Ecosystems:Living Systems

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I- I- LivingLiving ThingsThings andand TheirTheir EnvironmentEnvironment

A- A- StimulusStimulus andand ResponseResponse

11- - StimulusStimulus: Change in the : Change in the environment. environment.

2-2- ResponseResponse: Ways in which living : Ways in which living things react to these changes. things react to these changes.

3-3- AdaptationsAdaptations: Changes over time : Changes over time to help the organisms survive in to help the organisms survive in their habitat. their habitat.

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B-B- Some environments undergo Some environments undergo extreme changes in temperature, extreme changes in temperature, sunlight and water supplies, organisms sunlight and water supplies, organisms that live in these environments must that live in these environments must develop develop Behavior AdaptationsBehavior Adaptations to to survive. survive.

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1)1) MigrationMigration: Moving from one environment to another. {some birds, herd animals}

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2) 2) HibernationHibernation::

Sleeping through the winter.

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3)3) DormancyDormancy:

Organisms

become

completely

inactive {Plants}{Plants}

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C.C. Physical Adaptations

Physical Adaptations:

Special characteristics that

enable organisms to survive

under certain conditions.

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1)1) Organisms adapt to survive in water, soil, or air.

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2)2) Organisms adapt to survive in high and low temperatures.

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3)3) Organisms adapt to get food, find prey and to escape predators.

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D. D.

1- 1- HabitatHabitat = particular = particular

environment in which an

environment in which an

organism lives.organism lives.

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2- 2- ExtinctionExtinction = = when a

species dies out.

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3- 3- EndangeredEndangered speciesspecies = A = A species that is in danger of species that is in danger of becoming extinct.becoming extinct.

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E.E.

1. In a habitat all the members of 1. In a habitat all the members of the same species = the same species = PopulationPopulation..

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2. The different 2. The different populations populations within a habitat within a habitat make up a make up a CommunityCommunity.. {aquarium = different {aquarium = different types of fish, plants types of fish, plants this is a small this is a small community}community}

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II- II- TheThe BalanceBalance ofof NatureNature::

A- Producers & A- Producers & ConsumersConsumers

1- 1- ProducersProducers plants that carry out photosynthesis.

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2- 2- Consumers Consumers organisms that eat other organisms for food/energy.

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4- Types of 4- Types of ConsumersConsumers a} a} HerbivoresHerbivores get energy from plants. Primary Primary ConsumerConsumer

b} b} CarnivoresCarnivores get energy from other organism {meat eaters}. Secondary Secondary ConsumerConsumer

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c} c} OmnivoresOmnivores get energy from both plants and animals.

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B- B- CompetitionCompetition:: Organisms in Organisms in the same the same habitat compete for habitat compete for the the same food.same food.

1} 1} BiodiversityBiodiversity == describes the describes the variety variety of life-forms that of life-forms that exist.exist.

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2} 2} EcologicalEcological SuccessionSuccession = = the the natural process by natural process by which one community which one community is replaced by is replaced by another community in another community in an orderly predictable an orderly predictable sequence.sequence.

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C- C- EcologicalEcological ChangesChanges = 2 = 2 TypesTypes

1} 1} GradualGradual = = over a period of over a period of timetime

~~ Succession Succession

~~ Climate Change Climate Change

~~ Human Population Human Population GrowthGrowth

~~ Continental Drift Continental Drift

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2- 2- SuddenSudden = occurs = occurs quickly quickly due to a due to a natural disaster or natural disaster or human carelessness.human carelessness.

~ Volcanic Eruption, Forest Fire, ~ Volcanic Eruption, Forest Fire, Flood, Meteorite Flood, Meteorite

Impact, Human Action Impact, Human Action {{Chemical spill, Nuclear disaster, or Chemical spill, Nuclear disaster, or Oil spillOil spill}.}.

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D- D- NaturalNatural ResourcesResources::

1- 1- RenewableRenewable ResourcesResources = = can can be be replenished/replacedreplenished/replaced

{forest, water, and {forest, water, and soil}soil}

2- 2- NonrenewableNonrenewable ResourcesResources = = can can not be not be replenished/replacedreplenished/replaced {minerals, natural gas, and {minerals, natural gas, and oil}oil}

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E- E- FoodFood ChainsChains:: a a sequence energy sequence energy passing from one passing from one organism to another. organism to another.

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F- F- FoodFood WebWeb:: A A number of food chains number of food chains that are connected.that are connected.

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F- F- FoodFood PyramidPyramid:: Shows the Shows the relationship of relationship of producers to producers to consumers. Producers consumers. Producers are are always at the always at the base/bottom.base/bottom.

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1-1- Every organism use Every organism use energy, some energy energy, some energy is lost to the is lost to the environment that is environment that is why it gets smaller as why it gets smaller as you go up to the top.you go up to the top.

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1st

Carnivores

Herbivores

ProducersProducers

2nd Carnivores

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G- G- SymbiosisSymbiosis oror SymbioticSymbiotic RelationshipsRelationships::

When two or more When two or more different different organisms live organisms live in close in close association with association with one another.one another.

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1- Symbiotic 1- Symbiotic Relationships:Relationships:a} a} Mutualism

Mutualism ==

Both organisms Both organisms

benefit from the benefit from the

relationship.relationship.

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b} b} CommunalismCommunalism = = One One organism organism benefits while benefits while the other is not the other is not affected.affected.

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c} c} ParasitismParasitism = = One One organism benefits while organism benefits while the other organism is the other organism is harmed.harmed.