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Ecosystems
Community Interactions
• What is a food web?• How does energy move
thru a food web?• What is the role of
decomposers?• Predict what would
happen if one of these species became endangered or wiped out.
Watch…
• NASA – The Ocean A Driving Force for Weather and Climate
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6vgvTeuoDWY
http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=Jet%20Stream%20Animation%20el%20nino%20and%20la%20nina&qs=n&form=QBVR&pq=jet%20stream%20animation%20el%20nino%20and%20la%20nina&sc=0-21&sp=-1&sk=#view=detail&mid=FF4D8AD21FFDF74BD002FF4D8AD21FFDF74BD002
Biodiversity
• Species rich in an ecosystem, biome, or Earth• Measure of health• Endangered species & extinction threaten
Biodiversity
Influences on Ecosystems
Biotic Factors• Biological, living, factors• Birds, trees, mushrooms,
bacteria
Abiotic Factors• Physical, nonliving factors• Temp, ppt, humidity
Competitive Exclusion Principle
Warblers are birds. Different species of warblers can live in the same tree. Can different species occupy the same niche? Explain
Niche• An organism’s job or role
in its ecosystem• Place in the food web• Type of food it eats• How obtains food• Predator/prey
relationships• Physical conditions for
survival (ie/ adapting to temp & weather changes)
Climate• Avg pattern of weather
patterns in a region• Trapping of heat by
atmosphere• Latitude – angle of heating
– Polar, temperate, tropical zones
• Transport of heat by winds & ocean currents
• Amount of precipitation
Heat Transport =unequal heating of the Earth’s surface
Winds• Warm air rises
– Near equator rises
• Cool air sinks– Near poles sinks
• Upward & downward movt create winds
• Winds move heat from regions of sinking air to rising air affecting climate
Currents• Cold water near poles sinks
& flows along ocean bottom• Cold water rises as heats in
warmer regions– Upwelling
• Water flow creates currents• Ocean currents warm/cool
the air above
Global Climate Zones
Effects on Climate
Greenhouse Effect• Rise in temp due to trapped
gases & energy from sun (water vapor, carbon dioxide)
• W/o heat would escape into space (60* colder)
Global Warming• Avg inc in Earth’s temp
(1.4*f rise in past 100 years)• Rise in temp due to human
activities• Effects rainfall patterns,
sea-lvl, plants, animals, humans
Global warming debateAlthough still a controversial subject, there is a growing consensus that global climate changes are being caused by
environmental pollution, especially by greenhouse gases.
Do we need to take more urgent action to halt this trend?
Community Interactions
• Competition – organisms try to use same resource at same time– Competitive exclusion principle• Direct competition – winner & loser• No 2 sp can occupy the same niche at the same time
• Predation – predators seek prey– Anglerfish & Nemo
• Symbiosis – species live closely together
Symbiotic Relationships
• Mutualism – (+/+)– Both benefit– Shark & remora
• Commensalism – (+/0)– One benefits, other not effected– Whale & barnacle
• Parasitism – (+/-)– One benefits, other harmed– Dog & tick
Biomes are classified by…• Climate of the region• Where biome is found & geography• Special adaptations of the vegetation• Types of animals found; physical & behavioral
adaptations to env’t
What is a biome?
• Lg area of distinct plants & animals• Consists of many ecosystems• All living things are closely related to their
env’t• Changes can cause a ripple effect on other
parts (volcano eruption, forest fire, el nino)
Biomes
Tropical Rainforest• Most diverse biome• Hot/wet year-round; humid• Found around the eqtr• Lg diverse trees & plants
Tropical Dry Forest• Seasonal rainfall; intense
dry season• Deciduous trees• Warm year-round• Mexico, C. America
Biomes
Tropical Savanna / grassland• Tropical wet / dry• More rain than desert• Isolated trees; covered by
grass• Africa
Desert• Dry, less than 25 cm rain • Extreme temp changes – no
veg to maintain heat• US, Africa, Asia, etc• Death Valley
Biomes
Temperate Grassland• Rich mix of grasses
prairies• Most fertile soils• Prone to fires• Omaha, Nebraska
Temperate Woodland• Chaparral (dominated by
shrubs)• Mix of shrubs & open woods• Semi-dry & low-plants fire
prone• Los Angeles
Biomes
Temperate Forest• Deciduous forest,
coniferous also• US!!• Seasons, winter cold, halts
plant growth
NW Coniferous Forest• Moist air, cool air• Washington• Variety of conifers & trees
(Giant redwood)• Moss covers floor & trunks
Biomes
Boreal Forest / Taiga• Dense evergreen coniferous
forests, • Northern; Alaska• winters bitterly cold,
thawing in summer
Tundra• Permafrost – perm frozen
soil• Short cool summer, long
winters• Thawing & freezing cycles
destroys plants• Alaska
Biomes
Freshwater• Ponds, lakes, streams,
rivers, wetlands• Freshwater• Wetlands have highest
species diversity
Brackish
• Estuaries, wetlands, rivers• Partial fresh & salt water• Streams/rivers merge w/ocean• Chesapeake Bay
Biomes
Marine• Oceans, coral reefs, estuaries• Covers ¾ earth’s surface• Supply most of world’s O2
supply• Zonation – 4 areas each w/
great sp diversity (shore – deepest)