, Loisel, Luigizanasi, M-le-mot-dit, M@sk, Madkayaker, Magioladitis, Manway, Marek69, Martarius, Martin.vrecko, Materialscientist, Mathieugp,Matthew Samuel Spurrell, Maurice Flesier, Mav, Mboverload, Micahsicotte, Mindmatrix, Montrealais, MortyLightwood, Moxy, Mr. Absurd, Mr. Wheely Guy, MrSomeone, Munci,MusikAnimal, Mynameiscurtis, N5iln, Ndenison, NellieBly, Neptune5000, New4325, Nick Roberts, Nikai, Nirvana888, NorthernThunder, Nsaa, OBILI, Oceanflynn, OldRight, Olga sdn,Oliverdl, Orange Suede Sofa, Oreo Priest, Ottawakismet, Oxymoron83, Pasd, PaulHanson, Pepper, PeregrineAY, Pharaoh of the Wizards, Phileas, Pietrow, Pifiu, Pikiwyn, Pinethicket, Piotrus,Pmbcomm, Politicslvr, Postfurtradecanadian, Pparazorback, Psheppard84, Quadell, Qwyrxian, Rada, Raymondwinn, Reconsider the static, RedWolf, Redrose64, RexNL, Rgoodermote, RichFarmbrough, Riyehn, RoadTrain, Roadwarrior52, Rom1sub, Ronhjones, RoyBoy, Rrburke, Rudykruger, Rukaribe, Ruy Pugliesi, SD6-Agent, SNIyer12, ST47, Sajeewashaluka, Sakura Harris,Samaritan, Sardanaphalus, Sarfa, Satori Son, Sawback, SchmuckyTheCat, Scoops, Seblini, Seventeensquared, Shadowdude18, Shadowfax0, Shanethe13, Shirik, Shlomke, Sholmberg82,Siddheshk, SimonP, SkyMachine, Smalljim, Snow Blizzard, Somedifferentstuff, Southernwolfie, Spitfire19, Spookane, Ssbbplayer, Steam5, Stephen Gilbert, Stewacide, Sudbury P, Sunray,Superbeatles, Supergloom, SweetNightmares, TastyCakes, Teryx, The Illusive Man, The Interior, The Thing That Should Not Be, The Tom, The hub, Thelastoffew, Themepark, Theonlyedge,Therese1, Thingg, Thirty-seven, Thomas888b, Tide rolls, Tombohdal, Toy111, Tpbradbury, Treemapper, Treisijs, Tv316, Twhanna, Urhixidur, Uris, Utcursch, Vanished user 342562,VasilievVV, Vega84, Virtualsim, Vrenator, Walter Görlitz, Warsilver, Westendgirl, Widr, Wikikiki66, Wikipelli, Win.monroe, Woohookitty, Xendel, Yuyudevil, Zadcat, Zannah, Zegoma beach,Zzuuzz, 822 ,زرشک anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:City of lights.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:City_of_lights.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: paul (dex) from TorontoFile:Flag of the United States.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnomieFile:Flag of Europe.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Europe.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Verdy p, User:-xfi-, User:Paddu,User:Nightstallion, User:Funakoshi, User:Jeltz, User:Dbenbenn, User:Zscout370File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Anomie, GoodOlfactory, MSGJ, MifterFile:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:Drawn by User:SKopp, redrawn by User:Denelson83 and User:Zscout370 Recode by cs:User:-xfi- (code), User:Shizhao (colors)File:Flag of Germany.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Germany.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnomieFile:Flag of Israel.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Israel.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: “The Provisional Council of State Proclamation of theFlag of the State of Israel” of 25 Tishrei 5709 (28 October 1948) provides the official specification for the design of the Israeli flag. The color of the Magen David and the stripes of the Israeli flagis not precisely specified by the above legislation. The color depicted in the current version of the image is typical of flags used in Israel today, although individual flags can and do vary. The flaglegislation officially specifies dimensions of 220 cm × 160 cm. However, the sizes of actual flags vary (although the aspect ratio is usually retained).File:Flag of Japan.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Japan.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnomieFile:Flag of Mexico.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Mexico.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Alex Covarrubias, 9 April 2006 Based on the armsby Juan Gabino.File:Flag of South Korea.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_South_Korea.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: VariousFile:Flag of Newfoundland and Labrador.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: RobertCrosbieFile:Flag of Prince Edward Island.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:User:E_Pluribus_AnthonyFile:Flag of Nova Scotia.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Unknown (first version of this particularimage, as uploaded 8 February 2006).Some modifications by Zscout370.File:Flag of New Brunswick.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Drawn and adapted by E PluribusAnthony from and in accordance with above noted website.File:Flag of Quebec.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Quebec.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Government of Quebec (Vector graphics image byKrun)File:Flag of Ontario.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Ontario.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Bosonic dressing, Dancingwombatsrule, DavidNewton, Dbenbenn, Denelson83, Duduziq, E Pluribus Anthony, Fry1989, Homo lupus, Io Katai, Jkelly, Kooma, Mindmatrix, Mpdimitroff, RTCNCA, Skeezix1000, Telim tor, UpstateNYer,WhisperToMe, Zscout370, 8 anonymous editsFile:Flag of Manitoba.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Manitoba.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: James LeighFile:Flag of Saskatchewan.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Cycn, Duduziq, Fry1989, Homo lupus,Kooma, Kurykh, Makaristos, Mattes, Meno25, Multichill, Skeezix1000, Óðinn, 7 anonymous editsFile:Flag of Alberta.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Alberta.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:KoomaFile:Flag of British Columbia.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: specification sheets byChristopher Southworth, -xfi-'s source codeFile:Flag of Canada.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Canada.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnomieImage:TD Centre View from Yonge and King.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:TD_Centre_View_from_Yonge_and_King.JPG  License: GNU Free DocumentationLicense  Contributors: Original uploader was SimonP at en.wikipediaFile:Crj900-sas.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Crj900-sas.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: RriemannFile:Canada_Products_Export_Treemap_2012.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Canada_Products_Export_Treemap_2012.png  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: User:Rom1subImage:Oil well3419.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Oil_well3419.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Helix84, Knutux, Ranveig, Solon,Themightyquill, Verne EquinoxImage:Alberta modern cement grain elevator 034 cropped.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Alberta_modern_cement_grain_elevator_034_cropped.jpg  License:GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Original uploader was SimonP at en.wikipediaImage:Flags-of-usa-and-canada.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flags-of-usa-and-canada.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Makaristos

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 16

Image:Canada FTAs.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Canada_FTAs.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader was Canationalist at en.wikipediaImage:Commons-logo.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Commons-logo.svg  License: logo  Contributors: AnomieFile:PD-icon.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:PD-icon.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Alex.muller, Anomie, Anonymous Dissident, CBM, MBisanz, PBS,Quadell, Rocket000, Strangerer, Timotheus Canens, 1 anonymous edits

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