Ecrin 4.10 Update Notes

Ecrin 4.10 - Doc v4.10.01 KAPPA 1988-2008 Ecrin 4.10 Update Notes - 1/24

Ecrin 4.10 Update Notes

1. Introduction This document gives an overview of the new or modified options in v4.10, and can be used as a jump-start for existing users. Ecrin v4.10 includes important additions on existing modules, a new NL level in Topaze enabling 3-Phase flow modeling. Furthermore, Ecrin v4.10 comes with a whole new module for Reservoir Simulation called Rubis. If you are using any KAPPA product, you will have access to Rubis for 6 months after the official release. The main features of Rubis are described in section 2 below. This document is organized as follows: 2. Rubis p1 3. General interaction and display p3 4. Load - Data link p4 5. Analysis (Saphir and Topaze) p5 6. Saphir FT (Formation Testers) p10 7. Saphir p11 8. Topaze p17 9. Diamant and Diamant Master p22

2. Rubis The objective in Rubis is to build simple 3-phase, 3-D models, intuitively in minutes. The focus is on interactively building the field as it looks, and then the grid builds automatically inside this. The engineers can then concentrate on the problem, not how to construct the tool. Rubis uses unstructured grids with the 3-D refinements needed to capture the flow geometries around the well like Saphir would. However, at the time of simulation the fine grid is upscaled into a coarser grid calibrated on the results of the fine one. This ensures consistency with Saphir (and Topaze).

Rubis main screen

Ecrin 4.10 - Doc v4.10.01 KAPPA 1988-2008 Ecrin 4.10 Update Notes - 2/24 Rubis Key features A single integrated application (no file, no keywords) An integral part of Ecrin (seed Rubis from a Saphir/Topaze case, see Rubis results in Topaze, etc.) Automatic unstructured grid building Automatic well upscaling ensuring consistency with welltest Run launched in independent thread with real-time display and control Multiple run in one file

Geometry / Reservoir and Fluid properties Any contour / any number of vertical faults Up to 99 layers; horizons and thickness as constant or data sets Properties by layer / regions or both 3-Phase Black-Oil PVT (defined by correlations, tables, or PVT report) Kr and Pc by correlations or tables Aquifer modeling (Shiltius, Pot, Carter-Tracy, Fetkovich, Numerical)

Wells Vertical well with any number of perforation segments Slanted wells (handled with pseudo skin) Hydraulic fractures Stratigraphic Horizontal well (remaining within one layer) Perforations with fixed Skin or time-dependent Skin Perforation opening times Implicit wellbore model coupling (empirical, mechanistic, or drift flux models) Any number of well controls (constant or gauge data) Load and edition of historical data for display and/or controls Display/Results 3D, 2D cross section of the reservoir properties Versus-time splitter plots for each well with user defined contents Field results (p, saturations) Logs (versus depth) output Global results (Pbar, STHIP, Influx, etc) Animation replay Data browser Data store for comparison In addition, it is possible to drag and drop Saphir and Topaze documents into Rubis via the Ecrin browser. In that case the complete interpretation (geometry, wells, gauges, analyses) are transferred, allowing a further extension of the problem in Rubis e.g., changing a Saphir NL problem to a three-phase flow simulation, adding gravity effects to a Topaze model, etc For more information on Rubis, please refer to the Rubis White Pages accessible on the Ecrin v4.10 download section. You may also follow the Rubis Guided Sessions, part of the Ecrin Guided Sessions.


3. General interaction and display 3.1. 2D and 3D plot improvements The 2D and 3D plots have been enhanced with improved performances and some new options. Horizontal cross-sections may now be created through the reservoir in 3D. The available options allow cutting at a fixed depth, or along a stratigraphic depth, representing a fixed z ratio in a layer. A similar option is available in the 2D Geometry plot.

Vertical cross-section: The former clipping option is removed; the vertical cross-section has been improved and is much faster.

3.2. Continuous gain: Those two buttons have a continuous effect when you keep them pressed. 3.3. Miscellaneous Drag legends on log-log plots: When dragging a model on a loglog plot, an explicit legend in the status

bar indicates which key blocks which direction Aspects contrast: When the selected aspect for anything is either identical to the background or simply too close, Ecrin automatically will change this aspect to get more contrast.

Dump Data option support in 2D, pseudo-3D, and 3D plots: This option outputs a table with X-Y-[Z]-Value Zoom In = keep selected or not: A new Settings option has been added in the Settings Plot Aspects- Plots tab to choose between the old behavior and the new one. By default the old one remains. More explicit plot legends: The plot titles in Topaze and Saphir give function definition explicitlysee below.

File Open: The dialog now lists all Ecrin files, and not only those for the currently active module Layer aspects: In the Settings Plot Aspect option a Layers tab allows control of the layer colors. Change of Reference time dialog: The dialog offering alternatives after an edition of the document reference time has been changed (hopefully for clarity) Toolbars and icons: Toolbar and control panel icons, as well as popup menus have been revisited for all modules and standardized as much as possible. Change the limits of time selection in Edit: When a time selection has been made (in any Ecrin module) the left and right limits of that selection can be changed interactively.

Ecrin 4.10 - Doc v4.10.01 KAPPA 1988-2008 Ecrin 4.10 Update Notes - 4/24 As you move the mouse over the desired limit, the cursor changes into a left-right double-ended arrow: if you click and drag then, the limit will be moved. The allowed positions correspond to the creation mode. So for instance, a time selection made in Saphir on the rate pane of Edit Rates is locked on rate limits. Conversely, the limits of a selection made on a Diamant plot follow the mouse location. 4. Load Data link 4.1. Saphir / Topaze links to Diamant Master (DM) When a data set has been copied from a DM field, a link is now kept in the target so that later updates can be made directly. This is enabled whether the data have been copied by drag & drop, through the DM Send to option, or the Load from opened Ecrin document option. The update is launched using the

new Update icon of the Saphir / Topaze toolbar. This applies to all the linked gauges, pressure or rate. The progress is shown during update and a summary indicates how many new points have been retrieved on each linked gauge (see Figure below). Finally, in the Properties dialog of a linked gauge, a DM link tab is present which can be used to check the link, cut it, or reload the entire data set.

4.2. Excel load plug-in The goal is to tackle the problem faced when dealing with PDG data provided as daily Excel files. Even when proper historians exist, there may be a legacy of such files. Through the plugin, the files are treated as a database, and this database can grow with times. Just like with any other plug-in the user is guided into the selection of a tag. The obvious problem is that there is no such thing as a standard Excel format We have gone through a number of example formats and built a single plugin that can be customized to read them all. We do not pretend that any other format is likely to be read but we can build upon the existing framework as required. Do not hesitate to contact KAPPA if you want to use this plugin and find that you are missing some options. 4.3. Miscellaneous Load from an opened Ecrin document: This option was previously using a mini-browser to present the user with the candidate data sets. This has been replaced by a flat list as shown opposite. The list gathers all likely candidates including in the case of Diamant, the derived channels (resulting from a calculation) with the consistent type.

Document reference time from file reference time: When loading a file containing date information a Set current date as Reference option is given to set the reference time of the document to the time of the current line. You should simply select the appropriate line and click this button.

Load in fractions of seconds: Fractions of second are now readable in a Time of Day string. So for instance, the string 11:15:28.20 can be read as 11[h],15[m],28[s],20[f]


5. Analysis (Saphir and Topaze) 5.1. Numerical multilayer with horizontal and limited entry wells Horizontal wells created in the 2Dmap are now honored in multilayer analyses. As in single layer, the Model dialog includes the definition of well length and Zw. The latter is relative to the whole reservoir thickness so the well can be placed anywhere. Limited entry wells can be generated in the same manner.

3-layer and horizontal well

3-layer and limited entry

5.2. Near-well upscaling The development of near-well upscaling is a core component of Rubis. The idea is to replace a finely gridded well module with a coarser one, but to recalculate the transmissivities in the coarse grids and the well index based on a steady-state simulation on the fine well grids, so that at late time, there is agreement between both solutions (fine and coarse). In v4.10, near-well upscaling is accessible in Saphir and Topaze; it is captured by a single parameter found in the

Grid control tab of the 2Dmap Settings dialog >

In Saphir Upscaling is not used by default (upscaling = 0) and the grid used in simulation is the fine one.

In Topaze, an intermediate value is adopted by default (upscaling = 0.5). This is because early time behaviors are less important.

In Rubis, upscaling is 1 by default.

The figures next show the effect of upscaling on a Saphir horizontal well response. It can be seen that the response remains quite accurate up to an upscaling factor of about 0.50. Or rather, up to such a level, the errors are masked by the wellbore storage. It can also be seen that the number of grids reduces drastically for the first upscaling rounds. Yet accuracy is lost in the last rounds. This is expected since the cells being fewer, they become more and more important to capture the flow behavior. 0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2

Cells vs Upscaling

Cells


Upscaling=0; 3067 cells

Upscaling=0.25; 1025 cells



Upscaling=1; 607 cells

Ecrin 4.10 - Doc v4.10.01 KAPPA 1988-2008 Ecrin 4.10 Update Notes - 7/24 When using near-well upscaling one may also control the transition from the near well grids to the reservoir grids. The default upscaling simply replaces the well module and leaves the rest unchanged. This is referred to as Progressive Module transition. Alternatively, the transition can be Direct. See the example below.

No upscaling

Upscaling 1; progressive transition

Upscaling 1; direct transition

Ecrin 4.10 - Doc v4.10.01 KAPPA 1988-2008 Ecrin 4.10 Update Notes - 8/24 5.3. Numerical NL with water influx In the Contour Property dialog of the 2D Map (accessed for instance with a double-click), two radio buttons at the bottom of the dialog allow to turn the flowing segments into either constant pressure, or water-influx. When selecting water influx, the following models can be chose from: Shiltuis, Fetkovich, Pot, Carter-Tracy, and Numerical. The next plots show a comparison of different models first on a Saphir loglog plot.

5.4. Numerical slanted well model (possibly with limited entry) pseudo skin In the 2-Dmap, a vertical well may now be described as slanted, in which case an additional parameter is introduced for the well deviation. This option can be combined with Limited entry. Unlike with other well configurations, Ecrin does not grid the actual geometry in this case, but a pseudo skin is added to account for the deviation. 5.5. Numerical multilayer and composite zones It is possible to combine both options. In each layer, each composite region is assigned its own properties: M,D, and reservoir model (homogeneous, 2-Phi PSS).

Mixing a composite region and multilayer

5.6. Built-in analytical slanted well model An analytical slanted well model is now available in the standard Ecrin model catalog. The same kernel is now used for the three following model options: slanted well model (new in v4.10), limited entry, vertical interference (Saphir FT, new in v4.10). Among the additional feature resulting from the integration is the possibility to combine the slanted well model with most reservoir and boundary types, to add rate dependent skin, etc.

Ecrin 4.10 - Doc v4.10.01 KAPPA 1988-2008 Ecrin 4.10 Update Notes - 9/24 5.7. Conductive fault and layer leakage When using a numerical multilayer model and a conductive fault, if the fault has finite conductivity, then it is possible to use or ignore the inter-layer leakage within the fault. In the 2Dmap, the fault property

dialog includes a checkbox. If this option is selected, the vertical flow in the fault is constrained by the inter-layer leakage factor of the Model dialog. If the option is not selected, vertical flow occurs within the fault. 5.8. Access PVT and test parameters in Test Design dialog This option can be enabled through the Interpretation settings (Misc page) below left. When enabled, the PVT parameters (completed by h) are added to the parameters list in the test design dialog.

5.9. Model dialog re-opened after Generate

Selecting this option located at the bottom left of the Model dialog, causes the dialog to reappear when the run is over. The flag remains check until you unselect it, or Cancel is chosen in the dialog. 5.10. Explicit saturation and compressibility input in Main Infos The PVT tab in Oil has been redesigned as shown below. With Advanced you can define a Black-Oil PVT to calculate all the various properties in one go. For ct, the fluid compressibilities can be overridden. Also, the saturations and compressibilities remain accessible on the main page; any change of those values is treated in the fly to adjust ct.

5.11. PVT defined from lab report In Saphir and Topaze you may define a PVT from a lab report. This option leads to the dialog opposite defining the relevant type of study. An internal Black Oil model is built honoring the loaded study. Note that this option is essentially used to build an isothermal PVT. If you want to use the Intake option where the temperature varies, correlations will be fitted internally to the loaded data.

Ecrin 4.10 - Doc v4.10.01 KAPPA 1988-2008 Ecrin 4.10 Update Notes - 10/24 5.12. Analysis drag and drop In the Ecrin browser Saphir and Topaze analyses may be directly exchanged between documents, by selecting an analysis node and sending it to the target analyses container (for an addition) or the target analysis (for a copy). The Select objects to copy dialog will then show up, offering to copy all objects stored in the copied analysis in one go.

6. Saphir FT (Formation Testers) This Saphir feature is temporary, restricted to v4.10. We will remove it from later Saphir versions, when an Ecrin module dedicated to formation testers is released. The temporary Saphir addendum is aimed at unlocking our users who wish to have simultaneous match of source and observation pressures. The future FT module will handle all FT surveys for a given well in a single document. It will integrate a tool database, tool specific features, a dedicated numerical model, gradients, contacts, etc. We cannot achieve a proper FT module in v4.10, hence the temporary Saphir feature. Naturally, FT files created by Saphir v4.10 will be read by following versions of Saphir and by the FT module.

Loglog with active an interference responses

Tool schematic

Below in brief the list of current options: A new FT analysis type exists among the possible analysis types A FT analysis has a specific Load that can process in one go multiple

channels (pressures, volume, or rate); in particular when loading from a LAS file, part of the header is decoded to pre-select data types.

A Compute Q option allows the calculation of rates from pump volumes

The FT analysis includes a Tool Info option to assign gauges to probes or packer interval

The extraction displays simultaneously all the defined gauges (active and interferences)

The model is restricted to an internal version of the vertical interference models first released as external models in 4.02: packer-probe; probe-probe.

A model response is generated for each gauge Improve regresses on all gauges

A new Saphir Guided session covers the FT module; please refer to this session for more details.


7. Saphir 7.1. Improved deconvolution The deconvolution has left the Extract dP dialog and has become an option per se in the Interpretation Control Panel. A number of controls have been added as well as whole new way of running the process. Three deconvolution methods are now clearly defined: the user may either use all data from all active groups to construct a unique deconvolution curve (Von Schroeter et al. SPE 71574), build an individual deconvolution curve for each group with a unique initial pressure for all curves (Levitan et al. SPE 90680), or build a unique deconvolution curve from a finer selection of the targets. The two last methods are available only when more than one group has been selected in the extraction option. The third is new; in essence, it is merely a standard non-linear regression run on a subset of the usual pressure targets: if all the pressure targets are kept for the reference period, only the late-time (i.e., the pressure points recorded later than a user defined delta-t split value) targets of the additional groups are included in the process. The initial guess has been modified to use the KIWI sketch as a starting point; the regression is run as a separate thread and you can pause or step through the iterations manually. At any time, the current curve may be modified interactively on the plot. The deconvolution dialog is shown below; it contains:

(1) A method box summarizing the main options (2) A settings box containing the initial pressure pi and the non-linear regression options (3) A loglog plot displaying the current deconvolution curve along with the active groups selected for deconvolution, (4) A toolbar attached to the loglog plot, (5) A highlight box to track a given group extraction on the loglog plot, (6) Buttons for the control of the non-linear regression process. When the deconvolution dialog is called the first time, an initial guess for the deconvolution curve is built from the current time match and pressure match. This curve may then be modified by manual modifications and/or non-linear regression. The deconvolution curve is then accepted and inserted as the current extraction in Saphir when the user clicks on OK in the deconvolution dialog. Please refer to the Ecrin on-line help for more details of the new options.

Ecrin 4.10 - Doc v4.10.01 KAPPA 1988-2008 Ecrin 4.10 Update Notes - 12/24 7.2. Steady-state IPR calculations In the Darcy IPR a new option is given for Constant Pressure reservoirs. When this option is selected, the usual Dietz Shape factor is replaced by a Ramey shape factor and the average pressure Pavg is substituted with an input of Pi. Shape factors are calculated from equivalent closed geometries [1]. [1] Wellbore Pressures in Reservoirs with Constant-Pressure or Mixed No-Flow/Constant Pressure Outer Boundary, Leif Larsen, SPE 11440.

Even in constant pressure, it is now possible to define the Darcy IPR in terms of Pavg rather than Pi. The corresponding shape factors are specific; they are available for rectangular reservoirs only: you specify the side or sides at constant pressure see below, right.

Ecrin 4.10 - Doc v4.10.01 KAPPA 1988-2008 Ecrin 4.10 Update Notes - 13/24 7.3. Constant pressure boundaries and Paverage calculations The shape factors for steady-state conditions can be used in the Average Pressure option. If you select the Steady state/pseudo steady-state mode and define the shape factor, the dialog appears with the usual Dietz values. A drop list at the top of the dialog indicates no constant pressure side. Other choices are similar to what is shown above right and switch to the new Cas.

7.4. Modifications in the pseudo-skin components option Thanks to the integration of the slanted well as an internal solution kernel this (old) option now presents a simpler interface. The slanted well pseudo-skin is now directly computed by the kernel no need to use the (approximate) Cinco-Ley & Ramey correlation anymore. As a side result, the slanted + limited entry pseudo-skin is now given as a unique value as opposed to the decomposition made in Saphir 4.02. 7.5. Interference Tests and empty log-log plots In some specific cases Saphir blocks the user at extraction because Delta-p makes no sense on the log-log (and semi-log) plot(s): this is a normal behavior in 99% of the cases, but in some particular interference tests the interpretation would fall into a trap no way to build an extraction, hence no way to simulate a model. This trap is now corrected, as a model can still be generated in interference tests even when the extracted data are empty. Note that in this case the Improve option can only be performed on the simulation, and not on the (unusable) log-log. Also, the auto-match is disconnected and the match parameters are initialized from default values (kh = 1000 md.ft, etc). 7.6. Improve on simulation: add last flowing pressures as targets The default pressure targets selection is completed by the last flowing pressures just preceding eventual shut-ins, as shown below:

Additional targets in v4.02 highlighted in red

7.7. Manual offset of model pi, or other well reference pressure

With any model, use the icon to enable a vertical drag on the history plot; the drag shifts the model initial pressure, and any other related pressure values such as a Paverage, pressure fields, pressure at other wells, etc. The What next help turns to Yellow at the minimum to indicate that the shift was made. If the Model should be re-generated this button turns to red. You can reset pi to the original model initial

pressure using the new option: Reset pi shift . In addition to the above, in the case of a multi-well numerical model, each well can be assigned its own pressure shift (on its associated history plot), in order to account for a different gauge position.

7.8. Output compare file extension to Semi-log plot and history plot The Output Compare file now includes a semi-log plot and a history plot views. For the semi-log, the Y scale can be pressure alone or a normalized pressure.

Ecrin 4.10 - Doc v4.10.01 KAPPA 1988-2008 Ecrin 4.10 Update Notes - 14/24 7.9. Edit rates Keep the model, and extracted flow periods: When editing the rate history, Saphir now preserves the definition of extracted flow periods and model as much as possible. Changing the rates even before an extracted flow period keeps this period extracted if there is a period of the same type on its original time range after edit. Also, the model may simply be truncated at the time of the first modification. Even if the model is not seen on the current loglog/semilog plots, all model values are kept in memory and will be retrieved in a subsequent call to the Model dialog

Reset automatic group names: A side effect of the above is that Saphir also tries to preserve the naming of groups after edition. If say, you extract build-up#2 and then add a new build-up before, the extracted group is still called build-up#2. You may want to reset the names to the defaults (ordered in each type) and this can be done with a right click in the Groups plot or the table, and a call to the option Reset automatic group names.

Pane size ratio: A Saphir document remembers the last size ratio set by the user in Edit Rates; this facility did not work properly in v4.02. For new files, one may decide to systematically invert the ratio.

This is done with a new option in Settings Plot Aspects Plots tab: Split multi-rate production group in one go: In Edit rates, a new option is available that allows splitting a multi-rate group into as many groups as the internal flow rates. This option is accessible either from the grid (group columns) or the plot (group view). For instance a Flow after Flow test with 3 rates is recognized by default as Production #1. The split option creates automatically 3 groups labeled Production #1 1, Production #1 2, Production #1 3 for each of the flow rates.

7.10. Multiple build-up analysis Eliminate bad groups In the Lines Multiple + vs. time Select range option of the Loglog plot, at the end of the calculation, you are now given the option to un-extract the flow periods with a calculated IARF level outside the defined range. Such groups can be highlighted before proceeding.

Skin vs. time plot: point removal This plot now includes a Delete icon, which you can use to pick an outlier. After picking the point, a loglog is displayed with the corresponding group and you may (1) remove the group from the Skin vs. time plot or (2) un-extract the group. 7.11. Miscellaneous Quick Look at the radius of investigation

This option is called with a new icon of the loglog plot . This behaves as the Pick point option: selecting the nearest data point as the mouse is moved. Rather than displaying the point coordinates, this option gives the radius of investigation for the selected time in the status bar. The radius of investigation is calculated after Earlougher with the classical 0.029 coefficient

Ecrin 4.10 - Doc v4.10.01 KAPPA 1988-2008 Ecrin 4.10 Update Notes - 15/24 Additional results: ideal productivity index, flow efficiency When the productivity index is added to the results (as specified in the Results Settings) and when the model contains a positive skin an additional result called Prod. Index Ideal is given. This index represents the ideal PI that one could obtain without the positive (damage) skin:

[ ]PMskinPP

qIdealPIwfi

=

Where PM is the pressure match. Note that this result is not provided anymore when the model contains more than one mechanical skin (multi-layer, dual permeability, etc). The Flow Efficiency is also output with the Productivity index, where FE = PI[real]/PI[ideal] Access to IPR models The interface (and the engine) of the IPR dialog has been modified to provide: A clear distinction between producers and Injectors (in the

later mode, the absolute value of the rates is used). A more logical options layout The types for horizontal and fractured wells are now offered on the entry dialog.

Result overlay on IPR plots

Results may now be overlaid on IPR plots using the usual option. B and input in Darcy IPR When a PVT has been defined it is possible to change the reference pressure used for those values and to invoke a new PVT calculation

Set C in Model This option was available only in Design. It is now also present in Model. Access is given with a Calculator button

next to C. The button next to the tested volume can be used to enter the tubulars. A grid with couples ID, and h is offered. In previous versions there used to be a Set C button at the bottom of the Design dialog. This last configuration remains in multi-layer.

Multilayer: use of Emeraude rate exports In Emeraude, when one selects in the data browser a schematic total rate (QTZT, QOZT, QWZT, QGZT) an option is given to Export to Saphir. This option creates an ASCII file that can be loaded directly in Saphir. In the ML Layer rates dialog, a From Emeraude button is used to reload. Saphir asks for the top reservoir in MD, and interpolates the rate channel to find the layer rates.

Layer rates at surface or downhole In the Layer Info option of a multi-layer analysis, a new checkbox can be used to indicate that the layer rates (input and simulated) are expressed at standard conditions rather than downhole. Only those rates defined at the selected reference will be used in the analysis.

Warning with negative PI or model pressures When the pi back simulation produces a negative value, or when model pressures are negative, the what next button turns to a red warning sign.

Tag valid analysis It is possible to tag one analysis as being the valid one. This facility is provided with a green tab button located in the Analysis toolbar options. The tab of the selected analysis will then be painted in green.


Production group in the status bar When the mouse is moved on top of the history plot (maximized or not) the status bar indicates the group # the cursor is in. Group color customization When a group is extracted, it is assigned a color (Screen and Print) based on his rank among the extracted groups in the current analysis. Once assigned, this color may be changed in the group Properties dialog. This dialog is called either by selecting a group in Edit rates and Properties, or with the I option of the group controls in the main toolbar:

Semi-log line Skin Multiple drawdown and depletion In previous versions Skin calculation on Drawdown semi-log lines were not correct if the reservoir was subject to depletion. This is now corrected. New inputs for changing wellbore storage model The inputs are now Ci/Cf and the elapsed time when the change of storage occurs, rather than the dimensionless parameter Alpha used previously.


8. Topaze 8.1. Topaze NL It is now possible to create Non Linear analyses in Topaze just like in Saphir. Topaze actually goes one step further since 3-Phase is allowed (i.e. saturated oil and water, or gas condensate with water). Topaze NL is licensed as an addition to Topaze. The numerical kernel solves implicitly for pressure and saturations; the phase rates are also considered inside the wellbore for calculating pressure drops (in analysis and forecasts). Multiphase flow correlations are available whether the main PVT type is Oil or Gas, and will use all the available phase rates. All the diagnostic plots (loglog, Blasingame, etc) are made in terms of the main phase rate (i.e. the PVT fluid type). On the history plot, all the loaded rates are displayed in the rate pane. v4.02 used to show WOR in Water-Oil, v4.10 shows the actual rates instead in order to support situations where the reference rate is 0. The Figure below illustrates a 3-Phase situation where an oil reservoir is produced below bubble point with an edge water drive causing a water breakthrough after some time.

As in Saphir NL, saturation fields are available below the evolution of Sw with time on another water influx situation.

Ecrin 4.10 - Doc v4.10.01 KAPPA 1988-2008 Ecrin 4.10 Update Notes - 18/24 8.2. Water influx The same models as in Saphir NL or Rubis are available: Shiltius, Pot, Carter-Tracy, Fetkovich, Numerical. The figures next illustrate the use of those models on a variable pressure production.

8.3. Forecast constrained by P at any depth (WHP in particular) In v4.02 the pressure constraints in the forecast were at sandface. It is now possible to specify another depth, provided an Intake has been defined. We consider different situations: q(p) forecast after an analysis; extrapolate current model An analysis has been made, using some pressure that was not measured at sandface. An intake was used so that in the Extraction P@depth was corrected to BHP. In Forecast, q(p), model extrapolation, you may either specify the future pressure constraints at

sandface, or at the actual gauge depth.

If you enter the pressure at gauge depth, the history plot will display in the pressure pane the original gauge with the extension, as well as the BHP correction used by the analysis see above. q(p) and p(q) forecast; create new gauge In the Forecast dialog, provided a valid Intake is available, you can enter a gauge depth and bottom-hole depth. Topaze understands the input pressure at the entered depth. NB: of course, the ability to specify a pressure constraint at a depth other than sandface is only applicable to the tested well (no intake for other wells are defined in Topaze).

Ecrin 4.10 - Doc v4.10.01 KAPPA 1988-2008 Ecrin 4.10 Update Notes - 19/24 8.4. Fetkovich type-curve in terms of Re/rwa The plot uses Re/rwa instead of Re/rw for the transient stems. By letting the user enter the closest Re/rwa value, and knowing Re, this allows a calculation of rwa, hence Skin. The way Re/rwa is handled is identical to what occurs in the Blasingame TC plot see below. The match procedure best fits the data on top of the type curve set for rwa=rw (Skin=0). This gives a default Re/rwa value. The user can then change this value via the plot parameters dialog (in place of the Re value in Ecrin 4.02). Note that you can either enter Re/rwa or Skin. In the last case, Re/rwa is recalculated from the current Re. When the user drags the data, Re is recalculated and Re/rwa value is kept constant which allows calculating rwa and a Skin.

8.5. Fetkovich type-curve in gas Not available previously, this plot uses material balance pseudo time. 8.6. Blasingame type-curve Among the New plot menu (and created by default on extraction) is a Blasingame type-curve option. The TC works as follows: First match, Re, kh: When the TC is initialized, Topaze calculates a first match, and gets the corresponding Re and kh. First Skin: The early time stems in this plot correspond to Re/rwa values. Originally rwa is taken as rw (e.g. Skin=0) and no particular stem is selected by the program. Refining the match: You should drag the data for an adequate match. You should check the closest Re/rwa stem by moving the mouse to read the value. When the value is identified, select the Parameters button to enter it. Alternatively you can enter

the Skin and Re/rwa is recalculated.

The response corresponding to the entered Re/rwa is displayed in bold blue. The response is generated on the fly if you enter a value that is not already in the TC.

In the Parameters dialog, a checkbox can be used to generate in the Analysis, the model corresponding to the current match. This provides a good way of checking the results, on all plots.

Ecrin 4.10 - Doc v4.10.01 KAPPA 1988-2008 Ecrin 4.10 Update Notes - 20/24 The same TC option is available in gas, where the time is replaced with pseudo time, and pressure is replaced with a normalized m(p). We recall the expressions for those 2 pseudo-functions [2]

( ) ( ) ( )dppZpp

pZ

pmp

gi

igin = 0

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[2] Decline-Curve Analysis Using Type Curves Analysis of Gas Well Production Data, Palacio and Blasingame, SPE25909 The expression of pseudo time includes the gas in place, Gi. This means that when the data is dragged, it will also be modified dynamically. Actually Topaze recalculates the time to pseudo time correspondence only when the mouse is released (not during the drag). 8.7. p-q plot This new plot is added to provide the simple analysis described in Ref [1] where a cross plot of pwf vs. q is built. On this plot, Infinite Acting Radial flow is diagnosed as a negative slope section while Pseudo Steady State should exhibit a positive line. Furthermore, the slope of the PSS section is inversely proportional to the volume drained. This plot may thus be used to detect compartments. The basic options of the plot are Pick point, Create and move line. The only quantitative result is a line slope.

p-q plot example; Fig.21 of SPE100384

[1] Diagnosis of Reservoir Behavior from Measured Pressure/Rate Data, SPE100384, Kabir et al

Ecrin 4.10 - Doc v4.10.01 KAPPA 1988-2008 Ecrin 4.10 Update Notes - 21/24 8.8. Miscellaneous Abandonment on model The Result dialog in Topaze now includes an Abandonment section where a value of abandonment rate, qa can be entered. Additional results are the time at abandonment, ta and the cumulative volume at that time, Q(ta). Note that this option only looks for the first intersection between the simulated rate channel and the specified value. STHIIP vs. Re input In the Model dialog, with a closed circle outer boundary, a new option is available for the definition of Re (Calculate icon).

This option calls a dialog where the STOIIP or STGIIP can be entered to define the area.

Load volumes (and get production) The Load production option now accepts Volume. Rates are calculated on the fly by simple difference. In other words, between two volume values, the rate is set to a constant equal to: q = (Q2-Q1)/(T2-T1). Arps additional result Among the plot results, the value of the Reserves @ Tmax is now given. Copy Rubis simulation to Topaze It is possible to drag and drop Result Gauges (below Simulation Output Well Results) from Rubis onto a Topaze Model output node if an extraction has been done in Topaze. The Topaze model channels are created with the rates and pressure from the Rubis run; if they already exist they are replaced by the transferred channels from Rubis. The result appears on all plots.


9. Diamant and Diamant Master 9.1. Build-Up Indicator The Build-up Indicator is a logical channel associated with each well, to indicate the periods of time when the well is shut-in. Options are included to define the build-ups manually, or in a semi-automatic manner. The proper definition of the shut-in times allows for quick build-up analysis through a new option called Express build-up. Also, the Build-up indicator channel may be used to calculate a corrected rate production with the new Derived channels features.

When in a plot mode with a Data set selected in the browser, the toolbar above appears. The first icon simply shows the Build-up Indicator channel. This is plotted a colored vertical bands where the value is 1.

To pick a build-up you may either select a time interval (with the usual time selection option) and use the first icon above to define the selected range as a build-up, or use the second button to simply click within a build-up and let Diamant find the start and end. Of course the semi-automatic may sometimes produce results that will still need adjustments, if the data is very noisy, or in case of soft shut-in. However, most of the time this very fast method will produce an adequate starting point. Once defined, the limits of any shut-in may be dragged interactively. 9.2. Build-Up Express This new option can be used to get a quick look at a loglog plot for any build-up, as defined by the Build-up Indicator. After selecting a build-up on the screen, an immediate transfer is done to Saphir (skipping all the file creation wizards) and a loglog is extracted without further interaction. 3 possible choices are given for the rate history: If a production exists, you can pick a given phase

and use all the data, or only the last xxx hours. Alternatively, you can define a production rate a

production time tp

If a full analysis is eventually conducted, you will need to define the test and PVT parameters properly.

Ecrin 4.10 - Doc v4.10.01 KAPPA 1988-2008 Ecrin 4.10 Update Notes - 23/24 9.3. Derived channels Derived channels can be created under a well or a field. They include the former functions (sum, integral) and the result of user defined formulas. Derived channels are calculated dynamically and will therefore be updated when the inputs change. The objective of a derived channel is to create an output data set resulting from n input channels. Writing Y the Y values, the values of the new channel are defined as:

Ynew[t]= f(Y1[t], Y2[t], Y3[t], , Yn[t]).

The steps are as follows:

1. You create or select a formula, identified by a character string with variables and a large choice of functions (arithmetic, logic, etc)

2. You define constants, and pick input channels using a mini-browser 3. You select the output property and unit for the result

The next Figure illustrates the creation of a derived channel where the oil production is forced to null if the Build-Up Indicator is 1.

On Diamant Master, derived channels are handled by the DMCP. 9.4. Alarms (Diamant Master only) Logical functions may be used as alarms. When an alarm is created, you may define whether the Alarm is ON or OFF (i.e. active or not), and you can chose an alarm type. There are two possible alarm types:

Instantaneous: o the alarm is RED if the evaluated function is true o the alarm is GREEN otherwise

Historical: o the alarm is RED if the evaluated function is true o the alarm is YELLOW if the function is false but has been true in the past o the alarm is green otherwise

In both cases, an alarm that is not active (OFF) appears in GREY. Each alarm can be configured so that a mail is sent when it is triggered.

Ecrin 4.10 - Doc v4.10.01 KAPPA 1988-2008 Ecrin 4.10 Update Notes - 24/24 9.5. Miscellaneous Load and display new types The following data types may now be loaded in Diamant: Water cut, WOR, GOR, Choke size, Time (uptime or downtime for instance), and logical channels. The last type is essentially a means to enable Alarms Direct link between Saphir/Topaze and DM As explained in section 4.10 p4, when a data set has been copied from a DM field, a link is now kept in the target so that later updates can be made directly. Show/hide well data

With a well selected and the plot page in display, the plot toolbar includes the new icon . This calls a dialog with a tree diagram where one can tag the data sets to be displayed when looking at the well.

Refresh vs. Forced update (Diamant Master) Elements of the data tree resulting from a separate processing (mirrors, filters, and derived channels) have two distinct update options distinguished by the icons below:

Causes an immediate launch of the corresponding process + retrieves the results (a separate thread is launched; note that there is a limit to the number of concurrent threads)

Gets the new points from the server (this is only a refresh of the client)

2D-map reference point In the Diamant 2Dmap, this new button can be used to set the reference. You may pick or enter the point that will be used as the reference. User rights management extended to Data sources (DM) It is now possible to restrict the access of a user or user group to data source definitions. Toolbars / browser The toolbars have been modified to make room for the Build-up Indicator options. The display mode icons of the browser and the Transfer icons have been moved one level higher. One advantage is that the Transfer to Saphir/Topaze buttons are enabled even if the display is not in Plot mode. The browser includes the new elements such as derived channels and alarms, where they are created. There is also a specific folder with a link to such elements

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Ecrin 4.10 Update Notes

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