Ecosystem Management

Dartmoor National Park, England

Chalk Grassland

Chalk Grassland

Chalk Grassland

Chalk Grassland

Aldo Leopold (on left) and forest service crew in 1911 in Arizona

Snags and other dead wood

Adaptive Management

Yellow-eyed Penguin and Breeding Sites

Hooker’s or New Zealand Sea Lion

Keys to Reserve Management

Once a reserve is established, the job has only begun – 5 major factors must be managed to maintain reserve populations:

1. Human visitors

2. Natural disturbances

3. Water regimes

4.Exotic species and overabundant natives

5.Balancing human needs with reserve needs

National Park Entrances - Yellowstone 1940’s & Yosemite today

Yosemite National Park – Hikers on Half Dome

Yosemite National Park – Air Pollution

Yosemite National Park - smoke from forest fires 2012

Natural Disturbances and Succession

1988 Yellowstone Fire

Aerial Photo of Yellowstone Fire 1988

Carbonton Dam, Deep River, NC

Elwha River – Olympic National Park

Elwha River Dam Removal

Tamarisk or salt cedar

Tamarisk study and removal

Humpback ChubEndangered – about 7650 live in Grand Canyon

Glen Canyon Dam Release

Glen Canyon Dam Release 2013

Grand Canyon Sand Bar Restoration

• http://www.gcmrc.gov/gis/sandbartour2013/index.html

Grand Canyon Burro Removal

Mountain Goat - Oreamnos americanus

Distribution of Mountain Goats

The Olympic Mountain endemics Campanula piperi (bellflower; upper) and Viola flettii (Flett's violet) occupy rock crevices in the subalpine and alpine zones of the

Olympic Mountains. The bellflower is known to be eaten by mountain goats (photos from NPS).

Mountain Goat Movements in Olympic National Park

Mountain Goat Removals

Mountain Goat Population Trends

Mountain Goat Distribution 2011

Mountain Goat Olympic National Park

Brazilian Pepper Tree

Brazilian Pepper tree in Florida

Brazilian Pepper Tree in the Everglades

Rat predation in New Zealand

Rat Trap New Zealand

UNESCO – Man and Biosphere Reserve Model

UNEP – REDD+

• Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) is an effort to create a financial value for the carbon stored in forests, offering incentives for developing countries to reduce emissions from forested lands and invest in low-carbon paths to sustainable development. “REDD+” goes beyond deforestation and forest degradation, and includes the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks.

Key activities that must be monitored and perhaps eliminated in a reserve

• Commercial harvesting of game and fish

• Intensive harvesting of natural plant products

• Logging and farming

• Use and occurrence of fire

• Recreational activities