Ecosystem Health, Human Well-Being and Marine Resource ...

Ecosystem Health, Human Well-Being and Marine Resource Governance in Southwest Maluku, IndonesiaRapid Assessment, October 2015

© WWF-Indonesia/ Amkieltiela

Ecosystem Health, Human Well-Being and Marine Resource Governance in Southwest Maluku – Summary ReportPage

Suggested Citation

Estradivari, A. Damora, Amkieltiela, B. Subhan, B. Wibowo, C.N.N. Handayani, F. Setiawan, H.M. Huda, H. Nanlohy,I.T. Hargiyatno, I. Pratiwi, I.C. Wardhana, K.T. Jan, N. Wisesa, V. Louhenapessy, G.N. Ahmadia, J.L. Harris, L. Glew, M.Provost, P. Mohebalian, B. Sumiono, & A. Kiklily (2015) Ecosystem Health, Human Well-Being and Marine ResourceGovernance in Southwest Maluku, Indonesia. DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.6913166

Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the following organizations:Kementrian Kelautan dan PerikananPusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Perikanan – KemenKPBalai Besar Sosial Ekonomi Kelautan dan Perikanan - KemenKPDinas Perikanan dan Kelautan Kab. Maluku Barat DayaKementrian PertahananKementrian Riset dan TeknologiUniversitas PattimuraInstitut Pertanian BogorWWF-IndonesiaWWF-USWildlife Conservation Society – Indonesia Program

Acronyms

EKKP3K EvaluationoftheEffectivinessofMarineProtectedAreasDPSIR Drivers - Pressures - State - Impacts - Response frameworkHCR HarvestControlRules(fisheriesmanagementtool)IMPA Indigenous Marine Protected AreaMBD Maluku Barat Daya (Southwest Maluku District)MPA Marine Protected Area

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Southwest Maluku District (Maluku Barat Daya, or MBD) is located in the southern most part of the Coral Triangle – the global center of marine biodiversity - and is bordered by Timor Leste and Australia. Its strategic location means that the coastal resources of MBD are important for the protection of coastal ecosystems, fisheries,ensuring food security for communities across Indonesia, and supporting the national economy.

At a time when many coral reefs in Indonesia are threatened by human activities, MBD has been able to protect its coastal environment from threats of degradation (Burke et al., 2012). The coastal ecosystem in MBD is relatively intact and is home toanabundantrangeofmarinelife(Huffard,etal.2012). The sizable fisheries resources in MalukuProvince, of which MBD forms a part, represents more than 20% of the total Indonesian fisheriespotential. For this reason, the national government identified Maluku Province as the National FishProduction Center (NFPC) in 2010.

Fish production in MBD is below maximum capacity andaccountsforabout1%ofthefisherysectorinthe Maluku Province (Maluku Southwestern BPS, 2015). Consequently, increased fish productionremains a significant goal. At the same time,there is significant potential for developing themarine tourism sector as another revenue stream to support the local economy. The expansion of these two sectors is possible, particularly given the increased economic investment flowing intoMBD since its creation as a district, resulting in more intense development of coastal areas and infrastructure.

Marine resource use by the local people remains largely limited to subsistence use. In recent decades, buyers from outside the district have begun to harvest marine resources in the District, generating changes in resource use patterns

(Pannell 1997). Many of these changes have had

negative impacts on the ecosystem. Consequently, policymakers face the challenge of reducing human impact to protect ecosystems and the services they provide. Conservation, including protection and management of important marine habitats and fish stocks, is important to meetboth economic needs of society and to sustain resources for future generations.

One way to both conserve the marine environment, optimize the sustainable use of marine resources, and support the welfare of surrounding households would be to formally establish an MPA in the district. Establishing an MPA is in line with the provincial government's plan of increasing MPA coverage to 1 million hectares in Maluku province in support of a national fish production initiativeprogram.

To support the design and implementation of marine conservation efforts in MBD, a jointresearch team from the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, Department of Marine andFisheries Southwest Maluku District, Pattimura University, Bogor Agricultural University, WWF-Indonesia, and the Wildlife Conservation Society - Indonesia Program collaborated to conduct a rapid assessment of MBD. The rapid assessment wasintendedto:(1)provideinsightsforascientificmodel to identify priority areas for fisheriesproductivity; (2) support efforts to conductcomprehensive marine spatial planning based on the best available data; (3) complement existing data by providing greater resolution of the marine and social conditions in the region.

SouthwestMalukuDistrict an areawith manyopportunities

“This expedition will provide a strong scientific foundation to accelerate fisheries resources management and utilization of marine resources in a sustainable manner in the waters of Southwest Maluku “

(Bambang Sumiono, 2015 press release)

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A rapid assessment of ecological and social conditions, as well as marine resource use took place in October 2014 and November 2015 and involved 15 researchers with expertise spanning the natural and social sciences. Indicators of coral reef ecology were measured at 46 locations, while social data was collected from 14 settlements located within MBD. The rapid assessment was designed to collect primary data using a combination of methods and secondary data from government and other sources. The main parameters measured were: (1) ecological integrity, (2) human well-being, and (3) the pattern of utilization and management of marine resources.

Methods

Point intercept transect & underwater visual censusTo obtain information related to benthic communities and reef fish(Ahmadiaetal.2014)

Focus Group DiscussionsTo obtain information regarding the condition of coastal ecosystems, marine resource use, and governance.

Incidental observationsTo obtain information related to the distribution of endangered species

Key informant interviewsTo obtain information related to theprofileofthesettlementanduse of marine resources.

Belt transectsTo obtain information related to the abundance of hard coral and health (Raymundo et al., 2005).

Direct observationTo obtain information related to fishlandings.

The sampled locations in the MBD Rapid Assessment

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Coastal Ecosystems and Species of Conservation Concern

Study Area Characteristics

Almost all (90%) of MBD beaches are lined by fringing reef. There are two atolls that are relatively large in size, Atoll Island and Luang Meatimiarang Island. At the survey depth of 10 meters, the slope ranges from gentle (11-70o) to steep (> 71o).

Hard Coral Health

The Average Cover of Benthic Substrate

The condition of the coral reef benthic communities in MBD is relatively good, as they are dominated by hard coral (mean 37.2% ± 2.1%) and soft corals (mean 26.8% ± 2.3%). Rubble covered a relatively large portion (mean 9.6% ± 1.3%) of coral reef ecosystems. Rubble may be caused by the use of bombs to catchfishaswellashighwavescommon in certain seasons. Of the 46 observation stations, the highest hard coral cover was in the settlements of Wasarili (87%) and Sermata 3 (76.3%), and the lowest in Kisar 1 (15%).

Algae, 2.1%Available

Substrate

10.0%

13.3

%

Oth

er

26.8%

Soft Coral

37.2%

Hard Coral

Rubble9.6%

Ag

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Co

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Dam

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Inve

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Dru

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Foca

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Whi

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vest

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ts4.15%

2.86%1.59%

1.11%0.78%

0.14%0.09%

0.06%0.05%

0.05%0.03%

0.02%

Most (89.1%) of hard corals surveyed in MBD are healthy. The remainder (10.9%) are in poor condition. There are 12 categories of unhealthy coral, including diseases, bleaching, sediment damage, and aggressive competition. Unhealthy corals were found throughout the study area, indicating the pressure on coral reefs across MBD. Diseases caused by bacteria, such as the white syndromes and ulcerative white spots, were found in Kisar 1 and Masela 3. The west and eastern portions of MBD have a greater prevalence of unhealthy corals relative to coral in the central parts of MBD.

403reeffishspecies from 37 families

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Pulau DawelorMasela 3Masela 2Masela 1

Paula DaiSea Mount

Desa WasariliSermeta 3Sermeta 2Sermata 1

Tanjung WaharPalau Kelapa

Laung Barat 3Laung Barat 2Laung Barat 1

Bu�alo ReefJagotutun (Magic Corner)

Grouper FateAmortaun

Tanjung RuswawanNW Lakor

Spooky Moa (Moa 3)Moa 2Moa 1

Tanjung SiotaTanjung Yautu

North MoaWest Moa

Leti 3Leti 2Leti 1

Pulau LautRomang 2

MitarNorth Romang

Romang 1Pulau Nyata

Schooling Paradise (Kisar 3)Wallderful (Kisar 2)

Soft Coral Valley (Kisar 1)North ReongSouth Reong

Tanjung NunukaeWetar 3Wetar 2Wetar 1

25,0000 50,000

ind/ha

EAST

WES

T

Biomass of Reef FishAbundance of Reef Fish

Pulau DawelorMasela 3Masela 2Masela 1

Paula DaiSea Mount

Desa WasariliSermeta 3Sermeta 2Sermata 1

Tanjung WaharPalau Kelapa

Laung Barat 3Laung Barat 2Laung Barat 1

Bu�alo ReefJagotutun (Magic Corner)

Grouper FateAmortaun

Tanjung RuswawanNW Lakor

Spooky Moa (Moa 3)Moa 2Moa 1

Tanjung SiotaTanjung Yautu

North MoaWest Moa

Leti 3Leti 2Leti 1

Pulau LautRomang 2

MitarNorth Romang

Romang 1Pulau Nyata

Schooling Paradise (Kisar 3)Wallderful (Kisar 2)

Soft Coral Valley (Kisar 1)North ReongSouth Reong

Tanjung NunukaeWetar 3Wetar 2Wetar 1

4,000 8,0000 12,000

kg/ha

EAST

WES

T

AcrossallofMBD,themeanabundanceofreeffish(families measured for EKKP3K) was 12,642 ± 608 ind / ha(dottedline).AbundancewashighestinBuffaloReef(38,636ind/ha),TanjungSiota(33,090ind/ha)andTanjungNunukae(32,130ind/ha).

Themeanbiomassofreeffish(familiesmeasuredforEKKP3K) in MBD was 2,588 ± 127 kg / ha (dotted line). ThehighestbiomasswasinTanjungNunukae(8,738kg / ha) and Kisar 3 (7,509 kg / ha).

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Agricultural Production

Soils vary markedly across MBD, influencingboth agricultural practice andproduce. The most important agricultural commodities vary from island to island. Corn is the most common agricultural product,identifiedasakeyproductinthreequarters of settlements. In addition to corn, other important crops include tubers, nuts, coconut and garden vegetables.

Fishery Products

MarinecapturefisheriesinMBDareamixof commercial and subsistence use, and target a wide variety of species, including demersalfish,pelagicfish,shrimp,lobster,shellfish and crabs. Small and large pelagic species are the most commonly targeted species. More than half the sampled settlements depend on a diverse range of fishery products (≥ 3 types) to meet subsistence needs or provide cash income.

Social Conditions

Community HistoryAgriculture and fishing have long beenpracticed by the community, since the arrival of the earliest inhabitants of the islands. Early settlements were managed by the Dutch colonial administration. Settlements were mostly located in the highlands and focused onagriculturetofulfilltheirdailyneeds.

Cultural Identity

ThemajorityoftherespondentsinMBDareethnic Moluccans from local ethnic groups such as Luang, Iliung Tribe and Kisar. Today, communities in MBD are diverse, with many immigrants from other areas in the Indonesian archipelago (e.g. Buton, Java, Sulawesi) or of Chinese ancestry. Kinship systems, which govern many social interactions remain important, via the clan system. Clans fittogether into a larger group called a soa. Traditional leadership structures continue to be employed by local communities, including the practice of ‘kingship’. Rituals related to the appointment of the ‘king’ or the head of the settlement, commonly involve ritual processions, but practices vary widely from settlement to settlement.

Most people still maintain traditional cultural practices. One of these traditional practices is related to the governance of common poolresources(e.g.,fisheries),andisknownas sasi. These practices often involve the seasonal closure of specific resources indesignated areas, followed by a short open season during which harvest is permitted. Customary rules govern sasi, and ceremonies linked to sasi often involve the consumption of betel nut and gin.

Changes in Coastal Ecosystems

Respondents in the settlements provided anecdotal evidence that surrounding coastal ecosystems were still in relatively good condition. However, they observed there has been a degradation of ecosystems in the last 10 years due to increasing marine resource use and the use of environmentally damagingtechniquessuchasblastfishing.

DKP Kabupaten Maluku Barat Daya, 2010)

Important Facts

01 Food security is higher in settlements reliant on seafood relative to those who rely on terrestrial food sources

02 Themajorityoffishersrelyonfishastheironlysource of protein

03 Most households depend on marine resources to meet their daily needs

04 Communities depend on bartering in addition to cash for their transactions

05 Respondents in more than 50% of the sampled settlements have mobile phones, despite transmission signal being limited to only a few islands57

sampled settlements produce

%

15%

46%

54%

62%

77%

Garden Vegetables

Coconuts

Nuts

Tuber

Corn

n = 13 settlements

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Ecosystem Health, Human Well-Being and Marine Resource Governance in Southwest Maluku – Summary ReportPage 8

Occupation

Individuals resident in MBD generally engage in multiple activities to meet their families’ needs. In the majority of settlements,farming,fishingandsalariedemploymentarethemostcommonoccupations. Across MBD, none of the settlements reported

Infrastructure

Typically, sampled settlements in MBD have access to electricity. In some settlements, solar power is common, while in others communitymembersrelyongenerators.Themajorityofpeoplestill use private generators to supplement solar power. Clean water is obtained from three sources (springs, wells, and water trucks), with most communities reliant on groundwater springs.

Access to Education

Preschools and elementary schools can be found in all the sampled settlements, while access to higher education is limited in more remote communities. Only 38% of sampled settlements had educational infrastructure ranging from kindergarten through to high school or vocational school available within their community.

Health Facilities

Health facilities are very limited in MBD, both in terms of the type of facilities and the availability of health personnel. Health facilities in sampled settlements include service posts and community health centers. There are no hospitals or doctors in MBD, with midwives and paramedics providing all medical care.

Transportation

Walking is the most common form of transportation used in sampled settlements. Meanwhile, to go to the district capital, Tiakur, respondents use a mix of land or sea transportation, with an average travel time of 48 hours, depending on the location of the sampled settlement. Travel to the provincial capital, Ambon, required an average travel time of 36-120 hours.

Household Fuel

Wood forms the primary source of fuel for cooking and heating in MBD, with some communities supplementing wood fuels with kerosene.

38%

38%

69%

85%

92%

All levels of education

High school

Middle school

Elementary school

Pre-school

n = 13 settlements

Power boat

Motorcycle taxi

Pedestrian

15%

46%

69%

n = 13 settlements

77%wood

exclusively

23%wood andkerosene

Community Health Center

Clinic

46%

46%

8% ServicePost

15%

46%

69%

85%

92%

92%

Extraction of non-renewable soa

Aquaculture

Forest products

Farming

Fishing

Contracted work

n = 13 settlements


EconomicChanges

Over the past decade, economic conditions improved in all the sampled settlements in MBD, due to investments in infrastructure and community services. A total of 57% of the sampled settlements experienced substantial economic improvement, while the remaining reported slight improvement. The variation in economic trend is influenced by distance to largercities, the migration patterns of the community, and community involvement in marine aquaculture.

Changes in the Past 10 Years

Changes inEducation Level

Education levels have increased in MBD in the past 10 years. This may be due to improvements in access to education, as well as increasing public awareness of the importance of education. Ten years ago, most people only graduated from preschool, but now many people graduate from the high school. Most people today have a middle school level of education.

Changes in Number of Vessels

The number of vessels increased over the past decade in many sampled settlements. This was especially true on the island of Luang, where all people earn a livingasfishers. In the lastdecade,the number of ships on Luang has increased to more than 100 vessels.

?

Targeted Species

Indirect Use

Maritime transport, research and coastal protection.

Direct Use

Capturefisheries,aquaculture, harvesting of shellfishandoctopusatlow

tide, mining of sand, rock, and salt.

In 85% of the sampled settlements, both men and women harvest marine resources to meet their daily needs. In a small minority of settlements, marine resource harvesting is an exclusively male occupation. In some settlements, children also harvest marine resources.

Who usesmarine

resources?

Marine Resource Use

Catch CompositionThe composition of catch is strongly influenced by the type of fishing gearusedandthefishing location.Typically,fisheries target multiple species. Forexample:

1. Gill nets deployed along coasts primarily capture demersal fish.Meanwhile, gill net catches from the TiakurStraitconsistofpelagicfish

2. Fish catches caught by hand lines that stretch around the island of Liran areprimarilycomposedoftunafish.Gillnets near Liran often catch rabbit fishand fusilier.

Common names Family Species

Fusilier Pisang-pisang, Caesionidae Caesio spp., Dipterygonotus spp., Ekor Kuning Pterocaesio spp.Grouper Kerapu Serranidae Caprodon spp., Cephalopholis spp., Chromileptes spp., Epinephelus spp., Odontanthias spp., Plectranthias spp., Plectropomus spp.

Grunts Haemulidae Diagramma spp., Plectorhinchus spp.

Jacks/ Kuwe Carangidae Alectis spp., Alepes spp., Atropus spp., Pompanos Atule spp., Carangoides spp., Caranx spp.

Gaca Kakap Lutjanidae Aprion sp., Etelis sp., Lutjanus spp., Macolor sp., Pinjalo spp., Symphorichthys spp.Momar Layang, Carangidae Decapterus macarellus, Decapterus Malalugis macrosoma,Decapterus macrosomaSakuda Ketambak, Lethrinidae Lethrinus spp. Lencam, SikudaKomo Tongkol Scombridae Euthynnus affinisCakalang Cakalang Scombridae Katsuwonus pelamis

Non-�sh

Teripang Teripang Bohadschia marmorata, Holothuria scabraLola Lola Trochus niloticusBia Bia Cymbiola vespertilio, Turbo spp.Penyu hijau Penyu hijau Chelonia mydasBatulaga Batulaga Turbo marmoratusKima Kima Tridacna spp.

AquacultureRumput laut Rumput laut Eucheuma cotonii

Fish

Lalosi Pisang-pisang, Caesionidae Caesio sp., Dipterygonotus sp., Ekor Kuning Pterocaesio spGeropa Kerapu Serranidae Caprodonsp., Cephalopholis sp., Chromileptes sp., Epinephelussp., Odontanthias sp., Plectranthias sp., Plectropomus sp.

Haemulidae Diagrammasp., Plectorhinchus sp.

Bobara Kuwe Carangidae Alectis sp., Alepes sp., Atropus sp., Atule sp., Carangoidessp., Caranx sp.

Snapper Kakap Lutjanidae Aprion spp., Etelis spp., Lutjanus spp., Macolor spp., Pinjalo spp., Symphorichthys spp.Scad Layang, Carangidae Decapterus macarellus, Decapterus Malalugis macrosoma, Decapterus macrosomaTuna Ketambak, Lethrinidae Lethrinus spp. Lencam, SikudaMackerel Tongkol Scombridae Euthynnus affinisTuna Cakalang Scombridae Katsuwonus pelamis

Non-fish

Sea cucumber Teripang Bohadschia marmorata, Holothuria scabraCommercial shell Lola Trochus niloticusSea snale Bia Cymbiola vespertilio, Turbo spp.Green turtle Penyu hijau Chelonia mydasGreen turbon shell Batulaga Turbo marmoratusGiant clam Kima Tridacna spp.

AquacultureSeaweed/seaplant Rumput laut Eucheuma cotonii

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Seasonal Variation in Fishing

The table above lists the species captured in all sampled settlements. Seaweed cultivation is only carried out in three sampled settlements: West and East Luang, and Jerusu Luang. Seaweed production per harvest ranges between 100-4000 kg per settlement. Communities are self-sufficient,collectingseaweedtocultivate more seaweed.

Local Use of Marine Resources

The local use of marine resources is tied to specificgeographicareas.Mostfishersoperatein the inter-tidal zones, or near- shore areas because they rely on boats without motors. A small minority with motorized boats harvest marine resources beyond the reef edge but remain in areas close to the island. Seaweed cultivation occurs in shallow coastal waters.

Although fishing and aquacultureactivities are carried out daily, there are peak and low fishing seasons.Generally, peak season is from September to October, while the low season is between January to March. Fishing season varied between settlements due to their geographical locations and oceanographic factors. Settlements in the west of the district indicated that their peak season occurred later in the year (January to March) relative to settlements in the center and east of the district (September to October). High waves aremorecommoninthelowfishingseason, limiting the ability to launch their boats.

Ustutun

Wonreli

Jerusu

Dusun Koryatuna

Kaiwatu

Wakarleli

Tomra

Nuwewang

Luang Timur

Luang Barat

Elo-Gerwali

Wasarili

Lataola Besar

Watuwei

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Peak Season Low Season

Settlements

Fish

Lalosi Pisang-pisang, Caesionidae Caesio sp., Dipterygonotus sp., Ekor Kuning Pterocaesio spGeropa Kerapu Serranidae Caprodonsp., Cephalopholis sp., Chromileptes sp., Epinephelussp., Odontanthias sp., Plectranthias sp., Plectropomus sp.

Haemulidae Diagrammasp., Plectorhinchus sp.

Bobara Kuwe Carangidae Alectis sp., Alepes sp., Atropus sp., Atule sp., Carangoidessp., Caranx sp.

Snapper Kakap Lutjanidae Aprion spp., Etelis spp., Lutjanus spp., Macolor spp., Pinjalo spp., Symphorichthys spp.Scad Layang, Carangidae Decapterus macarellus, Decapterus Malalugis macrosoma, Decapterus macrosomaTuna Ketambak, Lethrinidae Lethrinus spp. Lencam, SikudaMackerel Tongkol Scombridae Euthynnus affinisTuna Cakalang Scombridae Katsuwonus pelamis

Non-fish

Sea cucumber Teripang Bohadschia marmorata, Holothuria scabraCommercial shell Lola Trochus niloticusSea snale Bia Cymbiola vespertilio, Turbo spp.Green turtle Penyu hijau Chelonia mydasGreen turbon shell Batulaga Turbo marmoratusGiant clam Kima Tridacna spp.

AquacultureSeaweed/seaplant Rumput laut Eucheuma cotonii

Species Targeted (continued)Common names Family Species

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Marine Resource UseFishing Vessels

The fishing fleet comprises a mix of canoes and motorizedboats. Speedboats and boats with outboard motors are about as prevalent as canoes and traditional paddleboats, indicating that thefishingfleethasgrownandcontinuedtomodernizeinMBD.The government provides resources to support two vessels in Watuwei settlement.

Aquaculture Methods

Seaweed cultivation occurs in three settlements, Jerusu, West and East Luang. The type of seaweed cultivated is Eucheuma cotonii, and cultivation is based on a long-line system. Cultivation is most intensive in East and West Luang settlements (7-8 harvests per year), while residents in Jerusu cultivate only one crop per year. After each harvest, there is a waiting period of approximately 30-45 days before the next harvest. Harvesting is carried throughout the year, but seaweed growth is faster during the windy season, ensuring more frequent harvests. None of the seaweed farmers use chemicals and pesticides when cultivating seaweed.

Fishing Gear

Allsettlementshavemultiplefishingfleets,usingmorethanonetypeoffishinggear.Accordingtofishinggearregulations(KPNo.42,2014),thefishinggearusedinthesettlementsislegallyoperated.Themostcommonfishingtechniquesaregillnets,seines nets, and intertidal gill nets. Although no respondents indicated the use of poisonous roots or other chemicals to stunfish,anecdotalevidencesuggests this fishing technique

Sales, Marketing and TradeSale of Marine ResourcesMost fishers use private capital to carry out sales transactions atfishmarkets.These transactionsaremostlymade incash. Insomesettlements,wherethelocalfisheryisrelativelysmall,itisnotuncommonforfisherstobartertheircatchforessentialgoods.Harvestedcatchthatisnotsoldasfreshfishisusuallydriedandprocessedintosaltedfish.Whenanchoviesareabundantandthecatch is very high, most of it is sold at larger sub-district or district markets,orathigh-trafficports.

MarketsMostofthecatchfromfishingandharvestingmarineresources is forlocalconsumption.Harvestwherefisharelandedfromcapturefisheries is generally sold in the settlement and surroundingsettlementsordistricts.Primarypointsoffishsales(i.e.,largefishmarkets) are limited. In contrast, transport of cultivated seaweed to markets located outside the region is not necessary as buyers travel to MBD from Sulawesi to purchase seaweed.

Production and PricesMarine resource use is predominately carried out using traditional methods with simple technology, so overall fish productionremains relatively low. This results in a small quantity of fishproducts sold commercially. Most of these products are sold at relatively low prices. The price of fish decreaseswhen fishareabundantand themarketsareflushwith thesupplyoffishcatch.Marketfishpricesincreaseduringperiodsofscarcitywhencatches remain relatively low. Seaweed production is currently experiencing a downward trend due to a substantial decline in purchase price.

At the opening of sasi, each settlement can produce about 1-5 tons of batulaga, Trochus and sea cucumbers. The exact amount ofharvestisinfluencedbytheamountofterritoryopenforharvestandthedurationofthefishingseason.

Fishing Gear

A. Handheld fishing gear Gleaning 15.6% Spear 28.1% Simple hand line 1.3% Portable trap (intertidal) 21.9% Portable trap (hanging light) 3.1%

B. Active fishing gear Small purse seine 62.5% Beach seine 37.5%

C. Passive fishing gear (hand lines) Demersal hand line 58.8% Pelagic hand line 41.2%

D. Passive fishing gear (nets & traps) Portable trap 22.7% Gill net 63.6% Gill net (intertidal) 9.1% Lift net 4.5%

E. Active fishing gear Troll line Only in West Luang

Fishing Vessels

Canoe / boat without engine 26%Traditional paddleboat 26%Outboard powerboat 19%Speedboat 17%Sail boat 10%Boat with 5 GT engine 2%

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Community GroupsCommunity groups are divided into three categories: (1) community fishers groups established under governmentincentive schemes; (2) local community groups (saniri) who manage natural resources within their settlement; and (3) groupsbasedon family, kinship, and clan affiliations (soa). In addition, community monitoring groups established by the local district government were encountered in 23% of the settlements. However, these groups do not have a strong influenceondecision-makingovermarineresources.

Governance of Marine Resources

Regulations for Managing Marine ResourcesMarine resource management consists of both formal and informal rules. More than half (57%) of settlements have formal regulations (although most formal regulations remain in draft form).Typesof informalregulationcanbeclassifiedaseithersasi or non-sasi. Sasi is an informal, traditional management system of marine resources found in 93% of settlements. In addition to sasi, other informal types of management exist for regulating land leasing, ownership rights, and the right to

harvest marine resources.

Supply Chain of Marine Resources

The supply chains for fisheries resources to markets and tocustomersisrelativelysimple.Mostfishersdirectlyinteractwithconsumers. 53%of fishers sell their fish to thepublic fordirectconsumption,while47%offishersselltomiddlemen.

There are three supply chain patterns of marine resources in MBD:

1.Supplychainofmarinecapturefisheries

Changes in the Past 10 Years

Catch size

Numberoffishinggeartypes

Seaweed production (declines due to declining seawater quality)

Fish catch (variation depending on the number of fishers,markets,andtechnology)

Catch composition

Fishing sites

Technologythatsupportsfishing

Demandforfish(fluctuatesdependingonthedistance to markets and frequency of buyers)

Fishermen Retailer Consumer

Consumers in ruralor neighboring village

Traders Consumer

2. Supply Chain of Seaweed

3. Supply Chain of Marine Resources Harvested from Sasi

Seaweedcultivators

Inter-islandtraders

Factory/Wholesaler/Exportto South Sulawesi

Communityparticipates in

SasiTraders Retailers Consumers

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Monitoring and Enforcement of Regulations

Three types of penalties are enforced: economic (fines),customary,andlegal. Ineightsettlements,therearedifferentpenalties for local residents compared to penalties for non-locals/migrants. All sampled settlements are open to collaboration with the regional government on management of marine resources, and 92% of the settlements expressed a need for support in marine resource monitoring and law enforcement from the government.

Community Participation in Natural Resource Management

Since residents in the settlements of MBD directly depend on natural resources, they have an important role in the management and protection of marine resources. Though most people use marine resources in several ways, all residents participate in conserving natural resources to maintain indigenous sasi traditions, and obey the rules set by settlements and the church.

Communities work together to manage their marine resources. They do not mine sand near the beaches, and only use traditional fishing gear to avoid habitat degradation on thebeaches. Together with the government, the communities participate in monitoring coastal areas and limit the activities of outsiders who damage or illegally harvest marine resources.

Marine Resource Decision-making

Decision-making in marine resource management involves multiple groups and parties in the community.

Conflicts in Marine Resource ManagementConflictsurroundingmarine resourceusebetween residentsis rare,butnotunknown.Externalconflictswithoutsidersaremuch more common. For example, foreign ships often enter regions managed by sasi without the necessary permits and engage inblastfishing,apractice thathasbeenbanned.Forinternalconflicts,itiscustomaryforreligiousandlocalleaderstosettledisputes,butconflictswithexternalfishersaretypicallyaddressed by local or state laws.

Governance of Marine Resources Cont.

Overview of Sasi in MBD districtIn the coastal areas of Maluku, indigenous knowledge is used to protect and manage natural resources. Traditional ecological knowledge shapes fishing regulations, the typeoflegalfishinggear,andthelocationoffishingactivities.Thissystem is called sasi (Kusapy, et al., 2005; Satria & Adhuri, 2010). In MBD, sasi is a practice that has existed for generations, and is highly respected by the community.

In general, sasiisaperiodofopenandclosedfishingseasonsin MBD that range from 6 months to 4 years, although in most settlements the management cycle is between 1-2 years. When opened, the sasi period ranges between 1-2 weeks. Almost all marine sasi locations are in front or adjacent tosettlements. However, the waters around Meatimiarang Atoll are a special area for sasi in W. Luang. This area includes differentislandsandisseparatedbydeepocean.Surprisingly,sasiinthisregionhasbeenopenforfiveyears.

Sasi is found in 13 of 14 surveyed settlements. In eight settlements (57%), regulations for sasi are regulated by the church based on an open-ended process led by a pastor. In fivesettlements (36%),sasi is led by traditional leaders who determineopeningandclosingthefishingandharvestseason.Amongthefivesettlementswithsasi, there is one settlement (Besar Latalola) where sasi is regulated at the level of each community within the settlement and not at the settlement level. Of the 14 settlements, six settlements (43%) impose sasi for 1-2 kinds of commodities, while seven settlements (50%) use sasi to regulate three or more types of commodities.

IMPORTANT FACTS :

Stakeholder groups have positive perceptions of informal management systems (e.g. sasi).

Communities are open to cooperation with the government in management of natural resources and the marine environment.

Customary governance systems managed by the church have a strong influence over the effect of government regulation.

Commercialization of sasi practices occurred in the 1990s when immigrants began to purchase commodities (Pannell 1997).

People use resources that are protected by community regulations because they are part of traditional customs.

Head of Soa

Private owner

Community Leaders

Church

District government

Settlement government

Public deliberation

7%

14%

21%

21%

14%

36%

36%

n = 14 Villages

Cultural Religious Government Community

01

02

03

04

05

General penalties

Penalties to non-locals

36%

64%

21%

36%

43%

Nospecificpenalty

Religious/Social stigma

Legal penalties

Fines

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Decision Making Process for Opening and Closing sasi

1. Settlements where sasi is regulated by the church

2. Settlement where sasi is regulated by community consensus

3. Settlements where sasi is regulated by traditional leaders

2

The settlements’ traditional leaders

continue to split the soa

3

Kadesh asksindigenous or Churchleaders to open sasiav

4

Church and traditionalleaders review the value

and amount of marinecommodities

1

Buyers and the community gather

and negotiateWith traditional leaders

Discuss with thesettlement leader

Soa provides input to the traditional leaders

4

The soa head asks the Church to open

sasi

5

The Church examinesvalue of marinecommodities.

Where abundant, sasiis opened by prayer

3b

The Soa head asksthe Chuch to open

sasi

3a

3

•Buyers/traders go to the settlement leader

•The settlement traditional leader who attends

the meeting informs other settlements

•Payment from the buyer is divided

between East and West Luang

•The agreement is rati�ed by toasting

together with wine or gin

•The decision to open sasi is carried

out jointly by all community memebers

•Determine the location and start of sasi

•Agree on commodity prices

•Information that sasi is open is disseminated in advance

by the Church, and the openning starts with a prayer

•Over the course of a week, di�erent locations are

opened up sequentially until the entire sasi is open

•Communities are allowed to use sasi resources when

it is opened by the Church and traditional leaders

•All communities can take part in sasi

•Sasi closes with a prayer

12

1

Buyers and thecommunity gatherto negotiate with traditional leaders

3

Traditional leaders asksindigenous or Churchleaders to open sasi

4

Church and traditionalleaders review the valueand amount of marine

commodities

5

When resources areabundant, sasi is opened

by Church Leaders

2a

The traditional leaderthen asks the Church

to open sasi

2b

Discuss with thetraditional leader

2c

Discussion andconsultation with the

community and settlement government

2d

Residents call aconference facilitated by

settlement o�cials

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Management and Conservation in MBD: A SynthesisCauses of Environmental Issues

A Drivers-Pressures-State-Impacts-Responses (DPSIR) framework was used to translate and identify the causes of a variety of issues and environmental problems in MBD.

Initial action

Pressure

Ecological status

Social impact

Contributing factors:• Facilities and infrastructure are limited

• Lack of resource governance

• Limited capacity by managers Increased demand

for marine products

Development of

coastal area

Season

EnviromentalForcing

IUU* Change in resource use

Demandfrom buyers

Reducedcatch

Decline ineconomy

Decline inseafood

Increasedsocial con�ict

Decline inmarinetenure

Decline inpopulations

Habitatdegradation

Land Mining Stormwaves

*Illegal, Unregulated, Undocumented Fisheries

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Intervention and Responsive Management

An adaptive management cycle for responding to marine environmental challenges in MBD was identified by adiscussion panel of researchers and practitioners in March 2016. The prospective steps in management are divided into two categories: intervention responses and operational responses,whereeach response is identifiedby the typeofintervention,projectedimpact,andactorsinvolved.

Marine Protected Areas and Ecological Prioritization

Types of Marine Protected Area (MPA)

Experts recognized three types of MPAs that may be appropriate for managing marine resources in MBD: sanctuaries, parks, and indigenous marine protected areas (IMPA). Marine sanctuaries emphasize the protection and preservation of one distinctive type of natural resource that is unique, rare, or facing extinction. For example, sanctuaries are often used by local governments to protect sea turtles. In contrast, marine parks place a greater emphasis on the sustainable use of natural resources and the development of marine tourism and recreation. Finally, many areas in MBD may qualify for designation as IMPAs due to the persistence of local wisdom, traditional rights, and customary institutions in place to govern marine resource use.

Other Potential Sites for MPA Development

We conducted spatial analyses to identify areas with high conservation value. Results from this analysis, in addition to household survey data and data from secondary sources, identifiedtwopossibleMPAconservationscenariosforMBD:

1. Identify and conserve 30% of high conservation value areas throughout MBD.

2. Identify and conserve 30% of high conservation value areas in each cluster of islands in MBD.

The two scenarios provide alternatives in spatial management which may be tailored to be site specific. Under scenario 1,800,000 ha of high conservation value marine areas would be protected. Under scenario 2, the high conservation areas under protection are 200,000 (island group 1), 43,000 ha (island group 2),and justover 100,000ha (islandgroup3). Inbothscenarios,there are several areas which consistently appear as a priority for conservation. These settlements include: P. Wetar Southern, P. Romang, P. Damar Southern, Atoll Meatimiarang, P. Luang, and the waters between P. Babar with P. Masela.

Monitoring and

Enforcement

Provision ofalternativelivelihoods

Educationand

awareness

Increasedcapacity

Involvement ofindigenouspeople &partners

Specific responses:1. Management and integrated

coastal planning2. Water Conservation Area3. Management of fisheries

4. Aquaculture management5. Coastal protection

6. Market-based conservation intervention

Marine Conservation Intervention Type of Actors response involvedIntervention response

Management and integrated coastal planning I, S, M P, L, A, KMarine Conservation Area I, S, M P, L, A, KFisheries management I, T, M, S P, K, BAquaculture management I, T, M, S P, L, K, BCoastal protection I, T, M P, L, K, BEconomic intervention (market-based E, I, T, M P, B, Kconservaton intervention)

Operational response

Involvement of indigenous peoples and I, S P, L, A, K, Bpartners in decision-makingIncreased capacity I, S, M P, L, K, A, BCommunication, education, and awareness I, S P, L, KAlternative income activities E, S, T P, L, K, BSupervision and monitoring I, T, M, S P, L, A, K, B

*Type of response:I: Institutional and legal, E: Economic and incentives, S: Social and behavioral, T: Technology, M: Science

** Actors involved:P: Government (national, provincial or district), L: LSM, A: Academics, K: Community groups, B: Business/industry

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Sustainable fisheries management can support householdfood security and improve human well-being in MBD. Moving forward,thereispotentialforanincreaseinfishproduction,butthis will require careful management to avoid over-exploitation. Management interventions can be implemented on a step-by-step incremental basis. First, regulations should be instituted which restrict destructive fishing gear and tools. The amountof marine resources harvested can also be limited based on knowledge of resource scarcity using harvest control rules (HCR). Second, marine resource monitoring and law enforcement can be strengthened by increasing the number of fisheriesmanagement personnel. Increased monitoring may minimize the occurrence of blast fishing and other harmful techniques. Thelocal Police and Navy can be a valuable asset in combating illegal fishingpractices.Third,thegovernmentcancollaboratewiththe

private sector in providing better access to direct markets, so that localresidentsreceivegreatereconomicbenefitsfromfisheries.Fourth, using MPAs to protect important ecological areas, such as spawning aggregations, is crucial for maintaining high fishpopulation growth and contributing to the abundance of nearby fishpopulationsinlocalfishinggrounds.

In addition to formal fisheries management plans, localcommunities must continue to practice sasi management strategies. Incorporating localwisdomintofisherymanagementensurestheprotectionofsmall-scalefishersthroughtheprovisionof exclusive rights in the use of marine resources. Sasi also may helptopreserveculturalvalueswhichcanreducesocialconflict.

Fisheries Management and Aquaculture

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Challenges and OpportunitiesSynergy between Formal and Informal Management (sasi)

A workshop of experts and partners in March 2016 agreed that the existing traditional system of management in MBD should be integrated into a more ‘modern’ form of management. Accelerating economic development in MBD should incorporate customary laws in the form of sasi which have been run by the community for generations. Communities that manage the marine environment through district or national laws will provide broader benefits to society. Therefore, thedevelopment of fisheries management strategies is for bothprotecting fish resources and supporting local livelihoods. Iflocal ecological knowledge and traditions are not integrated into ‘modern’ management plans, both conservation priorities andfisheriesmanagementplansinMBDmaynotachievetheiroverallobjectives

Similarly, traditional management systems must adapt to modern forms of management in order for both to work in harmony. This process of adaptation must be agreed upon betweenlocalstakeholdersandgovernmentofficialsonmultiplefronts, including the location of protected areas, timing of open-close sasi periods, type, size and number of catches, and legal fishing gear. Therefore, local communities should be activelyinvolved in management and decision-making. Community-based co-management means that local people are placed in management roles, including as protector, supervisor while maintaining their right to use marine resources and coastal ecosystems. NGOs and academics are important facilitators in this process. In addition, private parties and businesses should also be involved, as they will be instrumental in developing livelihood diversification strategies, improving market accessandboostingtheproductionofsustainablefishing.

Strategies for Balancing Conservation and Development

Indonesia's minor outlying islands, border areas and outermost small islands are priority conservation areas according to Presidential Decree No. 78 (2005). MBD is one of the county’s outermost,smallislandsdirectlyadjacenttoAustraliaandTimorLeste. This area has become a place of strategic economic importance and could become an important part of the nation's eco-tourism economy.

As a new district, MBD has not yet reached its targeted level of development. Limitations in infrastructure, transportation andmarketaccessforfish inMBDhaveresulted inmanyun-monitored trade activities between countries. For example, people from P. Liran sell their catch directly to Timor Leste and local residents in P. Luang sell live grouper directly to foreign vessels, The slow and uneven economic development in MBD has created a complex set of social, economic and security issues.

Development in MBD is crucial, not only to protect biodiversity and marine ecosystems, but also to promote national security and enhance the governance of marine resources. The government faces many challenges in developing such a large seascape, especially since the government hopes to balance conservation of the region's abundant marine resources with the well-being of local communities. Thus, a shared commitment is required between the Ministry of Maritime Affairs, theDepartment of Marine Resources and Fisheries and other local partners to incorporate environmental conservation into accelerated development. Through collaboration, the MBD can be empowered to become an economic center for a variety of investments and attract national attention.

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References

Ahmadia, G.N., Wilson, J.R., & Green, A.L., 2014. Coral Reef Monitoring Protocol for Assessing Marine Protected Areas in the Coral Triangle. Coral Triangle Support Partnership.

BPS Maluku Barat Daya, 2015. Luas Wilayah Menurut Kecamatan di kabupaten Maluku Barat Daya. [Online] Available at: http://malukubaratdayakab.bps.go.id/frontend/linkTabelStatis/view/id/11

Burke, L., Reytar, K., Spalding, M. & Perry, A., 2012. Reef at Risk Revisited in the Coral Triangle. Washington, USA: World Resource Institute.

DKP Kabupaten Maluku Barat Daya, 2010. Database pesisir, laut dan pulau-pulau kecil serta sosial ekonomi masyarakat Kabupaten Maluku Barat Daya. Tiakur: DKP-MBD.

Estradivari, et al., 2015. Protokol Survei Cepat Ekologi, Sosial dan Perikanan Maluku Barat Daya. Jakarta: WWF.

Harkes, I., 1999. An Institutional Analysis of Sasi Laut, a Fisheries Management System in Indonesia. Penang, Malaysia, ICLARM-IFM, p. 8.

Huffard,C.L.,Erdmann,M.V.andGunawan,T.R.P.2012.GeographicPrioritiesforMarineBiodiversityConservationinIndonesia.MinistryofMarineAffairsandFisheriesandMarineProtectedAreasGovernanceProgram.Jakarta-Indonesia.105pp.

Kusapy,D.L.,Lay,C.&Kaho,Y.R.,2005.ManajemenKonflikdalamPemanfaatanSumberDayaAlamdanPelestarianLingkunganHidup Lewat Pelaksanaan Hukum adat Sasi. Manusia dan Lingkungan, 12(3), pp. 130-139.

Pannell, S., 1997. Managing the Discourse of Resource Management: The Case of Sasi from ‘Southeast’ Maluku, Indonesia. Oceania, 67(4), pp. 289-307.

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