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Ecosystem Services of Trees
Jacinda Mainord, Inupiat Graduate Student
School of the EnvironmentPortland State University
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Bonan 2008
Forests cover ~42 million sq. km andstore about half of the terrestrial carbon
Tropical and temporal forests responsible for most of the carbon sequestered
Approximately 33% of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions are sequestered from forests (Bonan 2008)
Evolution of Climate Models
• Atmospheric modeling – Using energy fluxes, moisture, and atmospheric
physics and dynamics• Hydrologic cycle
– Effects of vegetation on energy and water fluxes• Incorporation of plant physiology theory
– Biological control of evapotranspiration coupled with hydrometeorology and biogeochemistry
Ecosystem Service-Benefits people obtain from ecosystems
Products
ie. Food, fuel, fiber
Regulation and Disease
Control
ie. Climate control
Supporting Services
ie. Nutrient cycling
Cultural and Aesthetic Benefits
MA, 2005
What are the Ecosystem Services of an Urban Forest?
Benefits
• Stormwater interception• Carbon sequestration• Air Quality• Aesthetics• Biodiversity• Psychological• Cultural• Reducing energy use due to
shading
Disbenefits
• Initial investment• Maintenance
– Pruning – Fertilizers & water– Leaf litter removal– Sidewalks
• Pests• Emissions of BVOCs and N2O• Property damage• Obscuring vistas & sunlight
What are the Cultural Ecosystem Services of a Forest?
Outline of Ecosystem Services
• Carbon Sequestration• Air Pollutant Removal• Rainwater Interception• Biogenic Volatile Organic
Compound Emissions
Carbon Sequestration and Storage
Atmospheric carbon fixed through photosynthesis Carbon is lost through
respiration and decomposition
Leaf and twig drop add carbon to soilsNutrient uptake of soil carbon
Air Pollutant Removal
Carlson 2003
• Uptake through leaf stomata• Deposition on tree surfaces
Biogenic Volatile Organic Carbon Emissions
• Trees emit isoprenes and monoterpenes
• Largest source of volatile organic compounds
• Role in ozone and carbon monoxide formation
• Role in haze formation
Differences in Ecosystem Services
Species DistributionAge DistributionRegional Differences
Meteorological and pollutant variations
Available Software tools
CITYgreen
STRATUM
Eco
Streets
Streets
ArcGIS
i-Tree Software Suite
• i-Tree Eco• i-Tree Streets• i-Tree Vue• i-Tree Canopy• Beta Tools:
– i-Tree Hydro– i-Tree Design
•i-Tree Species•i-Tree Pest Detection•i-Tree Storm
Coming Soon:•i-Tree Forecast
Urban Forest Effects- UFORE
• Also known as i-Tree Eco • Peer-reviewed• Computer model to calculate forest ecosystem
services• Species composition, tree density, diameter
distribution, tree health, leaf and tree biomass, species diversity
Input to iTree Eco for carbon sequestration and pollutant removal:
RegionReference treesDiameter at Breast Height (DBH)
Crown widthCrown baseHeightMeteorological dataHourly Pollutant Data
i-Tree Eco at a Glance
• Sample output
i-Tree Streets
• Assessment of ecosystem services of street trees
• Basic inventory data on tree species and diameter
• Provides BVOC emissions and rainfall interception
• Use of Reference Cities
Input to iTree Streets for rainfall interception and BVOCs• Region• Reference trees• DBH
i-Tree Streets at a Glance
BVOC Emissions(lb)
-1.0 0.0-4.4-3.2 0.0
BVOC Emissions($)
-2 0-10-7 0
Total (lb)
29.122.123.316.28.3
Species
Norway mapleAshSugar mapleNorthern red oakElm
Ecosystem Services Valuation of Trees Plantings in Portland, OR
• Study in conjunction with Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) and Friends of Trees (FoT)
• Study Area: 16.5 mile Multi-Use Path along I-205 in Portland, OR
• 3837 tree saplings planted at 22 sites
Photo courtesy of FoT
Project Description
At 5, 10, and 20 Years from Planting, Project:• Carbon sequestration and carbon storage• Air pollutants removal (specifically NO2, SO2,
Particulate Matter (PM), and Volatile Organic Compounds (BVOC))
• Rainfall interception
Background Work
• Gather growth equations for trees planted• Develop database projecting crown width,
crown ratio, and height at DBH growth stages• Populate i-Tree Eco database with projected
tree metrics• Run projected tree scenarios
Species and Plot Distribution
Plot Name
Tree Species
Bigleaf maple
Bigtooth maple
Bitter
cherry
Black hawthorn
Bur
oak
Chinkapin oak
Common
chokecherry
Douglas fir
Accolade
Elm
Grand fir
Incens
e cedar
Jeffery pine
Klamath plum
Lodgepole pine
Noble fir
Oregon ash
Oregon crabappl
e
Oregon white
oak
Pacific dogwood
Pacific madrone
Ponderosa
pine
Cascara
Scarlet oak
Sitka
spruce
Southern
magnoli
a
Washingt
on hawthorn
Wester
n redcedar
Wester
n white
pine
White oak
Grand
TotalAirport Way 13 15 1 1 10 19 10 5 16 7 15 18 130Alderwood 27 10 11 19 10 2 23 15 19 13 2 3 154
Boise 20 6 13 40 3 5 9 6 5 14 27 5 153Bush 16 3 4 41 1 7 19 2 5 15 8 4 20 11 7 163
Dean Creek 36 16 5 21 40 2 8 128Division 39 56 3 31 10 12 11 28 54 10 32 11 75 372Flavel 3 10 19 3 11 38 12 2 98
Gateway 7 10 14 4 9 2 46Gateway Transit N 20 25 10 20 20 20 20 135
Holman 39 17 17 11 35 12 7 14 16 1 43 14 34 39 19 5 323Johnson Creek 35 20 9 4 5 12 9 8 11 113
Lents 38 18 5 37 60 13 18 6 10 8 24 2 15 36 12 5 8 315Lents Ln Extension 20 20 10 5 20 10 25 20 130
Marx St. 10 20 15 15 5 10 20 25 20 140Mill 31 30 3 24 6 7 5 4 3 41 25 58 37 274
Montavilla 10 20 15 5 15 15 20 100North Pioneer 31 10 28 12 5 43 9 10 11 13 20 6 34 28 3 8 6 277
Parkrose Transit N 15 10 13 14 15 8 10 15 100Parkrose Transit S 13 20 15 24 25 13 20 30 160
Powell 15 15 25 10 15 25 15 15 135South Pioneer 23 19 7 10 5 15 38 8 15 9 1 4 6 25 3 20 21 2 9 2 5 247
Steel 23 11 21 15 18 1 3 9 35 5 3 144Grand Total 445 80 207 152 3 5 173 479 13 84 107 25 19 153 6 118 156 389 2 165 491 286 10 17 11 175 32 29 5 3837
Results at a Glance
Tree Scenario
Total Rainfall Interception (cu.m/yr)
Carbon Sequestration Rate (kg/yr)
Total Air Pollutant
Removal (kg/yr)
BVOC Emissions (kg/yr)
5 Year 1224 15309 183 -11610 Year 5074 28841 489 -42220 Year 15502 65571 1311 -1077
Tree Scenario
Total Rainfall Interception
($/yr)
Carbon Sequestration
Rate ($/yr)
Total Air Pollutant
Removal ($/yr)
BVOC Emissions
($/yr)
5 Year $10,897 $278 $1,516 ($77)
10 Year $36,220 $720 $4,362 ($280)
20 Year $111,956 $1,231 $10,388 ($853)
Rainwater Interception
Plot # Trees
5 Yr. Total Rainfall Interception (cu.m.)
10 Yr. Total Rainfall Interception (cu.m.)
20 Yr. Total Rainfall Interception (cu.m.)
Airport Way 130 35 183 524Alderwood 154 41 174 642Boise 153 79 226 696Bush 163 64 209 643Dean Creek 128 62 155 496Division 372 76 512 1430Flavel 98 31 166 317Gateway 46 23 69 205Gateway Transit N 135 30 189 525Holman 323 81 399 1320Johnson Creek 113 14 143 423Lents 315 140 432 1477Lents Ln Extension 130 35 180 495Marx St. 140 92 332 1096Mill 274 15 140 375Montavilla 100 40 205 570North Pioneer 277 97 365 1120Parkrose Transit N 100 23 86 337Parkrose Transit S 160 54 189 636Powell 135 25 170 495South Pioneer 247 91 340 1041Steel 144 78 210 639Total 3837 1224 5074 15502
2010-11 Portland Airport Rainfall: 1.136 m3
Total area of plantings: 343500 m2
Total Rain over Plantings: 390,000 m3
4.0% of Total Rainfall intercepted at 20 years after Planting
Car Equivalents of Carbon Sequestered
Years After Planting
Carbon Sequestration Rate (kg/yr)
Kg Emitted/Car over 16.5 mile stretch
Annual Car Equivalents of
Carbon Sequestered
5 Yr. 15309 4.51 339110 Yr. 28841 4.51 638920 Yr. 65571 4.51 14526
Emissions calculated from Walsh et al 2008. Emission Factor: 0.17 kg CO2/km for passenger car
2008 Average Daily Traffic at Gladstone Exit off I-205:
143800 cars
Annual Air Pollutant Removal
Years after Planting 5 Yr CO (kg/yr) 5 Yr SO2 (kg/yr) 5 Yr NO2 (kg/yr) 5 Yr O3 (kg/yr) 5 Yr PM10 (kg/yr) BVOC Emissions (kg/yr)5 Year 7.64 7.29 31.89 77.36 58.57 -11610 Year 20.44 19.5 85.37 207.07 156.76 -42220 Year 54.79 52.26 228.79 554.96 420.12 -1077
Photos courtesy of Friends of Trees
BenefitsTotal by Concordia
$/Tree Concordia
Total by PSU 20 Yr
$/Tree PSU 20 Yr
Carbon Sequestration $2,992 $0.65 $4855 $1.27Air Quality Improvement $4,822 $1.04 $9,535 $2.49Stormwater $56,964 $12.29 $111,956 $29.18Total $64,778 $13.97 $126,346 $32.94
Scenario Valuation Average/Tree5 Yr. Grand Total $12,623 $3.2910 Yr. Grand Total $15,721 $4.1020 Yr. Grand Total $122,722 $31.98
Based on:
$20.30/ton C sequestered$7.34/cu. m rainfall intercepted$1407/ t CO$9906/ t O3$9906/ t NO2$6614/ t PM10$2425/t SO2
Valuation of Ecosystem Services
Plot
No. Trees Planted
5 Yr. Rainwater Interception Valuation
10 Yr. Rainwater Interception Valuation
20 Yr. Rainwater Interception Valuation
5 Yr. Net Air Quality Valuation
10 Yr. Net Air Quality Valuation
20 Yr. Net Air Quality Valuation
5 Yr. Carbon Sequestration Valuation
10 Yr. Carbon Sequestration Valuation
20 Yr. Carbon Sequestration Valuation
Airport Way 130 $384 $1,256 $3,770 $49 $120 $239 $32 $77 $170 Alderwood 154 $347 $1,267 $4,584 $69 $192 $394 $82 $190 $420 Boise 153 $498 $1,679 $5,099 $61 $201 $559 $38 $88 $195 Bush Garden 163 $532 $1,625 $4,663 $61 $195 $549 $10 $24 $57
Dean Creek Hill 128 $344 $1,156 $3,490 $34 $100 $371 $86 $153 $349 Division St 372 $1,022 $3,431 $10,358 $125 $331 $679 $71 $141 $319 Flavel 98 $403 $1,114 $2,437 $34 $73 $152 $62 $151 $344
Gateway Transit 46 $148 $505 $1,494 $19 $66 $183 $140 $230 $533 Gateway Transit North 135 $391 $1,307 $3,867 $55 $152 $297 $51 $72 $166 Holman Hill 323 $795 $2,760 $9,411 $123 $344 $771 $33 $78 $178
Johnson Creek 113 $301 $1,037 $3,119 $69 $183 $235 $77 $176 $396 Lents Lane 315 $935 $3,187 $10,648 $135 $395 $944 $30 $69 $162
Lents Lane Ext 130 $407 $1,310 $3,659 $55 $156 $317 $51 $54 $124 Mill St 140 $685 $2,357 $7,759 $103 $285 $692 $52 $85 $190 Montavilla 274 $243 $864 $2,682 $34 $88 $171 $17 $46 $104 NE Marx St 100 $396 $1,346 $4,094 $46 $134 $359 $22 $51 $115
North Pioneer 277 $799 $2,654 $8,103 $102 $297 $733 $31 $77 $178
Parkrose North 100 $242 $717 $2,354 $41 $117 $253 $35 $85 $195
Parkrose South 160 $472 $1,428 $4,538 $49 $149 $419 $60 $73 $168
Powell & Duke 135 $403 $1,230 $3,616 $42 $102 $152 $30 $71 $161
South Pioneer 247 $666 $2,359 $7,519 $83 $241 $600 $69 $77 $175 Steele Slope 144 $483 $1,630 $4,693 $59 $182 $466 $62 $81 $185 Total 3837 $10,897 $36,220 $111,956 $1,448 $4,104 $9,535 $1,141 $2,149 $4,885
20 Year After Planting Economic Valuation by Species
Species Storm water Air Quality CO2
Scarlet oak $109.15 $1.76 $1.13 Accolade elm $64.18 $4.17 $0.59 Bigleaf maple $45.64 $3.13 $0.27 Bur oak $40.54 $0.73 $0.45 Chinkapin oak $40.54 $0.17 $0.50 Oregon white oak $40.54 $0.17 $0.39 Pacific dogwood $40.54 ($0.08) $0.35 White oak $40.54 $0.08 $0.50 Douglas fir $37.50 $8.30 $0.13 Grand fir $37.50 $0.48 $0.22 Jeffery pine $37.50 $1.68 $0.18 Noble fir $37.50 $2.02 $0.20 Ponderosa pine $37.50 $4.43 $0.21 Sitka spruce $37.50 $1.99 $0.27 Western redcedar $37.50 $0.92 $0.07 Western white pine $37.50 $0.79 $0.17 Rocky mountain maple $36.02 $0.51 $0.32 Southern magnolia $30.18 $5.70 $0.35 Oregon ash $28.57 $3.30 $0.45 Lodgepole pine $25.77 $0.50 $0.17 Klamath plum $25.42 $0.45 $0.52 Black hawthorn $23.78 $0.63 $0.51 Washington hawthorn $23.78 $0.67 $0.51 Bitter cherry $12.48 $0.24 $0.52 Cascara $12.48 $2.02 $0.43 Common chokecherry $12.48 $0.07 $0.52 Oregon crabapple $8.70 $0.17 $0.42 Incense cedar $5.32 $0.61 $0.21 Pacific madrone $4.27 $0.90 $0.20
²1 cm = 2 km
20 Years After Planting
Legend ($/Year)
5,300
CarbonSequestration
Stormwater
AirQuality
Access to i-Tree Software Suite
• http://itreetools.org/• Applications and Utilities Available
for download• Workshop training schedules• Previous workshop presentations• Manuals• Other resources and publications
Examples of Use in Tribal Communities
• Decision making• Quantify pollutant removal,
rainwater interception, carbon sequestration
• Broad picture of entire forest• Assess canopy cover of tribal
lands• Stream flow, water quality
ReferencesBonan, G. B., 2008. Forests and Climate Change: Forcings, Feedbacks, and the Climate Benefits of Forests. Science. 320 , 1444-1449.MA, 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Current State and Trends. Island Press, Washington DCCarlson, Toby N., (5 Aug 2003). Chapter 7. John A. Dutton e-Education Institute. Retrieved on 2 Apr 2012. https://courseware.e-education.psu.edu/simsphere/workbook/ch07.htmlNowak et al. 2008. A Ground-Based Method of Assessing Urban Forest Structure and Ecosystem Services. Aboriculture and Urban Forestry. Vol 34 No. 6. pp 347-358Walsh et al 2008. A comparison of carbon dioxide emissions associated with motorised transport modes and cycling in Ireland. Transportation Research Part D. 13, (2008), 392-399.Murray, F.J.; Marsh, L.; Bradford, P.A. 1994. New York State energy plan, vol. II: issue reports. Albany, NY: New York State Energy Office.McPherson EG et al. (2002) Western Washington and Oregon Community Tree Guide: Benefits, Costs and Strategic Planning. International Society of Arboriculture- Pacific Northwest Chapter, Silverton, OR. 76 pp.Tech. Rep. NRS-57. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station. 49 p. http://www.furneysnursery.com/2011/11/15/chief-joseph-lodgepole-pine-pinus-contorta-chief-joseph%E2%80%99/Qingfu Ziao, E. Gregory McPherson, Susan L. Ustin and Mark E. Grismer. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol 105. No. D23. Pages 29173-29188. Dec. 2000. http://www.itreetools.org/http://www.co.clackamas.or.us/docs/dtd/trafficcount.pdfhttp://www.wrh.noaa.gov/http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/