ED 039 164 A7mROR 71-7L.p Tm9TITr1mION spoNS AGP:ICY D7POPT NO mUPPAU NO DAT7 r-crTmIRAcm ,7nmT. vi-)RS pp ICS' T7sCPIPTOR9 1.77ENTI7'IFPS ARS"PACT DOCUMENT RESUME 95 SO 000 U20 Gill, Clark C. ; Conroy, William R. Latin America: A cultural Reaion of the World; An Instructional Unit for Grades A, 9, 10. Texas Univ., Austin. Office of Education (nNFw), Washington, D.C. Pureau of Research. ITT-4 BP-6-11R3 FR nvc-U-F-061183-1216 P7p. EDT'S Price MF-$0.0 FC-$4.14 American Culture, American History, *Area Studies, Cross Cultural Studies, Discussion (Teaching Techniaue) , Grade P, Grade 9, Grade 10, Inductive Methods, *Inquiry Training, Instructional Materials, Interdisciplinary Approach, *Latin American Culture, Physical Geography, *Secondary Grades, Sequential Approach, *Social Studies Units, Sociocultural Patterrs, Teaching Guides *Latin American Curriculum Project This teaching package or unit is part of a seauence of materials developed by the Latin American Curriculum Project. Concepts, key ideas and facts introduced in earlier grades on socio-cultural patterns are reinforced by this multidisciplinary approach. The major topic emphasis is the history of the periods since the beginning of the Independence movements. A brief review of Dbysical geography, and a survey of Latin American regions are included. Contemporary problems ard cultural contributions are stressed in the last section. The sugaested activities stress inauiry and reflective thinking through class discussion questions; pupils are expected to reach valid generalizations. student abilities to handle independent reading, and to use the library are considered vital. The appendices contain these ipstructional materials: masters for transparencies, reading selections, country charts to be reproduced for class discussion. Additional texts are suggested including one for the slow learner. Adaptations can be integrated into world history, world geography, or world culture courses. lelated reports are: ED 036 679, SO 000 019, SO 000 021, SO 000 022, 0 000 023. (SIR?)
Transcript
ED 039 164
A7mROR71-7L.p
Tm9TITr1mIONspoNS AGP:ICY
D7POPT NOmUPPAU NO
DAT7r-crTmIRAcm,7nmT.
vi-)RS pp ICS'T7sCPIPTOR9
1.77ENTI7'IFPS
ARS"PACT
DOCUMENT RESUME
95 SO 000 U20
Gill, Clark C. ; Conroy, William R.Latin America: A cultural Reaion of the World; AnInstructional Unit for Grades A, 9, 10.
Texas Univ., Austin.Office of Education (nNFw), Washington, D.C. Pureauof Research.ITT-4
This teaching package or unit is part of a seauenceof materials developed by the Latin American Curriculum Project.Concepts, key ideas and facts introduced in earlier grades onsocio-cultural patterns are reinforced by this multidisciplinaryapproach. The major topic emphasis is the history of the periodssince the beginning of the Independence movements. A brief review ofDbysical geography, and a survey of Latin American regions areincluded. Contemporary problems ard cultural contributions arestressed in the last section. The sugaested activities stress inauiryand reflective thinking through class discussion questions; pupilsare expected to reach valid generalizations. student abilities tohandle independent reading, and to use the library are consideredvital. The appendices contain these ipstructional materials: mastersfor transparencies, reading selections, country charts to bereproduced for class discussion. Additional texts are suggestedincluding one for the slow learner. Adaptations can be integratedinto world history, world geography, or world culture courses.lelated reports are: ED 036 679, SO 000 019, SO 000 021, SO 000 022,0 000 023. (SIR?)
LATIN AMERICA: A CULTURAL REGION OF THE WORLD*
(An Instructional Unit for Grades 8, 9, 10)
0
0110.::441,01
Instructional Unit No. 4 (1968)LATIN AMERICAN CURRICULUM PROJECT
403 Sutton Hall, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas, 78712
Clark C. Gill and William B. Conroy, Directors
*For experimental use, not to be duplicated.
C)
U.S
. DE
PA
RT
ME
NT
OF
HE
ALT
H, E
DU
CA
TIO
N&
WE
LFA
RE
r-A
OF
FIC
E O
F E
DU
CA
TIO
NT
HIS
DO
CU
ME
NT
HA
S B
EE
NR
EP
RO
DU
CE
DE
XA
CT
LY A
S R
EC
EIV
ED
FR
OM
TH
E P
ER
SO
NO
RO
RG
AN
IZA
TIO
N O
RIG
INA
TIN
G IT
. PO
INT
SO
FV
IEW
OR
OP
INIO
NS
ST
AT
ED
DO
NO
TN
EC
ES
-S
AR
ILY
RE
PR
ES
EN
T O
FF
ICIA
L O
FF
ICE
OF
ED
U-
CA
TIO
N P
OS
ITIO
N O
R P
OLI
CY
Lat
in A
mer
ica:
A C
ultu
ral
Reg
ion
of th
e W
orld
Not
e:T
he r
esea
rch
repo
rted
her
ein
was
wri
tten
purs
uant
to a
con
trac
t with
the
Uni
ted
Stat
esD
epar
tmen
t of
Hea
lth,
Edu
catio
n an
d W
elfa
re, O
ffic
e of
Edu
catio
n, W
ashi
ngto
n, D
.C
.
Foreword
This unit treats Latin America as a cultural region from a multi-discipline point of view and with adaptations can be fitted into courseslike world history, world geography, or world cultures commonly of-fered at grades 8, 9, or 10.
The author of this unit is Stiles J.V. Seay, a member of the Projectstaff and a former junior high school teacher. During 1966, Mr. Seayattended an Inter-American Institute in 'Santiago, Chile, under provi-sions of the Fulbright-Hays Act.
Clark C. Gill and William B. ConroyDirectors
Inst
ruct
iona
l Mat
eria
ls o
fth
eL
atin
Am
eric
an C
urri
culu
mPr
ojec
tT
he U
nive
rsity
of
Tex
asat
Aus
tin
PRIM
AR
Y G
RA
DE
SIn
divi
dual
less
ons
invo
lve
com
para
tive
stud
y of
fam
ilies
,sc
hool
s, a
nd c
om-
mun
ities
bet
wee
n U
. S, a
ndL
atin
Am
eric
a.M
IDD
LE
GR
AD
ES
"Lat
in A
mer
ica:
its L
and,
Sto
ry a
nd P
eopl
es"
(8-1
2 w
eeks
) co
ntai
nsan
ove
rvie
wof
Lat
in A
mer
ica'
sph
ysic
al g
eogr
aphy
and
hist
ory
with
hal
f of
the
unit
devo
ted
to c
onte
mpo
rary
cultu
re.
Atte
ntio
n is
giv
en to
the
cont
ribu
tions
of
the
May
as,
Azt
ecs,
and
Inc
as,
Mex
ico
and
Peru
are
used
to e
xem
plif
y va
riou
s ite
ms
of c
onte
nt th
roug
hout
the
unit.
GR
AD
ES
8,9,
10
"Lat
in A
mer
ica:
AC
ultu
ral R
egio
n of
the
Wor
ld"
(4-5
wee
ks)
stre
sses
the
regi
ons
with
in L
atin
Am
eric
a.Ph
ysic
al g
eogr
aphy
rec
eive
sa
brie
f re
view
.H
isto
ry c
once
ntra
tes
onL
atin
Am
eric
a an
d its
civi
lizat
ion
in c
ompa
riso
nto
oth
er w
orld
reg
ions
.B
razi
l and
the
natio
ns o
fSo
uthe
rn S
outh
Am
eric
aar
e th
e re
gion
s m
ainl
y us
ed to
exem
plif
y th
e co
nten
t.SE
NIO
R H
IGH
UN
ITE
D S
TA
TE
SH
IST
OR
Y1.
"Est
ablis
hmen
t of
the
Am
eric
an N
atio
ns: C
e-_-
::par
ison
of th
e C
olon
ial P
erio
dsin
Spa
nish
and
Eng
lish
Am
eric
a" (
2 w
eeks
)em
phas
izes
the
syst
ems
and
inst
itutio
ns r
athe
r th
anin
divi
dual
ex-
plor
ers
and
lead
ers.
Thi
sun
it co
uld
be a
dapt
ed f
orus
e in
juni
or h
igh
Am
eric
an h
isto
ry.
2."C
onte
mpo
rary
Inte
r-A
mer
ican
Rel
atio
ns"
(2 w
eeks
)po
ints
out
are
as o
f co
nflic
tan
d co
oper
a-tio
n in
U. S
. -L
atin
Am
eric
anre
latio
ns s
ince
194
5.Sp
ecia
l atte
ntio
n is
giv
ento
the
Alli
ance
for
Prog
ress
; rel
atio
nshi
ps w
ithC
uba,
the
Dom
inic
anR
epub
lic, a
nd P
anam
a; a
ndth
e se
ttlem
ent o
fth
e E
l Cha
miz
al d
ispu
tew
ith M
exic
o.SE
NIO
R H
IGH
EL
EC
TIV
E"C
onte
mpo
rary
Lat
in A
mer
ica"
(one
-sem
este
r co
urse
)ex
amin
es p
erti-
nent
pol
itica
l, so
cial
and
econ
omic
pro
blem
sas
wel
l as
Lat
in A
mer
ica'
sou
tsta
ndin
g cu
ltura
lco
ntri
butio
ns.
Intr
oduc
tion
Thi
s un
it is
a p
art o
f a
sequ
ence
of
mat
eria
lsfo
r te
achi
ng a
bout
Lat
in A
mer
ica,
gra
des
1-12
.C
once
pts,
key
idea
s an
d fa
cts
intr
oduc
ed in
earl
ier
grad
es a
re r
einf
orce
d; a
few
key
idea
s, to
rec
eive
grea
ter
emph
asis
in la
ter
seni
or h
igh
grad
es, a
re in
trod
uced
. The
uni
t is
desi
gned
to e
xten
d ov
er a
four
to f
ive-
wee
k pe
riod
. The
mai
nem
phas
is o
f th
e un
it is
Lat
in A
mer
ica
as a
cul
tura
l reg
ion
of th
ew
orld
. Onl
y a
brie
f re
view
of
phys
ical
geo
grap
hyis
incl
uded
, and
Lat
in A
mer
ican
reg
ions
are
bri
efly
surv
eyed
. His
tory
con
stitu
tes
the
long
est s
ectio
nan
d co
ncen
trat
es o
n th
e pe
riod
s si
nce
the
begi
nnin
gof
the
Inde
pend
ence
mov
emen
ts. P
robl
ems
and
cultu
ral c
ontr
ibut
ions
of
cont
empo
rary
Lat
in A
mer
ica
are
stre
ssed
in th
ela
st s
ectio
n.
Thi
s te
achi
ng "
pack
age"
incl
udes
item
s in
addi
tion
to th
e un
it. T
he te
ache
r ca
n m
ake
the
tran
spar
enci
es f
rom
the
mas
ters
incl
uded
in th
eA
ppen
dix.
Rea
ding
sel
ectio
ns, m
ainl
y by
Lat
in A
mer
i-ca
ns, a
ppea
r in
the
App
endi
x.T
he te
ache
r co
uld
mak
e di
tto m
aste
rs o
f th
ese
and
run
off
enou
ghco
pies
for
each
pup
il, o
r th
ey c
ould
be
read
to th
e cl
ass.
A f
orm
for
the
"Lat
in A
mer
ican
Cou
ntri
es"
char
t is
in th
e A
ppen
dix;
it a
lso
coul
d be
dup
licat
ed.
The
cha
rt s
erve
s as
a r
esea
rch
exer
cise
in S
ectio
n I.
, as
the
basi
s fo
r co
mpa
ring
cou
ntri
es in
dis
cuss
ions
of c
onte
mpo
rary
Lat
in A
mer
ica,
and
as
the
basi
s fo
rth
e cu
lmin
atin
g ac
tivity
.Sc
hool
s pa
rtic
ipat
ing
in th
e "t
ry o
ut"
of th
e un
it sh
ould
hav
eav
aila
ble
part
ial
clas
s se
ts o
f E
thel
E. E
win
g's
pape
rbac
k, L
atin
Am
eric
an S
ocie
ty (
from
the
text
by
the
sam
e au
thor
,O
ur W
iden
ing
Wor
ld, A
His
tory
of
the
Wor
ld's
Peo
ples
, 2nd
ed.
, New
Yor
k: R
and
McN
ally
,19
61)
and
of H
arol
d F.
Pet
erso
n's
pape
rbac
k, L
atin
Am
eric
a,C
ultu
re R
egio
ns o
f th
e W
orld
Ser
ies,
New
Yor
k:M
acm
illan
, 196
6.
To
show
how
oth
er te
xts
coul
d be
use
d fo
r th
is u
nit,
page
num
bers
app
ear
for
the
Lef
ten
S.St
avri
anos
and
Geo
rge
I. B
lank
sten
pap
erba
ck te
xt, L
atin
Am
eric
a, A
Cul
ture
Are
a in
Per
spec
tive,
Bos
ton:
Ally
n &
Bac
on, 1
964,
and
are
key
ed to
the
cont
ent
outli
ne. F
or th
e hi
stor
y se
ctio
n, th
e pa
per-
back
by
Geo
rge
Pend
le, A
His
tory
of
Lat
in A
mer
ica,
Bal
timor
e: P
engu
in, 1
963,
cou
ld s
uppl
emen
t the
basi
c te
xt w
hich
the
scho
ol h
as.
It w
ould
als
o be
des
irab
le to
hav
e av
aila
ble
seve
ral
copi
es o
f th
eL
efte
n S.
Sta
vria
nos
book
, Rea
ding
s in
Wor
ld H
isto
ry, B
osto
n:A
llyn
& B
acon
, 196
7.
Film
s, f
ilmst
rips
, tap
es a
nd r
ecor
ding
s fo
r us
e w
ith L
atin
Am
eric
an u
nits
are
num
erou
s.N
o at
tem
pt h
as b
een
mad
e to
giv
e sp
ecif
ic r
ecom
men
datio
nsfo
r au
dio-
visu
al m
ater
ials
, oth
er th
an th
e
iii
tran
spar
enci
es in
the
teac
hing
''pac
kage
. " T
he te
ache
r w
ill w
ant t
o se
lect
add
ition
al a
udio
-vis
ual m
a-te
rial
fro
m w
hat i
s av
aila
ble
loca
lly.
Sinc
e th
e un
it is
des
igne
d fo
r la
te ju
nior
high
or
earl
y se
nior
hig
h pu
pils
, it r
elie
s on
pup
ils'
abili
ties
to u
se th
e lib
rary
and
thei
r ow
n ac
adem
ican
d ar
tistic
tale
nts
to p
rese
nt m
uch
of th
e co
nten
tm
ater
ial t
o th
e cl
ass.
The
"Sug
gest
ed A
ctiv
ities
" st
ress
inqu
iry
and
refl
ectiv
e th
inki
ng th
roug
h cl
ass
disc
ussi
on q
uest
ions
.Pu
pils
them
selv
es s
houl
d be
abl
e to
rea
ch v
alid
gene
raliz
atio
ns a
bout
Lat
inA
mer
ican
as
a cu
ltura
l reg
ion.
For
the
slow
lear
ner,
the
teac
her
may
wis
h to
hav
e th
e sc
hool
pur
chas
eth
e G
reat
er C
leve
land
Soc
ial S
cien
cePr
ogra
m p
upil
text
: Are
a St
udy
3, L
atin
Am
eric
a,C
leve
land
,O
hio,
196
7.T
his
text
was
wri
tten
for
grad
e si
x, b
ut n
ogr
ade-
leve
l des
igna
tion
appe
ars
in th
e bo
ok.
The
teac
her
coul
d ad
apt t
his
text
to th
eco
nten
t pre
sent
ed in
this
uni
t and
giv
e gr
eate
r em
phas
is to
the
geog
raph
y an
d co
ntem
pora
ry p
robl
ems
of L
atin
Am
eric
a.
Exa
min
atio
n of
sou
rces
app
ears
in m
any
of th
e"S
ugge
sted
Act
iviti
es.''
Whe
reve
r po
ssib
leen
cour
age
pupi
ls to
que
stio
nth
e va
lidity
of
auth
ors'
sta
tem
ents
of
opin
ion
and
of f
acts
. Eve
n th
e tr
ans-
pare
ncie
s in
the
App
endi
x re
flec
t ina
ccur
acie
s as
are
sult
of in
adeq
uate
sta
tistic
al-g
athe
ring
tech
niqu
esin
Lat
in A
mer
ica.
Als
o, p
upils
sho
uld
bew
are
of r
each
ing
swee
ping
gen
eral
izat
ions
, eve
n on
the
basi
sof
the
mos
t exa
ct s
tatis
tics,
with
out t
akin
g ot
her
fact
ors
into
car
eful
con
side
ratio
n.
iv
Content Outline
Latin America: The Region
A. Latin America: A Cultural DefinitionB. Latin American Physical GeographyC. Latin American Regions
II. Latin America: Its History
A. Pre-Columbian PeriodB. Colonial PeriodC. Independence PeriodD. Early Nationhood to 1914E. Latin Ain.erica since 1914
III. Contemporary Latin America
A. Internal ProblemsB. International ProblemsC. Latin American Cultural Contributions
I.L
atin
Am
eric
a: T
he R
egio
n
A.
For
purp
oses
of
this
uni
t, L
atin
Am
eric
a w
ill b
e de
fine
d as
thos
ein
depe
nden
t cou
ntri
es in
the
Wes
tern
Hem
isph
ere,
sou
than
d so
uthe
ast o
f th
e U
nite
d St
ates
,w
hose
cul
tura
l tra
ditio
ns s
et th
emap
art f
rom
the
Eng
lish
trad
ition
s of
Ang
lo-A
mer
ica.
1.T
he o
ffic
ial n
atio
nal l
angu
ages
of th
e L
atin
Am
eric
an c
ount
ries
are
Fren
ch in
Hai
ti, P
ortu
gues
ein
Bra
zil a
nd S
pani
sh in
alm
ost a
ll th
e re
mai
nder
. The
seth
ree
Eur
opea
n la
ng_a
ges
are
base
don
Lat
in.
2.A
ppro
xim
a-.,e
ly 9
5% o
f th
e L
atin
Am
eric
ans
are
nom
inal
ly R
oman
Cat
holic
s.In
dian
bel
iefs
and
prac
tices
per
sist
; Vod
un is
prac
ticed
in H
aiti,
and
oth
er r
elig
ions
of A
fric
an o
rigi
ns a
re f
ound
in B
razi
l; an
d m
any
Lat
inA
mer
ican
s ar
e no
n-pr
actic
ing
Rom
anC
atho
lics.
Yet
, Cat
holic
ism
is o
ffic
ially
giv
en a
s th
ere
ligio
n of
mos
t peo
ple.
3.R
oman
law
, as
brou
ght t
o th
eA
mer
icas
by
the
Fren
ch, P
ortu
gues
ean
d Sp
anis
h an
d as
mod
ifie
dby
Nap
oleo
n B
onap
arte
'sC
ode,
is th
e ba
sis
for
Lat
in A
mer
ican
lega
l sys
tem
s. I
n th
e U
nite
dSt
ates
and
Can
ada,
Eng
lish
com
mon
law
pro
vide
s th
e ba
sis
for
thei
rle
gal s
yste
ms.
4.L
itera
ry a
nd a
rtis
tic tr
aditi
ons
from
Cou
nter
-Ref
orm
atio
n Sp
ain
and
Port
ugal
infl
uenc
edL
atin
Am
eric
a un
til F
renc
han
d U
nite
d St
ates
infl
uenc
e be
cam
epr
onou
nced
in th
e 19
th a
nd 2
0th
cent
urie
s.
5.L
atin
Am
eric
a is
a p
art o
f th
ete
chni
cally
less
adv
ance
d na
tions
of
the
wor
ld a
nd s
hare
s ec
o-no
mic
pro
blem
s of
und
erde
velo
pmen
tw
ith th
ese
natio
ns.
Sugg
este
d A
ctiv
ities
Mat
eria
ls
1.Sh
ow th
e tr
ansp
aren
cyT
he A
mer
icas
."
2.W
hat c
ultu
ral
diff
eren
ces
and
sim
ilari
ties
do y
ou s
ee b
etw
een
Lat
in A
mer
ica
and
Ang
lo-
Am
eric
a?
3.W
hy d
o th
ese
diff
eren
ces
and
sim
ilari
ties
exis
t?
4.If
Spa
in h
ad b
een
able
to m
aint
ain
her
clai
mto
all
of th
e W
este
rnH
emis
pher
e, e
xcep
t tha
tw
hich
bel
onge
d to
Port
ugal
, wha
t mig
ht h
ave
been
dif
fere
nt a
bout
wha
t is
now
Ang
lo-A
mer
i-ca
?
2
1.E
win
g, L
atin
Am
eric
anSo
ciet
y, p
p. 6
05-0
6Pe
ters
on, L
atin
Am
eric
a, p
p.63
-66
Stav
rian
os a
nd B
iank
sten
,L
atin
Am
eric
a,pp
. 10-
12 &
58
2.E
win
g, L
atin
Am
eric
anSo
ciet
y, p
p. 6
18-1
9,64
5-46
& 6
58-5
9Pe
ters
on, L
atin
Am
eric
a, p
p.6
7- 7
3
Stav
rian
os &
Bia
nkst
en,
Lat
in A
mer
ica,
pp. 1
2-14
&61
-63
3.E
win
g, L
atin
Am
eric
anSo
ciet
y, p
. 605
Stav
rian
os &
Bla
nkst
en,
Lat
in A
mer
ica,
p. 5
9
4.E
win
g, L
atin
Am
eric
anSo
ciet
y, p
p. 6
24-2
5&
660
-63
Pete
rson
, Lat
in A
mer
ica,
pp.
82-9
2St
avri
anos
& B
lank
sten
,L
atin
Am
eric
a,pp
. 24,
58
& 6
8
B.
Phys
ical
ly, L
atin
Am
eric
a is
a r
egio
n of
con
tras
ts.
1.L
atin
Am
eric
a as
a r
egio
n is
loca
ted
mor
e to
the
sout
heas
t tha
n di
rect
ly s
outh
ofA
nglo
-Am
eri-
ca.
Muc
h of
Sou
th A
mer
ica
is c
lose
r ph
ysic
ally
and
cul
tura
lly to
Eur
ope
than
toA
nglo
-Arr
eric
a.
2.L
atin
Am
eric
a w
as lo
ng r
egar
ded
as a
bar
rier
to E
urop
e-A
sia
sea
trad
e.T
oday
, the
Pan
ama
Can
al s
hort
ens
that
dis
tanc
e.
3.T
he c
ontin
enta
l Uni
ted
Stat
es is
sm
alle
r in
siz
e th
an L
atin
Am
eric
a, b
ut th
e fo
rmer
has
mor
ear
able
land
and
a m
ore
dive
rsif
ied
econ
omy.
a.M
ount
ain
rang
es w
ith li
ttle
leve
l lan
d fo
r ag
ricu
lture
and
hig
hlan
ds d
omin
ate
muc
h of
Lat
in A
mer
ica'
s to
pogr
aphy
. The
se m
ake
tran
spor
tatio
n w
ithin
and
bet
wee
n na
tions
diff
icul
t.
b.M
uch
of L
atin
Am
eric
a is
in th
e tr
opic
s an
d ha
s lo
wla
nds
rece
ivin
g he
avy
rain
fall.
Rai
n-fo
rest
s in
the
Am
azon
bas
in a
nd C
entr
al A
mer
ica
are
diff
icul
t to
clea
r fo
r se
ttlem
ent o
rfo
r co
nstr
uctio
n of
roa
ds. A
lso,
the
soils
of
thes
e ar
eas
are
heav
ily le
ache
d of
thei
rm
iner
als
by c
opio
us r
ainf
all a
nd h
ave
poor
pot
entia
l for
agr
icul
ture
.
c.D
eser
ts in
nor
ther
n an
d w
est-
coas
tal M
exic
o, in
coa
stal
Per
u an
d no
rthe
rn C
hile
, and
inPa
tago
nia
in A
rgen
tina
prev
ent t
hese
cou
ntri
es f
rom
util
izin
g fu
lly th
eir
land
are
as.
4.T
he P
ampa
s gi
ve S
outh
ern
Sout
h A
mer
ica
a la
rge,
tem
pera
te p
lain
sui
ted
to f
ood
prod
uctio
n on
a sc
alec
ompa
rabl
eto
the
Uni
ted
Stat
esan
d E
urop
e. O
ther
pla
ins,
incl
udin
g th
e lla
nos
inN
orth
ern
Sout
h A
mer
ica,
the
Mat
o G
ross
o in
Bra
zil a
nd th
e G
ran
Cha
co in
Sou
ther
nSo
uth
Am
eric
a, p
roba
bly
will
be
used
for
inte
nsiv
e ag
ricu
lture
and
pop
ulat
ion
settl
emen
t in
the
futu
re if
tran
spor
tatio
n an
d co
mm
unic
atio
n fa
cilit
ies
can
be p
rovi
ded.
5.Fo
ur m
ajor
riv
er s
yste
ms
dom
inat
e So
uth
Am
eric
a. T
he A
maz
on, O
rino
co, M
agda
lena
:.;nd
Para
n6-U
rugu
ay (
whi
ch f
orm
the
Rio
de
la P
lata
est
uary
) pr
ovid
e w
ater
tran
spor
tatio
n in
to th
ein
teri
or o
f m
uch
of S
outh
Am
eric
a.
3
Sugg
este
d A
ctiv
ities
Mat
eria
ls
1.Sh
ow th
e tr
ansp
aren
cies
Ew
ing,
Lat
in A
mer
ican
Soc
iety
, pp.
605
-06
a.''M
iddl
e A
mer
ica,
Sur
face
Con
figu
ra-
tions
"Pe
ters
on, L
atin
Am
eric
a, p
p. 6
-15
b."S
outh
Am
eric
a, S
urfa
ce C
onfi
gura
tions
and
Riv
er S
yste
ms"
c."F
acto
rs I
nflu
enci
ng C
limat
e!'
d."R
ainf
all i
n L
atin
Am
eric
a"e.
"Pop
ulat
ion
Isla
nds"
2.Fr
om m
aps
and
glob
es a
vaila
ble
in th
ecl
assr
oom
, hav
e pu
pils
loca
te L
atin
Am
eric
ain
rel
atio
n to
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es, A
fric
a, E
urop
ean
d ea
ster
n A
sia.
Mea
sure
with
a s
trin
g th
esh
ippi
ng d
ista
nces
for
goo
ds f
rom
maj
or p
ort
citie
s of
Bra
zil,
Uru
guay
, Arg
entin
a an
dC
hile
to m
ajor
por
t citi
es in
the.
Uni
ted
Stat
es,
Wes
tern
Eur
ope
and
Asi
a. W
ould
it b
e co
rrec
tto
say
that
Lat
in A
mer
ica
is"i
sola
ted"
fro
mth
e m
ajor
wor
ld p
opul
atio
n ce
nter
s? E
xpla
in.
Com
pare
Lat
in A
mer
ica'
s lo
catio
n re
lativ
e to
the
wor
ld p
opul
atio
n an
d in
dust
rial
cen
ters
toth
e lo
catio
n of
Aus
tral
ia-N
ew Z
eala
nd, J
apan
and
the
Uni
on o
f So
uth
Afr
ica.
3.W
hat r
oles
hav
e th
e Su
ez a
nd P
anam
aC
anal
s pl
ayed
in w
orld
trad
e? H
ow h
ave
they
over
com
e th
e la
nd b
arri
ers
of A
fric
a an
dSo
uth
Am
eric
a? W
hich
cou
ntri
es o
f So
uth
Am
eric
a ha
ve b
enef
ited
mos
t fro
m th
e Pa
nam
aC
anal
? W
hy?
4.B
ased
on
land
are
a fi
gure
s fo
und
in y
our
text
s an
d su
pple
men
tary
mat
eria
ls, h
owla
rge
is th
e U
nite
d St
ates
com
pare
d to
Lat
in A
mer
i-ca
? W
hy is
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es a
mor
e ec
o-no
mic
ally
adv
ance
d co
untr
y th
an L
atin
Am
eri-
ca a
s a
who
le?
(Ask
pup
ils to
for
m h
ypot
hese
s4
Stav
rian
os &
Bla
nkst
en, L
atin
Am
eric
a, p
p. 6
-10
Rea
ding
#1,
"Po
rtug
uese
Suc
cess
in B
razi
l"
Rea
ding
#2,
"E
ffec
ts o
f G
eogr
aphy
"
Sugg
este
d A
ctiv
ities
Sugg
este
d A
ctiv
ities
(C
ontin
ued)
whi
ch th
ey c
an te
st in
ligh
t of
subs
eque
ntst
udy
in th
is u
nit.
) D
o yo
u th
ink
this
will
alw
ays
beth
e ca
se?
Exp
lain
.
5.H
ave
pupi
ls d
o m
aps
of L
atin
Am
eric
a's
land
form
s, r
ainf
all a
nd n
atur
al v
eget
atio
n.H
ow d
o th
ese
map
s he
lp to
exp
lain
the
info
r-m
atio
n on
the
tran
spar
ency
"Pop
ulat
ion
Isla
nds"
? W
hat r
ole
does
acc
essi
bilit
y pl
ay?
Are
thes
e th
e on
ly f
acto
rs th
at a
ffec
t whe
repe
ople
live
? E
xpla
in.
6.W
hat e
xam
ples
sho
w th
at p
hysi
cal g
eog-
raph
y af
fect
s a
natio
n an
d its
peo
ple?
(Con
-si
der
over
land
tran
spor
tatio
n di
ffic
ultie
s in
And
ean
Ecu
ador
and
Am
azon
ian
Bra
zil a
s co
m-
pare
d to
Uru
guay
and
Arg
entin
a on
the
Pam
pas;
pote
ntia
ls f
or h
ydro
-ele
ctri
c po
wer
in s
outh
ern
Chi
le a
nd B
razi
l; sc
arci
ty o
f ra
infa
ll in
the
Ata
cam
a D
eser
t and
Pat
agon
ia a
nd th
e he
avy
rain
s of
sou
ther
n C
hile
and
Am
azon
ian
Bra
zil.
7.T
o re
view
phy
sica
l geo
grap
hy, h
ave
aco
mm
ittee
mak
e up
a c
ross
wor
d pu
zzle
of
nam
esof
Lat
in A
mer
ican
phy
sica
l fea
ture
s fo
r th
e re
stof
the
clas
s to
fill
in.
B.
Div
ide
the
clas
s in
to s
ix o
r se
ven
grou
ps.
Hav
e ea
ch g
roup
"pa
rach
ute"
into
a d
iffe
rent
spar
sely
inha
bite
d ar
ea o
f L
atin
Am
eric
a.A
sk e
ach
grou
p to
dec
ide
how
they
will
sur
vive
until
they
are
res
cued
, how
they
will
trav
el if
they
wis
h to
ret
urn
to p
opul
atio
n ce
nter
s on
thei
r ow
n an
d w
hat d
irec
tions
they
wou
ld g
ive
to r
escu
ers
if th
ey h
ad s
hort
-wav
e ra
dios
.6
9.B
ased
on
Rea
ding
#1,
cite
exa
mpl
es o
f ho
wm
an a
dapt
s to
his
phy
sica
l env
iron
men
tin
Lat
inA
mer
ica.
Why
doe
s m
an tr
y to
cha
nge
his
en-
viro
nmen
t thr
ough
use
of
fert
ilize
rs, i
rrig
atio
n,dr
aini
ng o
f sw
amps
and
cle
arin
g of
jung
les
?
10. F
rom
Rea
ding
#2,
wha
t gen
eral
izat
ions
can
you
mak
e ab
out L
atin
Am
eric
a's
geog
raph
yan
dits
eff
ects
on
the
natio
ns o
f L
atin
Am
eric
a?
11. B
ased
on
wha
t you
hav
e le
arne
d in
this
re-
view
of
phys
ical
geo
grap
hy, w
hich
aut
hor
from
Rea
ding
s 1
and
2 ha
s be
st e
xpla
ined
the
rela
tion-
ship
bet
wee
n ge
ogra
phy
and
man
in L
atin
Am
eric
a? E
xpla
in.
C.
For
conv
enie
nce,
the
inde
pend
ent n
atio
ns o
f L
atin
Am
eric
a ca
n be
div
ided
into
six
reg
ions
with
com
mon
phy
sica
l and
/or
cultu
ral c
hara
cter
istic
s.
1.M
exic
o an
d C
entr
al A
mer
ica
(Gua
tem
ala,
Hon
dura
s, E
l Sal
vado
r, N
icar
agua
, Cos
ta R
ica
and
Pana
ma)
hav
e m
ount
ain
rang
es a
nd h
ighl
and
plat
eau
area
s in
whi
ch th
e m
ajor
ity o
f th
e po
pula
-tio
ns li
ve.
Rai
nfal
l is
light
to m
oder
ate
in th
e m
ount
ain
and
high
land
are
as. T
he lo
wla
nds
have
hea
vy r
ains
, and
not
man
y pe
ople
live
ther
e.In
dian
pop
ulat
ions
are
larg
e ex
cept
inC
osta
Ric
a w
hose
citi
zens
are
larg
ely
of E
urop
ean
desc
ent.
Som
e N
egro
es li
ve o
n th
e co
asta
llo
wla
nds,
and
mes
tizos
and
mul
atto
es li
ve th
roug
hout
.Sp
anis
h is
the
offi
cial
lang
uage
of
natio
ns o
f th
is r
egio
n, b
ut n
umer
ous
Indi
an la
ngua
ges
are
spok
en e
xcep
t in
Cos
ta R
ica.
Cen
tral
Am
eric
an n
atio
ns a
re p
oor,
hav
e hi
gh il
liter
acy
rate
s (e
xcep
t in
Cos
ta R
ica)
, are
dep
ende
nt o
non
e or
two
expo
rt p
rodu
cts
and
have
dif
ficu
lties
sta
rtin
g in
dust
ries
.M
exic
o ha
s w
orke
d to
dive
rsif
y its
eco
nom
y an
d be
com
e le
ss d
epen
dent
on
U. S
. im
port
s.C
entr
al A
mer
ica
rem
ains
depe
nden
t on
U. S
. pur
chas
e of
its
prod
ucts
and
sup
plyi
ng n
eede
d m
anuf
actu
red
good
s.
2.C
uba,
the
Dom
inic
an R
epub
lic a
nd H
aiti
wer
e on
ce p
rize
col
onia
l pos
sess
ions
bec
ause
of
thei
rsu
gar
prod
uctio
n.T
oday
, the
reg
ion
is o
verp
opul
ated
; the
maj
ority
of
the
peop
le a
re p
oor
and
illite
rate
; and
the
econ
omie
s ar
e de
pend
ent o
n on
e or
two
expo
rt p
rodu
cts
boug
ht m
ainl
y by
the
U. S
.N
egro
es p
redo
min
ate
in H
aiti;
mul
atto
es a
nd s
ome
mes
tizos
live
thro
ugho
ut. T
hepe
ople
of
the
Dom
inic
an R
epub
lic a
nd C
uba
are
Span
ish-
spea
king
; Hai
ti's
popu
latio
n sp
eaks
Fren
ch a
nd C
reol
e.
3.N
orth
ern
Sout
h A
mer
ica
(Col
ombi
a an
d V
enez
uela
, exc
ludi
ng G
uyan
a) is
uni
ted
by a
com
mon
hist
ory
of b
eing
in th
e V
icer
oyal
ty o
f N
ew G
rana
da a
nd o
f be
ing
liber
ated
by
Sim
On
Bol
ivar
.Ph
ysic
ally
, the
two
coun
trie
s sh
are
the
llano
s an
d th
e no
rthe
rn b
ranc
hes
of th
e A
ndes
; bot
hha
ve s
outh
ern
area
s dr
aine
d by
trib
utar
ies
of th
e A
maz
on; b
oth
have
are
as o
f lo
wla
nds
with
heav
y ra
infa
ll, u
plan
ds w
ith w
et-d
ry s
easo
ns a
nd h
ighl
ands
with
tem
pera
te c
limat
es. T
heM
agda
lena
in C
olom
bia
and
the
Ori
noco
in V
enez
uela
dra
in la
rge
area
s of
eac
h co
untr
y; a
tpr
esen
t, th
e M
agda
lena
is o
f m
ore
econ
omic
impo
rtan
ce to
Col
ombi
a th
an th
e O
rino
co is
toV
enez
uela
. Abo
ut 7
8% o
f C
olom
bian
s liv
e in
the
And
ean
high
land
s; w
here
as m
ost V
enez
uela
nsliv
e in
hig
hlan
ds n
ear
the
Car
ibbe
an. V
enez
uela
ns a
re m
ore
hom
ogen
eous
, with
mes
tizos
Sugg
este
d A
ctiv
ities
Mat
eria
ls
1.Sh
o w th
e tr
ansp
aren
cies
"R
egio
ns o
f L
atin
Am
eric
a" (
two
tran
spar
enci
es, "
A"
& "
B")
.
2.D
ivid
e th
e cl
ass
into
a)M
exic
o an
d C
entr
alb)
Isla
nds
of th
e C
arib
bean
,c)
Nor
ther
n So
uth
Am
eric
a,d)
And
ean
Cou
ntri
es,
e)So
uthe
rn S
outh
Am
eric
a, a
ndf)
Bra
zil.
Ask
eac
h pu
pil t
o ch
oose
aco
untr
y. S
ome
larg
e co
untr
ies,
suc
has
Bra
zil,
Mex
ico
and
Arg
entin
a, c
ould
be
assi
gned
to tw
oor
mor
e pu
pils
.Pa
ss o
ut to
eac
h pu
pil a
nd a
skth
at in
form
atio
n be
fill
ed in
on th
e as
sign
edco
untr
y fr
om th
e "L
atin
Am
eric
an C
ount
ries
"ch
art f
ound
in th
e A
ppen
dix.
Aft
er tw
oor
thre
ecl
ass
peri
ods
of r
esea
rch
in th
e lib
rary
, hav
eth
e co
mm
ittee
s m
eet t
o fo
rmul
ate
gene
raliz
a-tio
ns a
bout
thei
r re
gion
, rat
her
than
a re
cap
ofth
e de
tails
abo
ut e
ach
coun
try.
Whe
n th
e cl
ass
mee
ts a
s a
who
le, h
ave
one
spok
esm
an f
rom
each
com
mitt
ee r
epor
t to
the
clas
s th
ege
ner-
aliz
atio
ns r
each
ed b
y hi
s gr
oup.
Whe
nas
sign
ing
the
wor
k, p
rior
to th
e lib
rary
rese
arch
, urg
e pu
pils
to c
ite th
eir
sour
ces
and
to u
se a
t lea
st th
ree
diff
eren
tso
urce
s. T
he"m
odel
" ch
art
on C
hile
in th
e A
ppen
dix
coul
dse
rve
as a
n ex
ampl
e of
the
info
rmat
ion
need
edfo
r ea
ch o
f th
e ca
tego
ries
.six
com
mitt
ees:
mer
ica,
3.D
iscu
ss th
ese
ques
tions
aft
er th
e re
gion
alco
mm
ittee
rep
orts
:a.
Did
you
fin
d co
nflic
ting
info
rmat
ion
abou
t fig
ures
suc
h as
per
cap
ita in
com
e,po
pula
tion,
lite
racy
, etc
. ?
8
Onl
y a
few
of
the
man
y m
ater
ials
ava
ilabl
eap
pear
bel
ow.
Bri
tann
ica
Boo
k of
the
Yea
r, 1
968
Col
lier's
Enc
yclo
pedi
a, 1
968
Dam
e, L
atin
Am
eric
a, 1
968
(boo
klet
)
Enc
yclo
paed
ia B
rita
nnic
a, 1
968
Enc
yclo
pedi
aA
mer
ican
a, 1
965
Gun
ther
, Ins
ide
Sout
h A
mer
ica
Han
ke, C
onte
mpo
rary
Lat
in A
mer
ica
Han
ke,
Mex
ico
and
the
Car
ibbe
an (
pape
rbac
k,19
67)
Han
ke, S
outh
Am
eric
a (p
aper
back
, 196
7)
Inte
r-A
mer
ican
Dev
elop
men
t Ban
k, S
ocio
-E
cono
mic
Pro
gres
s in
Lat
in A
mer
ica,
196
7
Inte
r-A
mer
ican
Dev
elop
men
t Ban
k A
ctiv
ities
,19
61-1
966
(boo
klet
)
Jam
es, L
atin
Am
eric
a
Lat
in A
mer
ica
'67
(boo
klet
)
Rob
erts
, Lat
in A
mer
ica,
New
sboo
k, T
heN
atio
nal O
bser
ver
pred
omin
atin
g th
an a
re C
olom
bian
s w
ho a
rew
hite
s, m
estiz
os a
nd m
ulat
toes
. Bot
hec
onom
ies
are
depe
nden
t on
one
expo
rt: c
offe
e in
Col
ombi
a an
d pe
trol
eum
in V
enez
uela
.
4.T
he A
ndea
n C
ount
ries
(Pe
ru,
Ecu
ador
and
Bol
ivia
) ar
e do
min
ated
by
the
And
es. T
hey
have
high
land
are
as a
nd w
et lo
wla
nd a
reas
eas
tof
the
And
es d
rain
ed b
y tr
ibut
arie
s of
the
Am
azon
.T
hey
wer
e on
ce p
art o
f th
e In
caE
mpi
re a
nd th
e V
icer
oyal
ty o
f Pe
ru. L
arge
perc
enta
ges
ofth
e po
pula
tions
are
pur
e In
dian
sw
ith a
min
ority
of
mes
tizos
, whi
tes
and
som
em
ulat
toes
. The
whi
tes
and
mes
tizos
rul
e th
eIn
dian
mas
ses
who
till
thei
r sm
all h
oldi
ngs
muc
h as
they
did
befo
re th
e Sp
anis
h ca
me.
Unl
ike
Mex
ico,
Per
u an
d E
cuad
or h
ave
not r
aise
d th
est
atus
of
bein
gIn
dian
to a
poi
nt o
f na
tiona
lpr
ide.
Mos
t of
the
peop
les
do n
ot s
peak
or
unde
rsta
nd S
pani
sh, t
hena
tiona
l lan
guag
e in
eac
h na
tion,
but
reta
in th
eir
trad
ition
al I
ndia
n to
ngue
s. P
eru
and
Ecu
ador
view
with
som
e al
arm
the
1952
Bol
ivia
nR
evol
utio
n w
hich
pla
ced
the
Indi
an in
a s
tron
gpo
liti-
cal p
ositi
on a
nd b
egan
soc
ial
refo
rms.
Per
u is
atte
mpt
ing
polit
ical
, eco
nom
ican
d so
cial
refo
rms
to a
void
suc
h a
revo
lutio
n,M
ost o
f th
e pe
ople
s liv
e in
the
high
land
s,an
d ef
fort
s to
mov
e In
dian
s to
spar
sely
-pop
ulat
ed e
arn
low
land
s ar
e sl
ow b
ecau
seth
e In
dian
s ar
e no
tac
cust
omed
to a
low
land
env
iron
men
t.E
cuad
or d
epen
ds o
n ba
nana
exp
orts
and
Bol
ivia
on
tinex
port
s; P
eru
has
a sl
ight
ly m
ore
dive
rsif
ied
econ
omy.
5So
uthe
rn S
outh
Am
eric
a (A
rgen
tina,
Chi
le, P
arag
uay
and
Uru
guay
) co
nstit
ute
are
gion
for
cultu
ral a
nd p
hysi
cal r
easo
ns.
Cul
tura
lly, C
hile
bel
ongs
with
Arg
entin
a an
dU
rugu
ay a
ndph
ysic
ally
with
the
And
ean
Cou
ntir
es(e
xcep
t tha
t it d
oes
not h
ave
an A
ndea
nhi
ghla
nd).
Cul
-tu
rally
, Par
agua
y st
ands
axo
ne, b
utbe
long
s ph
ysic
ally
with
Arg
entin
a an
dU
rugu
ay.
Chi
le is
dom
inat
ed b
y th
e A
ndes
. The
eco
nom
ical
lym
ost i
mpo
rtan
t par
ts o
f A
rgen
tina,
as
in P
arag
uay
and
Uru
guay
, are
loca
ted
on th
epl
ains
with
a te
mpe
rate
clim
ate.
The
Para
n-U
rugu
ay R
iver
sdr
ain
this
pla
ins
area
.C
attle
, mea
t, hi
des
and
woo
l are
impo
rtan
t pro
duct
s of
the
thre
e co
un-
trie
s, w
hile
cop
per
is th
e m
ost
impo
rtan
t Chi
lean
pro
duct
. The
maj
ority
of th
e pe
ople
s of
Chi
le, A
rgen
tina
and
Uru
guay
are
Eur
opea
n w
ith s
ome
mes
tizos
, are
Span
ish-
spea
king
, hav
ehi
gh e
duca
tiona
l lev
els
and
look
with
prid
e to
thei
r na
tiona
l cap
itals
as
cosm
opol
itan
cultu
ral
cent
ers.
Para
guay
is m
ostly
Ind
ian
and
mes
tizo;
and
Gua
rani
is s
poke
n m
ore
freq
uent
ly th
anth
e of
fici
al S
pani
sh, b
ut P
arag
uay
iscu
ltura
lly E
urop
ean.
Sugg
este
d A
ctiv
ities
Mat
eria
ls
b.W
hy d
o yo
u th
ink
that
som
etim
es d
iffe
r-en
t sou
rces
giv
e di
ffer
ent f
igur
es f
or th
e sa
me
fact
suc
h as
are
a in
squ
are
mile
s, p
erce
ntag
esof
peo
ple
of d
iffe
rent
rac
ial b
ackg
roun
ds. e
tc. ?
c.H
ow is
eac
h of
the
regi
ons
affe
cted
by
the
geog
raph
ic s
ettin
g?d.
Wha
t exa
mpl
es c
an y
ou c
ite th
at m
anha
s "c
hang
ed"
his
phys
ical
env
iron
men
t in
Lat
in A
mer
ica?
e.W
hat a
re s
ome
com
mon
cha
ract
eris
-tic
s of
Lat
in A
mer
ica
that
can
be
iden
tifie
dfr
om th
e in
form
atio
n pr
esen
ted
by th
e re
gion
alco
mm
ittee
s?f.
Why
hav
e sc
hola
rs d
ivid
ed L
atin
Am
eri-
ca in
to d
iffe
rent
reg
ions
? W
hy n
otst
udy
Lat
inA
mer
ica
coun
try-
by-c
ount
ry?
g.Fr
om th
e fa
cts
whi
ch y
ou h
ave
gath
ered
for
your
cou
ntry
, wha
t are
som
e pr
oble
ms
com
mon
to m
ost o
f L
atin
Am
eric
a? (
Ask
pupi
ls to
mak
e a
list o
f th
ese
for
futu
re r
efer
-en
ce f
or S
ectio
n Il
l. )
h.If
you
wer
e to
con
solid
ate
Lat
inA
mer
ica
into
just
two
or th
ree
coun
trie
s,w
here
mig
ht y
ou d
raw
the
boun
dari
es ?
Why
?O
n an
out
line
map
of
Lat
in A
mer
ica,
dra
wth
e bo
unda
ries
of
thes
e tw
o or
thre
e co
untr
ies
and
loca
te a
cap
ital f
or e
ach.
Exp
lain
why
you
chos
e th
is lo
catio
n fo
r a
capi
tal.
4.A
sk p
upils
to s
ave
thei
r in
divi
dual
cha
rts
for
futu
re r
efer
ence
. Whe
n di
scus
sing
con
-te
mpo
rary
Lat
in A
mer
ica
in S
ectio
n II
I., t
hese
char
ts w
ill g
ive
pupi
ls c
oncr
ete
fact
s fr
omw
hich
to m
ake
gene
raliz
atio
ns.
10
The
Sta
tesm
an's
Yea
r-bo
ok, 1
967-
1968
The
Wor
ld A
lman
ac, 1
968
V4l
iz, L
atin
Am
eric
a an
d th
e C
arib
bean
, AH
andb
c )k
Als
o, p
upils
cou
ld c
onsu
lt re
cent
vol
umes
of
the
Rea
ders
' Gui
de to
Per
iodi
cal L
itera
ture
.
6.B
razi
l, by
vir
tue
of it
s si
zean
d di
vers
ity, i
sco
nsid
ered
a s
epar
ate
regi
onof
Lat
in A
mer
ica.
Bra
zilia
ns d
iffe
r fr
om S
pani
shA
mer
ican
s in
that
they
spe
akB
razi
lian
Port
ugue
se a
ndth
eir
coun
try
was
set
tled
byPo
rtug
al.
It is
the
larg
est c
ount
ryin
Lat
in A
mer
ica,
prod
uces
larg
e
amou
nts
of c
offe
e, b
anan
asan
d ot
her
plan
tatio
npr
oduc
ts, a
nd h
as m
any
min
eral
res
ourc
es.
The
Am
azon
and
its
low
land
s do
min
ate
the
nort
han
d ha
ve f
ew p
eopl
e, m
ostly
prim
itive
Ind
ians
;th
e no
rthe
ast i
s la
rgel
y a
scru
blan
d an
d se
mi-
dese
rtw
ith a
larg
e N
egro
pop
ulat
ion
whi
ch o
nce
wor
ked
larg
e su
gar
plan
tatio
ns;
the
east
coa
st, e
ast o
fthe
Bra
zilia
n es
carp
men
t,is
an
area
of
trop
ical
pla
ntat
ion
agri
cultu
re; t
he c
entr
al a
ndso
uthe
rn u
plan
ds c
onta
in th
em
ost p
eopl
e, f
ertil
ela
nd, m
iner
als,
indu
stri
esan
d la
rge
citie
s.B
razi
lians
are
rac
ially
mix
ed a
s a
resu
lt of
inte
r-m
arri
age.
Atte
mpt
s to
settl
e th
esp
ai.s
ely-
popu
late
d M
ato
Gro
sso
and
Am
azon
basi
n ha
ve n
ot
yet s
ucce
eded
.Sp
iral
ing
infl
atio
n, r
apid
popu
latio
n gr
owth
rat
es,
rura
l-to
-urb
an m
igra
tion,
falli
ng e
xpor
t pri
ces
and
the
cost
ly n
atur
e of
sta
rtin
gin
dust
ries
, bui
ldin
g a
new
capi
tal a
ndtr
ying
to f
inan
ce m
ore
gove
rnm
ent s
ervi
ces
plag
ueB
razi
l tod
ay.
Sugg
este
d A
ctiv
ities
Sugg
este
d A
ctiv
ities
(C
ontin
ued)
5.O
n a
seri
es o
f sm
all o
utlin
e m
aps
of L
atin
Am
eric
a, h
ave
pupi
ls s
ketc
h on
ly th
e m
ajor
:a.
Riv
ers
for
tran
spor
tatio
n an
d in
dica
teth
e m
ajor
citi
es c
onne
cted
by
rive
rsb.
Rai
lroa
ds a
nd h
ighw
ays
and
indi
cate
the
maj
or c
ities
con
nect
ed b
y th
e ra
ilroa
dsan
d hi
ghw
ays
c.A
ir r
oute
s an
d in
dica
te th
e m
ajor
citie
s co
nnec
ted
by th
e ai
r ro
utes
.O
n a
four
th m
ap, s
how
whe
re th
e m
ount
ains
are
loca
ted.
On
anot
her
map
, sho
w w
here
the
maj
or m
iner
al r
esou
rces
and
indu
stri
es a
relo
cate
d an
d la
bel t
hem
. Fro
m th
ese
five
map
sha
ve th
e cl
ass
cons
ider
:a.
Why
is it
eas
ier
to g
et p
rodu
cts
from
Iqui
tos,
Per
u, to
the
Atla
ntic
than
to th
e Pa
cifi
cPe
ruvi
an p
ort o
f C
alla
o? W
hat w
ould
be
the
shor
test
all-
wat
er r
oute
fro
m I
quito
s to
Cal
lao?
b.W
hy is
it e
asie
r to
shi
p go
ods
from
Tri
nida
d, B
oliv
ia, t
o th
e A
tlant
ic th
an to
La
Paz,
whi
ch is
less
than
200
mile
s aw
ay?
c.W
hy a
re th
ere
so f
ew m
ajor
rai
lroa
dsan
d hi
ghw
ays
conn
ectin
g ci
ties
with
in a
cou
ntry
and
to n
eigh
bori
ng c
ount
ries
' citi
es?
d.W
hich
cou
ntri
es h
ave
the
mos
t wid
e-sp
read
rai
lroa
d ne
twor
k? W
hy?
e.W
hy h
as a
ir tr
ansp
orta
tion
beco
me
impo
rtan
t in
Lat
in A
mer
ica?
Why
is it
dif
fi-
cult
to s
hip
mos
t raw
mat
eria
ls b
y ai
r? W
hat
are
the
tran
spor
tatio
n ne
eds
for
Bra
zil t
o ta
pth
e re
sour
ces
of th
e M
ato
Gro
sso,
for
Chi
leto
tap
the
fore
st r
esou
rces
of
its s
outh
ern
regi
ons,
for
Par
agua
y to
tap
the
reso
urce
sof
the
Gra
n C
haco
?
12
f.Fr
om th
e tr
ansp
aren
cy "
Popu
latio
nIs
land
s, "
why
are
pop
ulat
ion
cent
ers
loca
ted
whe
re th
ey a
re?
g.W
hat a
re th
e re
latio
nshi
ps b
etw
een
popu
latio
n ce
nter
s, n
atur
al r
esou
rces
, tra
ns-
port
atio
n ro
utes
and
the
loca
tion
of c
ities
?If
acce
ssib
ility
to g
ood
tran
spor
tatio
n w
ere
the
dete
rmin
ing
fact
or, w
hy a
re m
ajor
Lat
in A
mer
i-ca
n ci
ties
loca
ted
whe
re th
ey a
re?
Wha
t oth
erfa
ctor
s al
so p
lay
a pa
rt in
the
loca
tion
of m
ajor
citie
s? E
xpla
in.
II.
Lat
in A
mer
ica:
Its
His
tory
A.
Pre-
Col
umbi
an A
mei
ca w
asin
habi
ted
by I
ndia
ns w
ho r
ange
din
cul
tura
l dev
elop
men
tfr
om h
untin
g
and
gath
erin
g ba
nds
toco
mpl
ex e
mpi
res.
1.H
untin
g an
d ga
ther
ing
Indi
ans
lived
in th
e A
mer
icas
from
the
nort
hern
-mos
t are
asof
pre
sent
-da
y C
anad
a an
d A
lask
ato
Tie
rra
del F
uego
.In
dian
s ar
e th
ougl
tto h
ave
mig
rate
d fr
om A
sia
to A
lask
a vi
a th
eB
erin
g St
rait
and
to h
ave
spre
ad s
outh
war
d th
roug
hout
the
Am
eric
as o
ver
seve
ral t
hous
and
year
s.So
cial
org
aniz
atio
n w
asdo
min
ated
by
the
fam
ily, t
hecl
an, t
he b
and
and
the
trib
e. T
hepr
eocc
upat
ion
with
foo
d ga
ther
ing
prev
ente
d m
ore
com
plex
soc
ial
orga
niza
-tio
ns, a
nd th
e sc
arci
tyof
a s
tabl
e fo
od s
uppl
y he
lped
keep
pop
ulat
ions
spa
rse
and
onth
e m
ove.
2So
me
Indi
ans
grou
ps in
Nor
th, C
entr
al a
nd S
outh
Am
eric
a de
velo
ped
som
eag
ricu
ltura
l com
-m
uniti
es s
uppo
rted
by
corn
(mai
ze)
culti
vatio
n. W
hen
the
land
wor
eou
t fro
m o
ver-
culti
vatio
n,th
e gr
oups
mov
ed o
n to
othe
r ar
eas.
Eve
n w
hile
far
min
g,th
ese
grou
ps c
ontin
ued
tohu
nt a
nd
gath
er to
sup
plem
ent t
heir
cor
n cr
ops.
The
soc
ial s
truc
ture
was
orga
nize
d ar
ound
a c
hief
and
his
trib
al c
ounc
il of
elde
rs.
3C
ivili
zatio
ns d
evel
oped
inM
eso-
Am
eric
a (p
rese
nt-d
ay M
exic
oan
d C
entr
al A
mer
ica)
and
inA
ndea
n A
mer
ica.
A la
rge
popu
latio
n liv
ed o
n th
e st
able
supp
ly o
f co
rn a
nd v
eget
able
s gr
own
in th
e fi
elds
; hun
ting
and
gath
erin
g pl
ayed
a m
inor
rol
ein
thei
r di
eta.
sour
ces.
The
secu
l-
ture
s be
gan
and
thri
ved
inth
e lo
wla
nds
of M
exic
o,C
entr
al A
mer
ica,
1--
eru
and
Ecu
ador
and
in
the
high
land
s of
the
And
es a
nd o
f M
exic
o.M
eso-
Am
eric
an a
nd A
ndea
nA
mer
ican
civ
iliza
tions
built
rel
igio
us c
ente
rsw
ith p
alac
es, t
empl
es,
obse
rvat
orie
s an
d sp
orts
are
nas
(in
Mes
o-
Am
eric
a on
ly);
exc
elle
d in
potte
ry, j
ewel
ry, s
tatu
ary,
copp
er-g
old-
silv
er m
etal
wor
king
,co
tton
or w
ool t
extil
es, s
ome
mur
al p
aint
ing
and
cons
truc
tion
engi
neer
ing
feat
s.E
duca
tion
was
in th
e ha
nds
of th
e pr
iest
sto
per
petu
ate
relig
ious
lead
ers
and
to p
rovi
dead
min
istr
ativ
e pe
r-so
nnel
. Mes
o-A
mer
ican
civi
lizat
ions
dev
elop
ed p
icto
grap
hic
wri
ting
and
mat
hem
atic
s.A
ndea
n ci
viliz
atio
ns o
nly
deve
lope
d pr
imiti
ve r
ecor
d-ke
epin
gsy
stem
s th
roug
h us
e of
knot
ted
stri
ngs.
Nei
ther
of
the
civi
lizat
ion
area
sus
ed th
e w
heel
for
eng
inee
ring
or
tran
spor
tatio
npu
rpos
es. T
hey
utili
zed
irri
gatio
n w
orks
and
fert
ilize
rs b
ut u
sed
only
prim
itive
dig
ging
-stic
k,ha
rves
ting
and
thre
shin
g m
etho
ds.
Gra
in w
as s
tore
d in
the
relig
ious
cen
ters
; com
plex
relig
ions
deve
lope
d to
exp
lain
life
and
app
ease
the
gods
who
con
trol
led
the
envi
ronm
ent.
13
Sugg
este
d A
ctiv
ities
Mat
eria
ls
1.C
ompa
re th
e pr
imiti
ve I
ndia
n hu
ntin
gan
dga
ther
ing
cultu
res
of p
re-C
olum
bian
Am
eric
ato
thos
e of
pre
-his
tori
c m
anin
the
Nea
r E
ast
and
to th
e ab
orig
ines
of
cent
ralA
ustr
alia
toda
y.C
onsi
der:
tool
s; s
ourc
es o
f an
d w
ays
of g
ettin
gfo
od; c
loth
ing;
soc
ial o
rgan
izat
ion;
relig
ion
and
myt
holo
gies
; mar
riag
e an
d th
e fa
mily
;po
sitio
nof
wom
en in
the
soci
ety;
and
educ
atio
n of
the
youn
g to
be
mem
bers
of th
e ad
ult s
ocie
ty.
2.Fr
om R
eadi
ng #
3, w
hat s
uppo
rt f
or th
ege
nera
lizat
ions
you
hav
e m
ade
in 1
.(a
bove
)ca
n yo
u fi
nd in
the
lives
of
the
prim
itive
peop
le o
f T
ierr
a de
l Fue
go?
Wha
tdi
ffic
ultie
sdo
pri
miti
ve p
eopl
es h
ave
whe
nco
nfro
nted
by
men
of
a hi
gher
leve
lof
civ
iliza
tion?
Why
?
3.W
hy w
ould
Ind
ian
cultu
res
base
d on
som
eag
ricu
lture
be
mor
e co
mpl
ex in
str
uctu
reth
anhu
ntin
g an
d ga
ther
ing
cultu
res?
Wha
tcu
lture
sin
oth
er r
egio
ns o
f th
e w
orld
toda
yde
pend
on
som
e ag
ricu
lture
heav
ily s
uppl
emen
ted
byhu
ntin
g an
d ga
ther
ing?
Wha
t is
thei
rso
cial
orga
niza
tion
as c
ompa
red
to p
re-C
olum
bian
Indi
ans
of c
ompa
rabl
e de
velo
pmen
tle
vels
?
4.Sh
ow th
e tr
ansp
aren
cies
a."E
arly
Civ
iliza
tions
"b.
"Pre
-C
olum
bian
Civ
iliza
tions
, Abo
ut15
00. "
Wha
t wou
ld y
ou s
ay a
ccou
nts
for
the
fact
that
civ
iliza
tions
beg
an e
arlie
r in
Asi
aan
d A
fric
a th
an th
ey d
id in
Mes
o- a
ndA
ndea
nA
mer
ica?
Wha
t evi
denc
e ca
n yo
u ci
te th
atth
ere
was
cul
tura
l int
erch
ange
betw
een
Mes
o-an
d A
ndea
n A
mer
ica?
Do
you
thin
k an
y
14
1. &
2. (
of c
onte
nt)
Ew
ing,
Lat
in A
mer
ican
Soc
iety
, pp.
606-
08
Pend
le, A
His
tory
of
Lat
in A
mer
ica,
pp.
21-2
2
Pete
rson
, Lat
in A
mer
ica,
pp.
17
& 2
8
Stav
rian
os, R
eadi
ngs
in W
orld
His
tory
, pp.
35-4
0
Stav
rian
os &
Bla
nkst
en, L
atin
Am
eric
a, p
.14
Rea
ding
#3,
"Ph
ysic
al A
dapt
atio
ns o
f th
ePe
ople
of T
erra
del
Fue
go"
3. &
4. (
of c
onte
nt)
Ew
ing,
Lat
in A
mer
ican
Soc
iety
, pp.
608-
12
Pend
le, A
His
tory
of
Lat
in A
mer
ica,
pp.
22-2
7&
39-
46
Pete
rson
, Lat
in A
mer
ica,
pp.
28-
34
Stav
rian
os, R
eadi
ngs
in W
orld
His
tory
, pp.
42-
78, 1
28-3
0, 4
06-2
3, 4
30-3
1 &
454
-58
Stav
rian
os &
Bla
nkst
en, L
atin
Am
eric
a, p
p.15
-16
; 46-
48, 5
6-58
& 6
1-63
Rea
ding
#4,
"T
he I
mpo
rtan
ce o
f C
orn
in P
re-
Col
umbi
an C
ivili
zatio
ns"
4.T
he I
ncas
in A
ndea
n A
mer
ica
and
the
Azt
ecs
in M
eso-
Am
eric
a un
ited
larg
e em
pire
s. T
heIn
ca E
mpi
re w
as ti
ed to
geth
er b
y th
e Q
uech
ua la
ngua
ge, a
foo
t-ru
nner
hig
hway
sys
tem
and
ahi
ghly
cen
tral
ized
gov
ernm
ent h
eade
d by
the
Inca
, who
was
con
side
red
a go
d. T
he I
ncas
pro
-vi
ded
soci
al w
elfa
re f
rom
the
crad
le to
the
grav
e" a
nd r
equi
red
that
the
peop
le li
ve s
tric
tlyfo
llow
ing
the
law
s an
d co
ntri
bute
thei
r la
bor
to m
ajor
bui
ldin
g pr
ojec
ts. A
ztec
mili
tary
mig
htes
tabl
ishe
d an
em
pire
in th
e hi
ghla
nds
of M
exic
o an
d he
ld it
toge
ther
by
conq
uest
and
alli
ance
s.R
oads
and
bri
dges
, hea
vy tr
ibut
e, a
cen
tral
adm
inis
trat
ion
and
prie
stho
od-n
obili
ty u
nder
apr
iest
-em
pero
r un
ifie
d th
e em
pire
. Bot
h em
pire
s w
ere
vuln
erab
le to
Spa
nish
con
ques
t bec
ause
of b
eing
hig
hly
cent
raliz
ed a
nd la
ckin
g th
e te
chno
logi
cal i
ntru
men
ts o
f w
arfa
re w
hich
the
Span
iard
s po
sses
sed.
Pla
ying
on
the
allie
s' d
isco
nten
t with
Azt
ec r
ule,
Cor
tes
conq
uere
d th
eA
ztec
Em
pire
. Piz
arro
took
adv
anta
ge o
f a
figh
t ove
r th
e po
sitio
n of
the
Inca
to c
onqu
er th
eIn
ca E
mpi
re. A
lso
the
Span
ish
had
guns
, can
non
and
hors
es to
mak
e th
em te
chno
logi
cally
supe
rior
to th
e In
dian
em
pire
s.
Sugg
este
d A
ctiv
ities
Sugg
este
d A
ctiv
ities
(Con
tinue
d)
poss
ibili
tieF
exis
t tha
t cul
tura
lint
erch
ange
occu
rred
bet
wee
n th
e ci
viliz
atio
nsof
Asi
a,A
fric
a an
d E
urop
e an
d th
ose
of M
eso-
and
And
ean
Am
eric
a? E
xpla
in.
Why
are
the
May
an r
elig
ious
city
-sta
tes
som
etim
es c
alle
dth
e "G
reek
city
-sta
tes
of th
e N
ew W
orld
"?Is
the
iden
tific
atio
nva
lid?
Exp
lain
.
5.C
ompa
re th
e ac
hiev
emen
tsof
the
Indi
anci
viliz
atio
ns o
f M
eso-
and
And
ean
Am
eric
a to
thos
e w
hich
dev
elop
ed in
the
Tig
ris-
Eup
hrat
es,
Nile
, Yel
low
or
Indu
s R
iver
Val
leys
.(C
hoos
eon
e of
the
earl
yci
viliz
atio
ns w
hich
the
clas
sha
s st
udie
d in
dep
th. )
Con
side
r: w
hy th
eyst
arte
d in
a p
artic
ular
loca
tion;
thei
r ag
ricu
l-tu
re,h
andi
craf
ts, a
rts
and
build
ings
;th
eir
achi
evem
ents
in s
cien
ce,
mat
hem
atic
s, tr
ans-
port
atio
n an
d co
mm
erce
; the
irso
cial
org
ani-
zatio
n; w
ho r
uled
and
who
obey
ed a
nd w
hy;
the
posi
tion
of w
omen
; and
educ
atio
n.
6.D
o yo
u ag
ree
with
Arc
inie
gas'
sta
tem
ents
in R
eadi
ng #
4 ab
out t
heim
port
ance
of
corn
toPr
e-C
olum
bian
civ
iliza
tions
?E
xpla
in. W
hat
othe
r fa
ctor
s m
ay h
ave
been
as
impo
rtan
t to
thei
r ci
viliz
atio
ns a
s w
as c
orn
culti
vatio
n?E
xpla
in y
our
sugg
estio
ns.
7.C
ompa
re th
e st
ruct
ures
of
the
Inca
nan
dA
ztec
Em
pire
s to
thos
e of
the
Chi
nese
,A
ssyr
ian,
Per
sian
, Ale
xand
rian
or
Rom
anE
mpi
res.
(Cho
ose
one
of th
e O
ld W
orld
em
-pi
res
whi
ch th
e cl
ass
has
stud
ied
in d
epth
. )C
onsi
der:
the
base
s of
pow
erof
eac
h; w
ays
the
empi
res
wer
e he
ldto
geth
er; w
ho r
uled
and
by w
hat m
eans
; and
why
each
eve
ntua
lly f
ell.
8.W
hat m
ight
hav
e ha
ppen
ed to
the
New
Wor
ldci
viliz
atio
ns h
ad th
e E
urop
eans
not
disc
os :r
edth
e ar
ea?
16
B.
Art
, arc
hite
ctur
e, e
duca
tion
and
liter
atur
e in
Span
ish
and
Port
ugue
se c
olon
ial A
mer
ica
follo
wed
Eur
opea
n m
odel
s ad
apte
d to
Am
erca
n te
mpe
ram
ents
.
1.Sp
ain
and
Port
ugal
exp
lore
d an
d co
loni
zed
the
Ref
orm
atio
n. A
rt a
nd a
rchi
tect
ure
follo
wed
the
Bar
oque
and
pre-
Col
umbi
an in
flue
nces
.In
wea
lthy
area
s of
Spa
nish
Mes
o-ch
urch
es, p
alac
es, h
omes
of
the
wea
lthy,
pai
ntin
gsan
d sc
ulpt
ure
wer
e ex
eou
tline
s se
nt f
rom
Spa
in, o
vers
een
by p
ries
ts a
ndim
port
ed a
rchi
tect
s, a
nd d
one
byha
d re
ache
d hi
gh le
vels
in th
e ar
ts b
efor
e th
eSp
anis
h ar
rive
d.Po
rtug
uese
Bra
zil,
bein
g a
poor
er c
olon
y un
til th
e18
th c
entu
ry w
hen
gold
and
dia
mon
ds a
dded
wea
lth,
did
not p
rodu
ceac
hiev
emen
ts c
ompa
rabl
e to
thos
e of
Spa
nish
Am
eric
a.Sp
anis
h A
mer
ican
s an
d th
eir
Indi
ancr
afts
men
pro
duce
d be
autif
ul w
orks
of
art a
nd a
rchi
tect
ure
in S
ucre
, Lim
a, C
uzco
, Qui
to,
Mex
ido
City
, Pue
bla
and
othe
r co
loni
al c
ities
.In
the
Vic
eroy
alty
of
Rio
de
la P
lata
, the
Jesu
its b
uilt
the
cath
edra
l in
Cor
doba
, one
of
the
few
out
stan
ding
exa
mpl
es o
f co
loni
al a
rchi
-te
ctur
e in
wha
t is
now
Arg
entin
a.O
utst
andi
ng e
xam
ples
of
Roc
oco
arch
itect
ure
appe
ared
in18
th-c
entu
ry c
olon
ial B
razi
l with
the
build
ing
of c
hurc
hes
atSa
lvad
or, R
ecif
e an
d in
the
min
ing
dist
rict
of
Min
as G
erai
s, in
clud
ing
Con
gonh
as d
o C
ampo
and
the
hist
oric
al m
onum
ent,
the
city
of
Our
o Pr
eto.
este
rn H
emis
pher
e du
ring
the
Cou
nter
-st
yles
with
Rom
an, M
oori
sh, I
beri
anan
d A
ndea
n A
mer
ica,
cute
d fr
om s
ketc
hyIn
dian
s w
ho
2.E
duca
tion
star
ted
earl
y in
col
onia
l Lat
in A
mer
ica.
Span
ish
prie
sts
and
Cat
holic
mon
astic
orde
rs a
ccom
pani
ed th
e co
nqui
stad
ores
to te
ach
Indi
ans
Chr
istia
nity
and
agr
icul
ture
, whe
re th
ela
tter
was
not
alr
eady
pra
ctic
ed. T
hrou
ghm
issi
ons
from
Cal
ifor
nia
to F
lori
da s
outh
war
d to
Arg
entin
a, F
ranc
isca
ns, D
omin
ican
s an
d Je
suits
spre
ad S
pani
sh c
ultu
re a
nd te
chno
logy
. The
Span
ish
crow
n, w
ishi
ng to
hav
e an
educ
ated
cle
rgy
and
adm
inis
trat
ion,
est
ablis
hed
in 1
551
the
Uni
vers
ity o
f M
exic
o in
Mex
ico
City
and
the
Uni
vers
ity o
f Sa
n M
arco
s in
Lim
a. O
ther
Spa
nish
colo
nial
uni
vers
ities
fol
low
ed th
e pa
ttern
s es
tabl
ishe
dby
thes
e tw
o.Se
cond
ary
and
univ
ersi
tyed
ucat
ion
conc
entr
ated
on
relig
ious
sch
olas
ticis
man
d be
cam
e ac
a.de
mic
ally
ste
rile
by
the
end
of th
e co
loni
al p
erio
d.Po
rtug
uese
Bra
zil d
id n
ot h
ave
a un
iver
sity
set
up
duri
ng it
s en
tire
colo
nial
per
iod;
no
book
s w
ere
prin
ted
until
1808
, thr
ee h
undr
ed y
ears
aft
er S
pani
sh A
mer
ican
prin
ting
pres
ses
bega
n. T
he B
razi
lian-
Port
ugue
sepr
iest
s w
ere
not a
s w
ell e
duca
ted
as S
pani
shA
mer
ican
pri
ests
exc
ept f
or th
e Je
suits
who
wer
eex
pelle
d fr
om B
razi
l in
1759
and
fro
m S
pani
shA
mer
ica
in 1
767.
17
Sugg
este
d A
ctiv
ities
Mat
eria
ls
1.Sh
ow th
e tr
ansp
aren
cy"V
icer
oyal
ties
inL
atin
Am
eric
a, 1
800.
"
2.Fo
r th
e ar
t and
arc
hite
ctur
e, h
ave
som
epu
pils
ade
pt a
t dra
win
g m
ake
line
draw
ings
ofB
aroq
ue c
hurc
h fa
çade
s, R
ococ
o B
razi
lian
chur
ches
, and
som
e co
loni
al h
omes
in L
ima
or M
exic
o C
ity.
Ask
thes
e pu
pils
to e
xpla
inth
eir
draw
ings
and
sou
rces
of
info
rmat
ion
toth
e cl
ass.
On
the
opaq
ue p
roje
ctor
, sho
w p
ic-
ture
s of
som
e co
loni
al L
atin
Am
eric
anar
chi-
tect
ure,
scu
lptu
re, d
ecor
ativ
e de
tail
and
pain
ting.
Con
sult
the
art t
each
er f
or s
ugge
s-tio
ns o
f fi
lmst
rips
or
mot
ion
pict
ures
whi
chw
ould
illu
stra
te c
olon
ial L
atin
Am
eric
an a
rtan
d ar
chite
ctur
e.a.
Wha
t rol
e di
d th
e In
dian
s of
Mes
o-an
d A
ndea
n A
mer
ica
play
in th
e ar
tistic
life
of c
olon
ial L
atin
Am
eric
a? E
xpla
in w
hy?
b.W
hy w
ere
the
Bar
oque
and
Roc
oco
styl
es th
e on
es w
hich
pre
dom
inat
ed in
col
onia
lL
atin
Am
eric
a?c.
Com
pare
the
art a
nd a
rchi
tect
ure
ofco
loni
al L
atin
Am
eric
a to
that
in S
pain
and
Port
ugal
, to
Fran
ce a
nd C
entr
al E
urop
e, a
ndto
Ind
ia d
urin
g th
e pe
riod
150
0-18
00.
3.H
ave
one
pupi
l rep
ort t
o th
e cl
ass
wha
tm
edie
val s
chol
astic
ism
was
in e
duca
tion
and
why
it b
ecam
e a
part
of
high
er e
duca
tion
inco
loni
al L
atin
Am
eric
a an
d its
infl
uenc
e on
Lat
in A
mer
ican
edu
catio
n to
day.
Hav
e pu
pils
repo
rt o
n Sp
anis
h m
issi
ons
inC
alif
orni
a,T
exas
, Par
agua
y an
d A
rgen
tina
and
give
18
Ew
ing,
Lat
in A
mer
ican
Soc
iety
, pp.
616
-28
Pend
le, A
His
tory
of
Lat
in A
mer
ica,
pp_
56-
63&
69-
75
Pete
rson
, Lat
in A
mer
ica,
pp.
36-
41 &
82-
92
Stav
rian
os &
Bla
nkst
en, L
atin
Am
eric
a, p
p. 1
6-17
, 22-
25 &
58-
63
Rea
ding
#5,
"T
he R
oman
Cat
holic
Chu
rch
in N
ewSp
ain"
Rea
ding
#6,
"A
Son
net"
3T
here
wer
e no
Lat
in A
mer
ican
col
onia
lco
ntri
butio
ns o
f no
te in
dra
ma
and
mus
ic.
Eur
opea
npl
ays,
esp
ecia
lly S
pani
sh, a
ndm
usic
wer
e pe
rfor
med
for
the
wea
lthy
and
for
chur
ch f
unct
ions
.Fo
r in
stan
ce, i
n Pa
ragu
ay th
e Je
suits
trai
ned
Gua
rani
Ind
ians
to p
lay
Bar
oque
chur
ch m
usic
.H
owev
er, t
he E
urop
ean
guita
r,oo
mbi
ncd
with
Ind
ian
woo
dwin
ds a
nd A
fric
an r
hyth
ms,
prod
uced
mus
ic u
niqu
e to
Lat
in A
mer
ica
for
the
com
mon
peo
ple.
4.In
lite
rary
fie
lds,
col
onia
l Lat
inA
mer
ican
s m
ade
impo
rtan
t con
trib
utio
ns. M
any
chro
nicl
ers,
such
as
Gar
cila
so d
e la
Veg
a(R
oyal
Com
men
tari
es o
f th
e In
ca16
09)
and
Jose
de
Aco
sta
(Nat
ural
and
Mor
al H
isto
ry o
f th
e In
dies
1590
) gi
ve u
s fi
rst-
hand
acc
ount
s of
pre
-col
onia
lan
d co
loni
al L
atin
Am
eric
a. L
atin
Am
eric
ans
exce
lled
in p
oetr
y. A
lons
o de
Erc
illa
yZ
ufai
gats
"La
Ara
ucan
a" is
the
mos
t fam
ous
of th
e co
loni
alep
ic p
oem
s.Si
ster
Jua
na I
nes
de la
Cru
zw
as o
ne o
f th
efe
w f
emal
e co
loni
alho
lars
and
poe
tess
es.
She
and
her
mat
hmet
icia
n-sc
hola
rfr
iend
, Don
Car
los
deSi
grie
nza
y G
ongo
ra, t
ried
uns
ucce
ssfu
lly to
intr
oduc
e to
Span
ish
Am
eri-
ca th
e ph
iloso
phie
san
d sc
ienc
es o
f th
e ea
rly
part
of
the
Enl
ight
enm
ent.
Not
unt
il th
e 18
thce
ntur
y di
d co
loni
al B
razi
l pro
duce
impo
rtan
t lite
rary
fig
ures
: Bas
ilio
da G
ama
("U
rugu
ay, "
an e
pic
poem
) an
d T
omaz
Ant
onio
Gch
- 'a
ga. (
love
poem
s). A
s in
Spa
nish
col
onia
l Am
eric
a, th
eco
loni
al B
razi
lians
inau
gura
ted
poet
ry a
s th
em
ajor
Lat
in A
mer
ican
lite
rary
end
eavo
r un
tilth
is c
entu
ry.
Sugg
este
d A
ctiv
ities
Sugg
est A
ctiv
ities
(C
ontin
ued)
info
rmat
ion
abou
t the
fun
ctio
ns o
f m
issi
ons.
Ass
ign
anot
her
repo
rt c
ompa
ring
the
univ
ersi
-tie
s of
Mex
ico
City
and
San
Mar
cos
to H
arva
rdan
d Y
ale.
Ask
the
clas
s to
con
side
r:a.
Why
wer
e un
iver
sitie
s se
t up
earl
y in
Span
ish
Am
eric
a?b.
Why
did
n't P
ortu
gues
e B
razi
l hav
eco
loni
al u
nive
rsiti
es?
Wha
t sch
ools
for
hig
her
educ
atio
n di
d B
razi
l hav
e?c.
Why
wer
en't
wom
en m
ore
prom
inen
tin
col
onia
l Lat
in A
mer
ican
edu
catio
n?d.
Wha
t was
the
educ
atio
nal l
evel
of
mos
tpe
ople
in c
olon
ial L
atin
Am
eric
a? I
n co
loni
alE
nglis
h an
d Fr
ench
Nor
th A
mer
ica?
Exp
lain
your
ans
wer
s.
4..
Ask
a p
upil
inte
rest
ed in
mus
ic o
r m
usic
hist
ory
to r
epor
t on
the
colo
nial
ori
gins
of
mod
ern-
day
Lat
in A
mer
ican
mus
ic. H
ave
the
clas
s co
mpa
re th
e th
eate
r in
col
onia
l Lat
inA
mer
ica
to th
at in
Eng
lish
Am
eric
a. C
onsi
der
the
attit
udes
of
New
Eng
land
as
oppo
sed
toth
ose
of th
e so
uthe
rn E
nglis
h co
loni
es.
5.If
you
hav
e so
me
pupi
ls ta
king
adv
ance
dSp
anis
h or
Por
tugu
ese,
hav
e th
em b
ring
tocl
ass
to r
ead
in tr
ansl
atio
n an
d ex
plai
n th
esi
gnif
ican
ce o
f tw
o or
thre
e ex
ampl
es o
flit
erat
ure
from
Spa
nish
and
Por
tugu
ese
colo
nial
Am
eric
a. W
hy d
id th
e ph
iloso
phie
s an
d sc
ienc
esof
the
Enl
ight
enm
ent f
ail t
o pe
rmea
te c
olon
ial
Lat
in A
mer
ica?
Con
side
r th
e st
rong
infl
uenc
eof
the
Cou
nter
-Ref
orm
atio
n in
telle
ctua
l set
ting
duri
ng w
hich
Spa
in a
nd P
ortu
gal s
ettle
d th
eA
mer
icas
.20
6.If
you
had
bee
n al
ive
in 1
650,
whe
re w
ould
you
have
rat
her
lived
: Rio
de
Jane
iro,
Mex
ico
City
or
Bos
ton?
Exp
lain
.
7.C
ompa
re th
e co
loni
al a
ccom
plis
hmen
ts o
fth
e Sp
anis
h, P
ortu
gues
e, F
renc
h an
d E
nglis
hin
the
Wes
tern
Hem
isph
ere.
8.D
o yo
u ag
ree
with
the
Paz
inte
rpre
tatio
n in
Rea
ding
#5
of th
e ro
le o
f th
e R
oman
Cat
holic
Chu
rch
in N
ew S
pain
? E
xpla
in. D
o yo
u th
ink
that
Paz
is g
ivin
g a
prej
udic
ed, a
nti-
Cat
holic
view
poin
t?If
not
, cite
exa
mpl
es o
f a
bala
nced
revi
ew o
f th
e C
hurc
h's
activ
ities
in c
olon
ial
New
Spa
in.
If s
o, c
ite e
xam
ples
of
the
Chu
rch'
s co
loni
zing
and
mis
sion
ary
activ
ities
whi
ch m
ight
cou
nter
som
e of
the
auth
or's
stat
emen
ts.
9.W
hy w
as it
that
Sor
Jua
na I
nes
de la
Cru
z(R
eadi
ng #
6) f
elt s
he c
ould
pur
sue
her
inte
llec-
tual
life
onl
y in
a c
onve
nt?
Why
do
you
thin
ksh
e us
ed a
poe
m r
athe
r th
an a
pro
se le
tter
toex
plai
n he
r re
ason
s fo
r in
telle
ctua
l act
iviti
esto
her
cri
tics?
How
doe
s he
r w
ork
refl
ect
the
colo
nial
lite
rary
pat
tern
s?
C.
Cre
ole
Lat
in A
mer
ican
sbe
cam
e di
ssat
isfi
ed w
ithE
urop
ean
rule
and
won
thei
rin
depe
nden
ce d
urin
g
and
afte
r th
e N
apol
eoni
cW
ars.
1.C
ondi
tions
in c
olon
ial L
atin
Am
eric
a le
d to
dis
satis
fact
ion
with
the
mot
her
coun
trie
s.A
t fir
st,
all c
olon
ial a
dmin
istr
ativ
epo
sitio
ns w
ere
fille
d w
ith p
.opl
ebo
rn in
the
mot
her
coun
try.
Lat
er,
wea
lthy
creo
les
(Eur
opea
ns b
orn
in th
e A
mer
icas
)bo
ught
thei
r w
ay in
to lo
wer
adm
inis
trat
ive
posi
tions
. Wea
lthy
creo
les
held
vas
t lan
ds w
orke
d by
Indi
an a
nd m
estiz
o pe
ons
and
Neg
rosl
aves
. Man
y of
thei
r so
ns w
ere
educ
ated
in P
aris
and
bro
ught
back
the
revo
lutio
nary
doct
rine
s
of th
e E
nlig
hten
men
t.C
reol
es b
egan
to f
eel m
ore
Mex
ican
, Per
uvia
n, B
razi
lian
orH
aitia
n
than
bel
ongi
ng to
the
mot
her
coun
try
and
her
empi
re.
The
bre
akaw
ay o
f th
eT
hirt
een
Eng
lish
colo
nies
ser
ved
as a
nex
ampl
e of
wha
t a c
olon
ial
peop
le c
ould
do.
2N
apol
eon
Bon
apar
teco
nque
red
Spai
n an
d Po
rtug
alan
d se
t up
pupp
et r
uler
s.T
he r
ulin
g ho
use
and
cour
t of
Port
ugal
mov
ed, o
n B
ritis
h sh
ips,
toR
io d
e Ja
neir
o an
d m
ade
itth
e ca
pita
l of
the
Port
ugue
se E
mpi
re.
In 1
821,
Kin
g Jo
hn V
Isa
iled
back
to L
isbo
n le
avin
ghi
s so
n D
om P
edro
inco
ntro
l of
Bra
zil.
Und
er th
ein
flue
nce
of th
e te
achi
ngs
ofJo
se B
onif
acio
, Dom
Ped
rode
clar
edB
razi
l's in
depe
nden
ce f
rom
Port
ugal
in 1
822
and
was
crow
ned
Pedr
o I,
Em
pero
r of
Bra
zil,
with
Bri
tain
's n
avy
to a
ssur
eth
e su
cces
s of
the
vent
ure.
3.N
apol
eon'
s ac
tions
in S
pain
and
com
mitm
ents
to h
isE
urop
ean
war
s sp
arke
d re
volts
in c
olon
ial
Span
ish
Am
eric
a. L
atin
Am
eric
an S
pani
ards
and
cre
oles
prom
ised
to r
emai
n lo
yal t
o K
ing
Ferd
inan
d V
II, S
pani
sh k
ing
in e
xile
, who
pro
mis
edth
em g
reat
er e
cono
mic
and
polit
ical
fre
edom
son
ce N
apol
eon
was
defe
ated
and
the
king
was
righ
tful
ly r
eins
tate
d.A
fter
Nap
oleo
n w
as d
efea
ted,
the
pow
ers
at th
e C
ongr
ess
of V
ienn
a ag
reed
to s
uppo
rtFe
rdin
and'
s re
solv
e to
kee
pSp
anis
h
Am
eric
a fi
rmly
in th
e ki
ng's
grip
.Fe
elin
g be
tray
ed, m
ore
creo
les
and
som
e Sp
anis
h A
mer
i-
cans
sup
port
edth
e In
depe
nden
ce m
ovem
ent
thro
ugho
ut L
atin
Am
eric
a.
4.T
ouss
aint
L'O
uver
ture
, aN
egro
lead
er in
Hai
ti,fo
ught
aga
inst
Fre
nch
forc
esw
ith a
n ar
my
mad
e up
of
mut
inou
s sl
aves
and
disc
onte
nted
aff
ranc
his
(par
t Neg
ro a
nd F
renc
h). H
e w
asca
ptur
ed a
nd k
illed
in 1
803,
but
a y
ear
late
r, H
aiti
got i
ts in
depe
nden
cebe
caus
e Fr
ench
for
ces
had
to w
ithdr
aw a
s a
resu
ltof
the
sold
iers
' bei
ng il
lfr
om tr
opic
al d
isea
ses.
21
Sugg
este
d A
ctiv
ities
Mat
eria
ls
1.W
hat e
xper
ienc
es in
sel
f-go
vern
men
t did
the
Thi
rtee
n E
nglis
h co
loni
sts
have
that
Lat
inA
mer
icai
i col
onis
ts d
id n
ot h
ave?
Why
did
thes
e di
ffer
ence
s ex
ist?
2.E
xpla
in th
e si
gnif
ican
ce o
f th
e tim
edi
ffer
ence
s be
twee
n th
e T
hirt
een
Eng
lish
colo
nist
s' in
depe
nden
ce s
trug
gles
and
thos
e of
the
Lat
in A
mer
ican
col
onis
ts. W
hat p
hilo
so-
phie
s in
spir
ed b
oth
inde
pend
ence
mov
emen
ts?
Why
?
Ew
ing,
Lat
in A
mer
ican
Soc
iety
, pp.
628
-33
Pend
le, A
His
tory
of
Lat
in A
mer
ica,
pp. 8
4-12
4
Pete
rson
, Lat
in A
mer
ica,
pp.
42-
46
Stav
rian
os &
Bla
nkst
en, L
atin
Am
eric
a, p
p, 1
7-18
3.W
hat w
ere
the
com
plai
nts
Lat
in A
mer
ican
colo
nist
s ha
d ag
ains
t the
ir m
othe
r co
untr
ies?
4.H
ave
five
pup
ils p
rese
nt r
epor
ts to
the
clas
s on
gai
ning
inde
pend
ence
in:
a) H
aiti,
b) M
exic
o an
d C
entr
al A
mer
ica,
c)
New
Gra
nada
, d)
Sout
hern
Sou
th A
mer
ica,
and
e) B
razi
l. A
sk th
ese
pupi
ls to
lim
it th
ena
mes
,ba
ttles
and
pla
ces
to th
e m
ost i
mpo
rtan
t, bu
tto
giv
e a
conc
ise,
cle
ar o
verv
iew
of
each
area
's in
depe
nden
ce m
ovem
ent.
Aft
er th
ese
repo
rts,
hav
e th
e cl
ass
cons
ider
:a.
Wha
t sim
ilari
ties
and
diff
eren
ces
doyo
u se
e in
thes
e fi
ve a
reas
' ind
epen
denc
est
rugg
les?
Exp
lain
.b.
Com
pare
the
reas
ons
for
the
succ
ess
of th
e L
atin
Am
eric
an c
olon
ists
' win
ning
thei
rin
depe
nden
ce to
thos
e fo
r th
e T
hirt
een
Eng
lish
colo
nies
.c.
If b
road
-sca
le L
atin
Am
eric
an in
de-
pend
ence
mov
emen
ts h
ad s
tart
ed in
177
6, w
hat
mig
ht h
ave
been
the
resu
lts?
22
5.Fr
anci
sco
de M
iran
da b
egan
res
ista
nce
to S
pani
sh r
ule
in N
ew G
rana
da in
180
6. H
ew
as d
e-fe
ated
by
the
Span
ish,
pla
nned
to f
lee
to E
ngla
nd, b
ut w
as b
etra
yed
to th
e Sp
anis
h by
som
ecr
eole
s, in
clud
ing
Sim
On
Bol
ivar
.B
oliv
ar to
ok o
ver
the
inde
pend
ence
mov
emen
t in
New
Gra
nada
and
fre
ed V
enez
uela
, Col
ombi
a, E
cuad
or, P
eru
and
Bol
ivia
dur
ing
the
peri
od 1
810-
1824
.B
oliv
ia s
plit
from
Per
u w
ith B
oliv
ar's
hel
p. B
y 18
30, E
cuad
or a
nd V
enez
uela
with
drew
from
Gra
n C
olom
bia,
Bol
ivar
's c
reat
ion.
6.Fa
ther
s M
igue
l Hid
algo
in 1
810
and
Jose
Mor
elos
in 1
811
help
ed s
tart
the
Mex
ican
inde
pend
ence
mov
emen
t. B
oth
wer
e ca
ptur
ed a
nd k
illed
by
Span
ish
forc
es. A
ugus
tin d
e It
urbi
de a
ccom
plis
hed
in 1
821
wha
t Hid
algo
and
Mor
elos
had
sta
rted
.In
182
3 C
entr
al A
mer
ica
beca
me
inde
pend
ent o
fM
exic
o an
d ad
opte
d th
e na
me
Uni
ted
Prov
ince
s of
Cen
tral
Am
eric
a.In
tern
al f
rict
ions
dis
solv
edth
at u
nion
; and
by
1838
, Cos
ta R
ica,
Hon
dura
s, G
uate
mal
a, E
l Sal
vado
r an
d N
icar
agua
wer
ese
para
te c
ount
ries
.
7In
Sou
ther
n So
uth
Am
eric
a Sa
n M
artin
fre
ed A
rgen
tina
and
cros
sed
the
And
es to
fre
e C
hile
,w
ith th
e he
lp o
f B
erna
rdo
O'H
iggi
ns. H
e m
arch
ed n
orth
war
d to
hel
p B
oliv
ar's
for
ces
free
Bol
ivia
and
Per
u. A
t a m
eetin
g in
Gua
yaqu
il w
ith B
oliv
ar in
182
2, S
an M
artin
with
drew
fro
mle
ader
ship
of
the
Sout
h A
mer
ican
inde
pend
ence
mov
emen
t. Pa
ragu
ay, u
nder
Jos
e G
aspa
rR
odri
guez
de
Fran
cia,
sev
ered
fro
m A
rgen
tina
in 1
811
and
crea
ted
a co
untr
y w
hose
cap
ital w
asA
sunc
iOn.
Als
o in
181
1, J
ose
Ger
vosi
o A
rtig
as f
ough
t to
free
Uru
guay
fro
m A
rgen
tine
and
Bra
zilia
n do
min
atio
n..
Fina
lly in
183
0, w
ith G
reat
Bri
tain
's h
elp,
Uru
guay
bec
ame
inde
pen-
dent
.
8.G
reat
Bri
tain
gav
e en
cour
agem
ent t
o Fr
ench
, Spa
nish
and
Por
tugu
ese
colo
nial
s' in
depe
nden
ceai
ms
as a
har
assm
ent t
o N
apol
eon
until
181
4. A
fter
181
4, B
rita
in w
as a
nxio
us to
che
ck th
egr
owin
g in
flue
nce
of R
ussi
a an
d a
resu
rgen
ce o
f Sp
anis
h po
wer
.B
rita
in s
uppo
rted
Lat
inA
mer
ican
s' f
ight
ing
for
inde
pend
ence
thro
ugh
som
e di
rect
hel
p an
d th
e pr
otec
tion
of th
e B
ritis
hna
vy th
at a
ssur
ed th
e co
ntin
ued
inde
pend
ence
of
the
new
nat
ions
. Gre
at B
rita
in a
nd th
e U
nite
dSt
ates
wan
ted
inde
pend
ent L
atin
Am
eric
an n
atio
ns w
ith w
hom
they
cou
ld tr
ade
free
ly.
Sugg
este
d A
ctiv
ities
d.C
ompa
re th
e in
depe
nden
ce m
ovem
ents
in A
nglo
- an
d L
atin
Am
eric
ato
thos
e in
Afr
ica
and
Asi
a si
nce
Wor
ld W
ar I
T.
5.A
rran
ge a
"m
ock"
mee
ting
ofth
e C
ongr
ess
of V
ienn
a in
181
5 to
con
side
rth
e qu
estio
n of
supp
ortin
g Sp
ain'
s co
ntin
ued
clai
ms
in th
e A
mer
i-ca
s.Sa
n M
artin
has
take
n ou
t tim
efr
om h
ism
ilita
ry d
utie
s to
atte
nd th
ism
eetin
g. A
sk o
nepu
pil e
ach
to a
ssum
e th
e ro
les
of v
on M
ette
rnic
h,A
lexa
nder
I, F
rede
rick
Will
iam
III,
Cas
tlere
agh,
Tal
leyr
and
as th
e Fr
ench
obs
erve
ran
d Sa
nM
artin
. Hav
e ea
ch p
upil
do p
relim
inar
yre
sear
chin
ord
er to
pre
sent
rea
listic
ally
the
indi
vidu
alvi
ews
expr
esse
d at
the
mee
ting.
6.C
ompa
re th
e ro
le th
e B
ritis
hpl
ayed
to th
ero
le w
hich
the
Uni
ted
Stat
espl
ayed
in th
e L
atin
Am
eric
an in
depe
nden
ce m
ovem
ent.
7.W
hy d
id th
e fo
rmer
Spa
nish
vice
roya
lties
brea
k: u
p in
to s
ever
al s
epar
ate
coun
trie
s? C
on-
side
r th
e V
icer
oyal
ty o
f R
io d
e la
Plat
a as
aca
se s
tudy
. Why
did
Bra
zil r
emai
n on
e co
un-
try
afte
r ga
inin
g its
inde
pend
ence
? W
hy d
idth
e U
nite
d St
ates
mai
ntai
n its
uni
tyun
til th
epe
riod
186
1-65
and
aft
erw
ard?
Cite
exa
mpl
esin
Sou
thea
st A
sia,
Ind
ia a
ndA
fric
a of
cou
ntri
esw
hich
spl
it ap
art f
rom
con
solid
ated
form
erco
loni
al u
nitie
s? W
hy d
id th
ese
form
erco
loni
al a
reas
fai
l to
mai
ntai
n th
eir
unity
?
24
D.
From
1825
-191
4, L
atin
Am
eric
an n
atio
ns p
erpe
tuat
ed s
ocia
l, po
litic
al a
nd e
cono
mic
pat
tern
ses
tabl
ish
d du
ring
the
colo
nial
per
iod.
1.L
atin
Am
eric
an c
ount
ries
' gov
ernm
ents
wer
e in
the
hand
s of
"st
rong
men
" le
ader
s.W
hile
dem
ocra
tic, w
ritte
n co
nstit
utio
ns e
xist
ed, t
heir
pro
visi
ons
for
stro
ng e
xecu
tive
pow
ers
and
the
trad
ition
s of
aut
hori
tari
an r
ule
prev
ente
d th
e gr
owth
of
viab
le d
emoc
raci
es. J
uan
Man
uel
de R
osas
in A
rgen
tina,
Jos
e G
aspa
r R
odri
guez
de
Fran
cia
in P
arag
uay,
and
San
ta A
nna
inM
exic
o ex
empl
ifie
d th
e L
atin
Am
eric
an d
icta
tors
.B
razi
l con
tinue
d un
der
the
rule
of
two
succ
essi
ve e
mpe
rors
, Dom
Ped
ro I
and
II,
unt
il 18
89, w
hen
mili
tary
dic
tato
rs b
egan
thei
rru
le.
2Si
nce
agri
cultu
re w
as th
e ch
ief
mea
ns o
f m
akin
g a
livin
g an
d si
nce
the
creo
le la
ndow
ners
con
-tr
olle
d th
e gr
eat m
ajor
ity o
f ag
ricu
ltura
l lan
ds, l
ando
wne
rs c
ontin
ued
to d
omin
ate
the
polit
ical
,so
cial
and
eco
nom
ic li
fe o
f th
e ne
w L
atin
Am
eric
an n
atio
ns.
Indi
ans,
Neg
roes
, mul
atto
es,
mes
tizos
, man
y w
hite
s an
d m
ost E
urop
ean
and
Asi
an im
mig
rant
s til
led
smal
l plo
ts o
f po
orfa
rmla
nd a
nd/o
r w
orke
d as
peo
ns f
or th
e la
rge
land
owne
rs. E
duca
tiona
l lev
els
rem
aine
d ve
rylo
w f
or th
ese
maj
ority
peo
ples
in L
atin
Am
eric
a.
3.L
atin
Am
eric
an c
ount
ries
con
tinue
d th
eir
depe
nden
ce o
n th
e pr
oduc
tion
of a
few
agr
gooc
band
raw
mat
eria
ls f
or e
xpor
t and
on
the
impo
rtat
ion
of m
anuf
actu
red
good
s; w
here
Gre
at B
rita
in, F
ranc
e, th
e U
nite
d St
ates
and
Ger
man
y de
velo
ped
econ
omie
s ba
sed
on th
e pr
duct
ion
and
expo
rt o
f m
anuf
actu
red
prod
ucts
. For
exa
mpl
e, B
razi
l dep
ende
d m
ainl
y on
cof
fee
expo
rts;
Arg
entin
a an
d U
rugu
ay o
n m
eat,
hide
s an
d w
ool;
and
Chi
le o
n ni
trat
es a
nd c
oppe
r.
icul
tura
las
,
4.E
ntre
pren
eurs
fro
m G
reat
Bri
tain
, Fra
nce,
Ger
man
y an
d, in
crea
sing
ly, t
he U
nite
d St
ates
in-
vest
ed h
eavi
ly in
Lat
in A
mer
ican
eco
nom
ies.
The
se in
vest
ors
built
pub
lic tr
ansp
orta
tion
and
com
mun
icat
ion
faci
litie
s an
d op
ened
up
mor
e ar
eas
for
raw
-mat
eria
l exp
loiti
ve in
dust
ries
.C
hile
's m
iner
al in
dust
ries
and
Arg
entin
a's
beef
indu
stry
pro
fite
d gr
eatly
fro
m r
ailr
oad-
build
ing
fina
nced
larg
ely
by G
reat
Bri
tain
.
5.T
he U
nite
d St
ates
inve
sted
hea
vily
in P
orfi
rio
Dia
z's
Mex
ico,
in C
uban
sug
ar p
lant
atio
ns a
nd in
othe
r co
untr
ies
or d
epen
denc
ies
bord
erin
g th
e C
arib
bean
.In
par
t to
prot
ect t
hese
inve
stm
ents
,th
e U
nite
d St
ates
, dis
rega
rdin
g th
e in
crea
sing
dis
trus
t of
mos
t Lat
in A
mer
ican
nat
ions
, int
er-
fere
d in
the
inte
rnal
aff
airs
of
seve
ral C
arib
bean
nat
ions
or
depe
nden
cies
.
25
Sugg
este
d A
ctiv
ities
Mat
eria
ls
1.Sh
ow th
e tr
ansp
aren
cy"L
ocal
Gov
ernm
ent
in N
inet
eent
h-C
entu
ryL
atin
Am
eric
a. "
2.H
ave
four
pup
ils g
ive
repo
rts
on S
anta
Ann
a,R
osas
, Fra
ncia
and
Dia
z. A
sk th
ese
pupi
ls to
conc
entr
ate
on th
e pe
rson
alis
mo
(per
sona
lpr
owes
s an
dm
agne
tism
) ch
arac
teri
stic
s of
each
of
thes
e ca
udill
os("
stro
ng m
en")
and
how
they
gai
ned
and
mai
ntai
ned
thei
r po
wer
. Bas
edon
Rea
ding
#7, c
onsi
der
with
the
clas
sth
efo
llow
ing
ques
tions
:a.
Wha
t com
mon
cha
ract
eris
tics
did
each
of th
ese
caud
illos
hav
e?W
hy w
ere
thes
e ch
ar-
acte
rist
ics
impo
rtan
t?b.
Why
wer
e th
ey a
ble
toac
hiev
e th
eir
posi
tions
of
pow
er?
c.D
o yo
u th
ink
empe
rors
or
mon
arch
slik
e E
urop
e ha
d w
ould
hav
eru
led
bette
r th
anth
e ca
udill
os?
Use
Bra
zil a
s an
exam
ple.
Def
end
your
opi
nion
s.d.
Why
did
n't s
tron
g de
moc
raci
esde
velo
pin
Lat
in A
mer
ica
duri
ngth
e 19
th c
entu
ry?
3.C
ompa
re th
e w
ays
mos
t peo
ple
mad
e a
livin
gin
Lat
in A
mer
ica
to th
ose
in th
e U
nite
d St
ates
duri
ng th
e pe
riod
182
5-19
14.
Con
side
r:ag
ricu
ltura
l lan
d ho
ldin
g;ag
ricu
ltura
l lab
or;
rura
l ext
ensi
on s
ervi
ces
prov
ided
by
the
gove
rnm
ents
; edu
catio
nal
oppo
rtun
ities
pro
-vi
ded
for
the
maj
ority
of
peop
le.
4.W
hat a
re th
e ec
onom
icad
vant
ages
and
dis
-ad
vant
ages
of
a L
atin
Am
eric
anco
untr
y's
con-
cent
ratin
g on
pro
duct
ion
of o
ne o
rtw
o ex
port
prod
ucts
? W
hy d
id F
ranc
e an
dG
erm
any
beco
me
indu
stri
al n
atio
ns d
urin
gth
e 19
th26
Ew
ing,
Lat
in A
mer
ican
Soc
iety
, pp.
636-
44
Pend
le, A
His
tory
of
Lat
in A
mer
ica,
pp.
125-
85 Pete
rson
, Lat
in A
mer
ica,
pp.
46-5
1 &
52-
56
Stav
rian
os,
Rea
ding
s in
Wor
ld H
isto
ry,
pp. 5
32-4
2
Stav
rian
os &
Bla
nkst
en, L
atin
Am
eric
a, p
p. 1
8-21
, 25-
28 &
50-
51
Rea
ding
#7,
Che
valie
r,"R
oots
of
Pers
onal
ism
o"
Rea
ding
#8,
"A
Lat
inA
mer
ican
's V
iew
of
the
Mon
roe
Doc
trin
e"
Rea
ding
#9,
Fer
ns,
"Bri
tain
and
Arg
entin
a"
6In
a p
erio
d of
gro
win
g na
tiona
lism
in W
este
rn E
urop
e, L
atin
Am
eric
an le
ader
ssu
gges
ted,
as
earl
y as
Sim
6n
Bol
ivar
in 1
826,
aPa
n A
mer
ican
uni
on f
or in
tern
atio
nal a
ndhe
mis
pher
ic c
o-op
erat
ion
and
as a
sta
y to
the
grow
ing
pow
erof
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es.
Con
fere
nces
, atte
nded
by
afe
w n
atio
ns, m
et in
the
nine
teen
th a
ndea
rly
twen
tieth
cen
turi
es,
In 1
910
the
Pan
Am
eric
anU
nion
was
for
med
. Pan
Am
eric
anm
eetin
gs d
iscu
ssed
mat
ters
of
com
mon
con
cern
,su
ch a
sco
mm
erce
, int
erna
tiona
llaw
and
con
trol
of
yello
w f
ever
and
chol
era.
Som
e co
untr
ies,
par
ticu-
larl
y A
rgen
tina,
fai
led
to r
atif
yre
solu
tions
pas
sed
by th
e Pa
n A
mer
ican
Uni
on r
epre
sent
ativ
es.
Man
y na
tions
fel
t the
Uni
on w
asdo
min
ated
by
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es,
How
ever
, the
Uni
on p
ione
ered
the
way
for
inte
rnat
iona
l coo
pera
tion.
Sugg
este
d A
ctiv
ities
Sugg
este
d A
ctiv
ities
(C
ontin
ued)
cent
ury?
Why
did
Lat
in A
mer
ican
nat
ions
fail
to in
dust
rial
ize
duri
ng th
atce
ntur
y?
5.H
ow d
id f
orei
gn in
vest
ors
help
the
Lat
inA
mer
ican
nat
ions
dur
ing
the
19th
cent
ury?
Giv
e sp
ecif
ic e
xam
ples
fro
m S
outh
ern
Sout
h.A
mer
ica
and
Bra
zil.
Wha
t wer
eth
y;of
exc
essi
ve f
orei
gn in
vest
men
ts in
Lat
inA
mer
ica?
Exp
lain
. Com
pare
the
infl
uenc
eof
for
eign
inve
stor
s in
Lat
in A
mer
ica
to tr
ioE
urop
ean
natio
ns' g
aini
ng"s
pher
es o
f in
flue
nce"
in C
hina
dur
ing
the
19th
cen
tury
,
6.D
o yo
u th
ink
Fern
& a
rtic
le in
Rea
ding
#9su
ccee
ds in
pro
ving
that
.Arg
entin
a w
as n
ot a
Bri
tish
sphe
re o
f in
flue
nce?
Wha
tev
iden
cedo
es h
e ci
te to
sup
port
his
poi
nt?
How
mig
htan
Arg
entin
e to
day
i ew
the
inve
stm
ent r
ole
Gre
at B
rita
in p
laye
d in
Arg
entin
afr
om 1
890
to19
39?
7.B
ased
on
Rea
ding
#8,
why
did
Lat
in A
mer
i-ca
n na
tions
beg
in to
rese
nt th
e gr
owin
g po
wer
of th
e U
nite
d St
ates
dur
ing
the
latte
r pa
rtof
the
19th
cen
tury
? G
ive
spec
ific
exa
mpl
esan
d ex
-pl
ain
how
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es b
ecam
ein
volv
ed in
Mex
ico,
Cub
a, C
entr
al A
mer
ica
and
Ven
ezue
la.
8.A
sk o
ne p
upil
to r
epor
t on
the
Pan
Am
eric
anm
ovem
ent u
p to
191
0.H
ave
the
clas
s co
nsid
er:
a.W
hy d
id S
im&
Bol
ivar
's id
eas
of a
Pan
Am
eric
an u
nion
fai
l in
the
late
1820
's?
Wha
t rol
es d
id th
e U
nite
d St
ates
' gro
wth
in m
ilita
ry p
ower
, exp
ansi
on o
f th
eM
onro
eD
octr
ine
and
desi
res
for
over
seas
mar
kets
and
28
colo
nies
pla
y in
the
form
atio
n of
the
Pan
Am
eric
an U
nion
in 1
910?
c.W
hy d
id A
rgen
tina
and
som
e ot
her
Lat
in A
mer
ican
cou
ntri
es r
efus
e to
ratif
y m
any
of th
e Pa
n A
mer
ican
Uni
on's
res
olut
ions
?E
xpla
in.
E.
Wor
ld e
vent
s si
nce
1914
hav
e fo
rced
La
iii A
mer
ican
nat
ions
to r
eexa
min
e m
any
of th
eir
inst
itutio
ns.
1.W
orld
War
s I
and
II, p
artic
ular
ly th
e la
tter,
res
ulte
d in
the
loss
of
man
ufac
ture
d go
ods
from
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es a
nd W
este
rn E
urop
e. T
his
help
ed L
atin
Am
eric
an c
ount
ries
rea
lize
that
they
need
ed to
sta
rt th
eir
own
indu
stri
es.
Bra
zil,
Arg
entin
a, C
hile
and
Mex
ico
have
mad
e su
bsta
n-tia
l ind
ustr
ializ
atio
n ga
ins.
How
ever
, lac
k of
rea
dily
acc
essi
ble
coal
for
iron
-ste
el in
dust
ries
,of
dom
estic
inve
stm
ent c
apita
l, an
d of
larg
e in
tern
al o
r ex
tern
al m
arke
ts h
as p
reve
nted
eve
nth
ese
coun
trie
s fr
om b
ecom
ing
maj
or in
dust
rial
nat
ions
.
2L
atin
Am
eric
an c
ount
ries
rea
lized
how
dep
ende
nt th
eir
econ
omie
s w
ere
on w
orld
mar
ket p
rice
sof
pro
duct
s th
ey e
xpor
ted.
The
y be
gan
to d
iver
sify
thei
r ec
onom
ies.
Mex
ico
and
Peru
hav
edi
vers
ifie
d en
ough
so
that
mar
ket-
pric
e fl
uctu
atio
ns d
o no
t com
plet
ely
upse
t the
ir e
cono
mie
s.C
astr
o's
Cub
a is
tryi
ng to
ove
rthr
ow s
ugar
's s
upre
mac
y. T
he e
cono
mie
s of
Bra
zil,
Chi
le,
Arg
entin
a, U
rugu
ay a
nd V
enez
uela
stil
l dep
end
heav
ily, a
s do
mos
t Lat
in A
mer
ican
eco
nom
ies,
on r
aw-m
ater
ial e
xpor
ts.
3L
atin
Am
eric
an c
ount
ries
hav
e pa
rtic
ipat
ed a
ctiv
ely
in th
e L
eagu
e of
Nat
ions
and
the
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
to o
ffse
t the
pow
er o
f th
e "C
olos
sus
of th
e N
orth
. " R
elat
ions
bet
wee
n th
e U
nite
d St
ates
and
mos
t Lat
in A
mer
ican
cou
ntri
es im
prov
ed w
ith th
e G
ood
Nei
ghbo
r Po
licy,
som
e so
lidar
itydu
ring
Wor
ld W
ar I
I, P
eace
Cor
ps e
ffor
ts a
nd th
e O
.A. S
. 's
Alli
ance
for
Pro
gres
s. B
ut th
eU
nite
d St
ates
' act
ions
in th
e D
omin
ican
Rep
ublic
's c
risi
s an
d at
titud
es to
war
d co
mm
unis
t ex-
pans
ion
and
the
Col
d W
ar d
istu
rb m
any
Lat
in A
mer
ican
s.
4.L
ower
mor
talit
y ra
tes
and
high
bir
th r
ates
hav
e re
sulte
d in
a p
opul
atio
n ex
plos
ion
alon
gsid
eL
atin
Am
eric
ans'
ris
ing
expe
ctat
ions
. Gov
ernm
ents
hav
e ha
d to
incr
ease
thei
r se
rvic
es to
indi
vidu
als
and
com
mun
ities
and
to a
ttack
bas
ic s
ccia
l pro
blem
s. D
ue in
par
t to
thes
e fa
ctor
sm
ost L
atin
Am
eric
an c
ount
ries
fee
l a g
reat
er e
cono
mic
aff
inity
to th
e un
derd
evel
oped
new
natio
ns o
f A
sia,
Afr
ica
and
Red
Chi
na th
an to
Wes
tern
Eur
ope,
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es, A
ustr
alia
-N
ew Z
eala
nd, C
anad
a, J
apan
or
the
Sovi
et U
nion
.
Sugg
este
d A
ctiv
ities
Mat
eria
l
1.H
ave
thre
e pu
pils
giv
ere
port
s to
the
clas
son
a)
Chi
le's
Nitr
ate
Indu
stry
, Boo
man
d B
ust;
b) B
razi
l's R
ubl.
Indu
stry
, Boo
m a
nd B
ust;
and
c) V
enez
uela
'sPe
trol
eum
Pro
duct
ion.
Re-
ques
t tha
t the
rep
orts
stre
ss th
e ec
onom
icef
fect
s of
thes
e bo
oms
and
bust
s at
the
time
onC
hile
and
Bra
zil a
nd th
eef
fect
s of
pet
role
umpr
oduc
tion
on V
enez
uela
,A
sk th
e cl
ass,
inlig
ht o
f th
ese
repo
rts,
tore
exam
ine
thei
r co
n-cl
usio
ns to
the
ques
tion
in"S
ugge
sted
Act
iviti
es"
II. D
. 3. o
n ad
vant
ages
and
disa
dvan
tage
s of
aco
untr
y's
depe
nden
ce o
n on
e or
two
expo
rtpr
oduc
ts.
2.W
hat c
hara
cter
istic
sof
Lat
in A
mer
ican
unde
rdev
elop
ed e
cono
mie
s do
esU
rqui
di g
ive
inR
eadi
ng #
10?
Wha
t exa
mpl
es c
anyo
u gi
ve to
show
that
no
natio
n's
econ
omy
is c
ompl
etel
yau
tono
mou
s? W
hat
"unf
avor
able
rep
ercu
ssio
nson
oth
er a
spec
tsof
the
dom
estic
econ
omy"
mig
ht d
evel
op in
Chi
le if
the
prim
of
copp
erw
ere
to d
rop
orin
crea
se a
gre
at d
eal o
n th
ein
tern
atio
nal m
arke
t? W
hyw
ill L
atin
Am
eri-
can
coun
trie
sha
ve p
robl
ems
getti
ngpr
ice
stab
iliza
tion
for
thei
r ex
port
com
mod
ities
?E
xpla
in.
3.A
sk tw
o pu
pils
to r
epor
t to
the
clas
s :
a) T
he E
ffec
ts o
f Ju
anPe
ron'
s In
dust
rial
iza-
tion
Prog
ram
s in
the
1950
's o
n A
rgen
tina'
sE
cono
my;
and
b)
A C
ompa
riso
nof
the
Eff
ects
on th
e E
cono
mie
sof
Chi
le, B
razi
l and
Mex
ico
of I
ndus
tria
lizat
ion
Eff
orts
.
30
Ew
ing,
Lat
in A
mer
ican
Soci
ety,
pp.
644
-45
Pend
le, A
His
tory
of
Lat
inA
mer
ica,
pp,
186
-22
7
Pete
rson
, Lat
in A
mer
ica,
pp.
57-6
2 &
117
-41
Stav
rian
os, R
eadi
ngs
in W
orld
His
tory
, pp.
442
-53
, 459
-68
& 4
81-8
4
Stav
rian
os &
Bla
nkst
en, L
atin
Am
eric
a, p
p. 3
1-42
& 5
1-53
Rea
ding
#10
, "L
atin
Am
eric
anE
cono
mic
Und
erde
velo
pmen
t"
Rea
ding
#8,
"A
Lat
inA
mer
ican
's V
iew
of
the
Mon
roe
Doc
trin
e"
Sugg
este
d A
ctiv
ities
4.R
eque
st th
at tw
o te
ams
deba
te:
"Res
olve
d:th
at th
e U
nite
d St
ates
has
the
righ
t to
inte
rven
ein
the
inte
rnal
aff
airs
of
a L
atin
Am
eric
anna
tion
to p
reve
nt f
urth
er c
omm
unis
tga
ins
inth
e W
este
rn H
emis
pher
e."
5.W
hat e
xam
ples
sin
ce 1
945
can
you
cite
tosu
ppor
t and
to c
ount
er Q
uint
illa'
sst
atem
ents
inR
eadi
ng #
8? W
hat s
olut
ions
wou
ld y
ouof
fer
toel
imin
ate
man
y L
atin
Am
eric
ans'
rese
ntm
ent
of th
e M
onro
e D
octr
ine
as it
isin
terp
rete
d to
day?
6.W
hat w
ould
the
unde
rdev
elop
edna
tions
of
Asi
a, A
fric
a an
d L
atin
Am
eric
aha
ve a
s co
mm
onec
onom
ic p
robl
ems?
Wha
t eff
ects
do lo
wer
mor
talit
y ra
tes,
hig
h bi
rth
rate
s an
dpo
pula
tion
expl
osio
ns h
ave
on th
eir
effo
rts
toim
prov
eliv
ing
cond
ition
s fo
r th
eir
peop
les?
//,' 3
2
III.
Con
tem
pora
ry L
atin
Am
eric
a-
A.
Inte
rnal
pro
blem
s oc
cupy
muc
h of
the
crea
tive
ener
gyof
Lat
in A
mer
ican
s an
dth
eir
gove
rnm
ents
.
1.D
icta
tors
hips
and
rul
e by
mili
tary
junt
as c
ontin
ue in
Lat
in A
mer
ica.
Alf
redo
Stro
essn
er, J
uan
Pero
n an
d Pe
rez
Jim
enez
exe
mpl
ify
20th
-cen
tury
Lat
in A
mer
ican
dict
ator
s w
ho s
uppr
esse
dop
posi
tion.
Bra
zil's
Get
ulio
Var
gas
rule
dw
ith a
mor
e pe
rmis
sive
attit
ude
tow
ard
his
criti
cs.
Uru
guay
, Chi
le, C
osta
Ric
a an
d M
exic
o pr
ovid
eex
ampl
es o
f st
able
con
tem
pora
ryde
moc
raci
es.
2.Po
litic
al p
artie
s ha
ve ta
ken
the
initi
ativ
e in
edu
catin
g th
e m
asse
sto
be
mor
e po
litic
ally
aw
are.
Whe
re f
ree
elec
tions
are
the
rule
, the
y ha
ve u
pset
som
eof
the
trad
ition
al h
old
of th
e la
nded
aris
tocr
acy
and
wel
l-to
-do
busi
ness
men
.
3L
atin
Am
eric
an g
over
nmen
tsha
ve p
ress
ing
prob
lem
s to
solv
e. T
ax r
efor
ms
and
land
red
istr
i-bu
tion
top
the
list.
Gov
ernm
ents
try
to p
rovi
de f
orbe
tter
heal
th a
nd m
edic
alse
rvic
es, m
ore
and
bette
r ru
ral a
ndur
ban
hous
ing,
ext
ensi
onse
rvic
es to
far
mer
s, e
xten
ded
tran
spor
tatio
n an
dco
mm
unic
atio
n fa
cilit
ies,
pub
licut
ilitie
s to
rur
al a
nd u
rban
are
as,
and
educ
atio
n fo
r lit
erac
yan
d liv
ing
in a
tech
nolo
gica
llym
oder
n w
orld
. The
se g
oals
are
diff
icul
t to
real
ize
in th
e fa
ceof
hea
vy r
ural
-to-
urba
nm
igra
tion,
rap
id p
opul
atio
ngr
owth
rat
es a
nd li
mite
d ta
x re
sour
ces.
4.L
arge
per
cent
ages
of
Lat
in A
mer
ican
pop
ulat
ions
are
unde
r 15
yea
rs o
f ag
e, n
eed
to b
e su
p-
port
ed b
y el
ders
and
nee
dto
be
educ
ated
. The
sefa
ctor
s ne
cess
itate
fin
ding
or
crea
ting
jobs
for
pare
nts
and
prov
idin
g m
ore
scho
ols
and
teac
hers
.
5.T
o el
imin
ate
the
nece
ssity
of im
port
ing
food
stuf
fs,
Lat
in A
mer
ican
gov
ernm
ents
enc
oura
gegr
eate
r yi
elds
fro
mex
istin
g fa
rmla
nd a
nd o
pen
up n
ew a
reas
for
settl
emen
t whe
reve
rpo
ssib
le.
Man
ufac
turi
ng in
dust
ries
rec
eive
enco
urag
emen
t to
stop
mon
eydr
ains
to in
dust
rial
ized
nat
ions
to p
ay f
or m
anuf
actu
red
impo
rts.
6.Fo
r in
tern
al d
evel
opm
ent,
Lat
in A
mer
ican
cou
ntri
esw
rest
le w
ith th
e pr
oble
m o
fse
curi
ngin
vest
men
t cap
ital.
Wea
lthy
natio
nalS
inve
st th
eir
mon
eyin
land
and
in U
nite
d St
ates
and
Wes
tern
Eur
opea
n ba
nks
toco
unte
ract
infl
atio
n of
thei
rna
tiona
l cur
renc
ies.
Agi
tatio
nof
polit
ical
par
ties
and
feel
ings
of n
atio
nal p
ride
aga
inst
fore
ign
inve
stm
ent d
isco
urag
efo
reig
ners
Sugg
este
d A
ctiv
ities
Mat
eria
ls
Muc
h of
the
follo
win
g di
scus
sion
sho
uld
be b
ased
on in
form
atio
n pu
pils
foun
d fo
r th
eir
part
icul
arco
untr
y fo
r th
e "L
atin
Am
eric
anC
ount
ries
" ch
art.
1.Sh
ow th
e tr
ansp
aren
cies
a."L
atin
Am
eric
an E
xpor
ts: D
epen
ding
on O
ne o
r T
wo
Exp
ort
Prod
ucts
"b.
"Pop
ulat
ion
Gro
wth
: Pas
t and
Pre
sent
"c.
"Occ
upat
ion"
d."L
itera
cy''
e."L
i le
Exp
ecta
ncy"
f."L
and
Dis
trib
utio
n in
Lat
in A
mer
ica"
g."L
and
Dis
trib
utio
n in
Arg
entin
a"h.
"Lan
d D
istr
ibut
ion
it B
razi
l"
2.W
hat k
ind
of g
over
nmen
t doe
s th
e co
untr
yyo
u re
sear
ched
hav
e?C
ompa
re th
e ty
pe o
fgo
vern
men
t you
r co
untr
y ha
s to
that
of
othe
rL
atin
Am
eric
an c
ount
ries
.
3.H
ave
four
pup
ils g
ive
shor
t ora
l rep
orts
on J
uan
and
Evi
taPe
ron,
Alf
redo
Str
oess
ner,
Pere
z Ji
men
ez a
nd G
etill
io V
arga
s._
Why
was
each
: abl
e to
get
and
kee
p hi
s po
wer
? W
hat
did
each
do
as le
ader
to im
prov
e hi
s co
untr
y?
4.W
hat p
erso
nalis
mo
char
acte
rist
ics
did
Evi
ta P
erO
n ha
ve, b
ased
on
your
Rea
ding
#7,
to h
elp
keep
Jua
n Pe
ron
in p
ower
? Is
her
pow
er u
nusu
al in
Lat
in A
mer
ica
for
a w
oman
?E
xpla
in.
5.W
hat r
oles
hav
e po
litic
al p
artie
s ha
d in
elev
atin
g L
atin
Am
eric
an d
icta
tors
to p
ower
or d
estr
oyin
g th
eir
pow
er?
Why
are
polit
i-ca
l par
ties
beco
min
g po
wer
ful i
n L
atin
Am
eric
a?34
Ew
ing,
Lat
in A
mer
ican
Soc
iety
, pp.
645
-60
Pend
le, A
His
tory
of
Lat
in A
mer
ica,
pp.
161
-22
7
Pete
rson
, Lat
in A
mer
ica,
pp.
57-
59, 7
2-73
,74
-81
& 9
3-11
3
Stav
rian
os, R
eadi
ngs
In W
orld
His
tory
, pp.
459
-84
, 495
-96
& 5
00-0
7
Stav
rian
os &
Bla
nkst
en, L
atin
Am
eric
a, p
p. 2
8-32
, 42-
46 &
51-
52
Rea
ding
#7,
Arc
inie
gas,
"Is
a C
audi
llaPo
ssib
le?"
Rea
ding
#9,
"Fo
reig
n In
vest
men
t in
Lat
inA
mer
ica"
(al
l thr
ee s
elec
tions
)
from
sta
rtin
g br
oad-
scal
e ne
wop
erat
ions
in L
atin
Am
eric
a. T
he W
orld
Ban
kan
d th
e In
ter-
Am
eric
an D
evel
opm
ent
Ban
k ha
ve h
elpe
d to
solv
e th
e pr
oble
ms
of a
loan
sou
rce
free
of
the
poss
ibili
ties
of f
orei
gndi
ctat
ion
on in
tern
alpo
licie
s.
35
Sugg
este
d A
ctiv
ities
Sugg
este
d A
ctiv
ities
(C
ontin
ued)
6.W
hat p
ress
ing
prob
lem
s do
es y
our
coun
try
have
? W
hat a
re p
robl
ems
whi
ch a
re c
omm
onto
Lat
in A
mer
ica?
Wha
t is
your
coun
try
doin
gto
sol
ve it
s pr
oble
ms?
Why
does
n't i
t do
mor
e?
7.H
ow w
ould
mor
e in
dust
ries
,be
tter
dist
ri-
butio
n of
agr
icul
tura
l lan
d an
d m
ore
land
und
ercu
ltiva
tion
help
eas
e th
e un
empl
oym
ent
and
urba
niza
tion
prob
lem
s in
you
r co
untr
y?
8.W
hat i
s th
e pe
r ca
pita
inco
me
of y
our
coun
-tr
y in
com
pari
son
to th
at in
othe
r L
atin
Am
eric
anco
untr
ies?
Lite
racy
rat
e? E
xpor
tpr
oduc
ts a
ndco
untr
ies
buyi
ng th
ose
prod
ucts
?W
ork
of p
eopl
e?H
ow d
oes
your
cou
ntry
dif
fer
from
oth
er L
atin
Am
eric
an c
ount
ries
on
thes
e?
9.H
ave
a pu
pil r
epor
t to
the
clas
s on
the
Rio
-Sa
o Pa
ulo
indu
stri
al a
rea
of B
razi
l.A
fter
the
repo
rt, a
sk th
e cl
ass
to c
onsi
der:
Wha
t are
the
adva
ntag
es a
nd d
isad
vant
ages
of
this
are
a as
an
indu
stri
al c
ompl
ex?
Wha
t hav
e be
enth
e ro
les
of f
orei
gn im
mig
ratio
n, c
once
ntra
tion
of p
opu-
latio
n, n
atur
al r
esou
rces
, tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
port
s an
d fo
reig
n in
vest
men
ts in
the
grow
th o
fth
is a
rea?
Wou
ld th
is a
rea
prov
ide
am
odel
for
othe
r in
dust
rial
com
plex
es in
Lat
inA
mer
i-ca
? E
xpla
in.
10. W
hy is
it s
igni
fica
nt th
at s
uch
ala
rge
per-
cent
age
of L
atin
Am
eric
ans
are
unde
r 20
or
15 y
ears
of
age?
Wha
t dif
ficu
lties
now
and
inth
e fu
ture
, ari
se f
or a
nat
ion'
sgo
vern
men
t whe
nth
is is
the
case
?
36
11. F
rom
Rea
ding
#9,
"For
eign
Inv
estm
ent i
nL
atin
Am
eric
a, "
con
tras
t the
thre
e vi
ews.
Whi
ch d
o yo
u th
ink
is th
e m
ost a
ccur
ate
view
offo
reig
n in
vest
men
t in
Lat
in A
mer
ica
as a
who
le?
The
leas
t acc
urat
e? E
xpla
in. W
hy h
as e
ach
auth
or p
ut f
orth
his
par
ticul
ar v
iew
on
fore
ign
inve
stm
ent?
12. W
hat a
ltern
ativ
es d
o L
atin
Am
eric
anco
untr
ies
have
to f
orei
gn in
vest
men
ts?
Will
indi
vidu
al a
nd c
ompa
ny f
orei
gn in
vest
men
ts c
ease
to b
e a
fact
or in
Lat
in A
mer
ican
eco
nom
icde
vel-
opm
ent?
Exp
lain
. Wha
t has
the
Uni
ted
Stat
esdo
ne th
roug
h th
e A
llian
ce f
or P
rogr
ess
and
the
Peac
e C
orps
to c
ount
er th
e cr
itici
sms
voic
edby
Paf
z in
Rea
ding
#9?
B.
Inte
rnat
iona
l pro
blem
s re
ceiv
ew
ide
atte
ntio
n in
Lat
in A
mer
ica.
The
chan
ges
in a
ttitu
des
of th
eU
nite
d St
ates
tow
ard
Lat
inA
mer
ica
are
of c
once
rn: 1
820'
s-18
80's
,pa
tern
alis
tic; 1
890'
s-la
te19
20's
, dir
ect i
nter
vent
ion;
1930
's-1
940'
s, G
ood
Nei
ghbo
r Po
licy;
sin
ceW
orld
War
II,
dir
ect
inte
rven
tion
and
rene
wed
coo
pera
tive
effo
rts.
The
Uni
ted
Stat
es is
oft
endi
stru
sted
and
dis
liked
beca
use
it is
wea
lthy,
pow
erfu
lan
d ne
ar; R
ed C
hina
and
the
Sovi
etU
nion
see
m f
ar a
way
to L
atin
Am
eric
ans.
Uni
ted
Stat
esin
terv
entio
n in
the
Dom
inic
an c
risi
s in
1965
-6b
rei
nfor
ced
Lat
in A
mer
i-ca
n su
spic
ions
of th
e U
nite
d St
ates
.A
lso,
Uni
ted
Stat
es ta
cit a
ppro
val o
fdi
ctat
ors
such
as
Jim
enez
and
Dr.
Fra
ncoi
s D
uval
ier
ange
red
Lat
in A
mer
ican
libe
rals
who
str
ive
to d
emoc
ratiz
eth
e se
lect
ion
of n
atio
nal
lead
ers.
37
Sugg
este
d A
ctiv
ities
Mat
eria
ls
1.W
hat c
hang
es d
o yo
u se
e in
Uni
ted
Stat
espo
licy
sinc
e 19
45 to
war
d L
atin
Am
eric
a?W
hydi
d L
atin
Am
eric
a be
com
e a
wor
ld a
rea
ofgr
eate
r im
port
ance
to th
e U
nite
d St
ates
from
1945
to 1
960
than
it p
revi
ousl
y ha
d be
en.
Why
did
Lat
in A
mer
ican
s re
sent
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es'
givi
ng m
uch
mor
e ai
d to
a f
orm
er e
nem
y,G
er-
man
y, th
an to
hem
isph
eric
allie
s? W
hy m
ight
Lat
in A
mer
ica
be s
uspi
ciou
s of
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es' e
ffor
ts s
ince
196
0 to
pay
mor
eat
tent
ion
to th
e ar
ea?
2.W
hy d
id th
e U
nite
d St
ates
sup
port
Lat
inA
mer
ican
dic
tato
rial
reg
imes
, suc
h as
the
Jim
enez
reg
ime
in V
enez
uela
, but
now
doe
sn't
reco
gniz
e a
new
dic
tato
rshi
p un
til m
ost L
atin
Am
eric
an c
ount
ries
hav
e do
ne s
o, a
s in
the
1966
-Arg
entin
e ca
se?
Doe
s th
is r
efle
ct a
new
atti
tude
on
the
part
of
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es?
Will
it h
elp
Uni
ted
Stat
es-L
atin
Am
eric
anre
latio
ns?
Exp
lain
.
38
Ew
ing,
Lat
in A
mer
ican
Soc
iety
, pp.
664
-65
Pete
rson
, Lat
in A
mer
ica,
pp.
59-
62, 1
13-1
6&
132
-41
Stav
rian
os, R
eadi
ngs
in W
orld
His
tory
, pp.
448
-53
& 5
07-1
2
Stav
rian
os &
Bla
nkst
en, L
atin
Am
eric
a, p
p. 3
4-36
& 5
3
C.
Lat
in A
mer
ican
cul
tura
l con
trib
utio
ns r
efle
ct a
ric
h he
rita
ge f
rom
pre-
Col
umbi
an, c
olon
ial a
ndim
mig
rant
sou
rces
.
1.Po
etry
stil
l dom
inat
es th
e L
atin
Am
eric
an li
tera
ry e
ndea
vors
. The
nov
el is
beco
min
g a
lit-
erar
y m
ediu
m th
roug
h w
hich
Lat
inA
mer
ican
s ex
amin
e th
eir
cultu
re.
Follo
win
g co
loni
al a
ndea
rly
natio
nal t
radi
tions
, soc
ial s
cien
tists
con
tinue
to e
xcel
in h
isto
ry, e
cono
mic
s,an
thro
-po
logy
, soc
iolo
gy a
nd p
oliti
cal s
cien
ce.
Polit
ical
and
dip
lom
atic
lead
ers
are
ofte
n "m
en o
fle
tters
."
Lat
in A
mer
ican
mus
ic r
epre
sent
s th
e fu
sion
of
cultu
ral a
nd r
acia
l div
ersi
ty.
Afr
ican
per
-cu
ssio
ns a
nd r
hyta
ms,
Ind
ian
woo
dwin
ds a
nd th
e E
urop
ean
guita
r co
mbi
ned
to c
reat
e a
uniq
ueL
atin
Am
eric
an m
usic
.It
s po
pula
rity
has
spr
ead
to o
ther
wor
ld r
egio
ns w
ith th
e ru
mba
,sa
mba
and
bos
sa n
ova.
3.A
rt a
nd a
rchi
tect
ure
in c
onte
mpo
rary
Lat
in A
mer
ica
rece
ive
thei
r in
spir
atio
n fr
om p
re-
Col
umbi
an a
nd m
oder
n fo
rms.
Mex
ico'
s pa
inte
rs a
nd m
ural
ists
hav
e re
ceiv
ed w
orld
-wid
eac
clai
m f
or th
eir
imag
inat
ive
use
of c
olor
, des
ign
and
expr
essi
on o
f na
tiona
l asp
irat
ions
.M
exic
an a
nd B
razi
lian
arch
itect
s ha
ve d
esig
ned
mod
ern,
inno
vativ
e bu
ildin
gs w
hich
are
func
-tio
nal a
nd b
eaut
iful
..
Cul
tura
l inf
luen
ces
from
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es e
nter
Lat
in A
mer
ica
thro
ugh
popu
lar
mus
ic a
ndre
cord
ings
, mot
ion
pict
ures
, arc
hite
ctur
e de
sign
s an
d no
vels
. Man
y L
atin
Am
eric
ans
fear
that
som
e U
nite
d St
ates
cul
tura
l inf
luen
ces
will
bre
ak d
own
exte
nded
fam
ily ti
es, m
ale
dom
i-na
nce
in th
e ho
me,
pro
tect
ion
of w
omen
and
girl
s an
d re
spec
t for
eld
ers,
cul
tura
l tra
its d
ear
to m
ost L
atin
Am
eric
an h
eart
s.
39
Sugg
este
d A
ctiv
ities
Mat
eria
ls
1,Fr
om R
eadi
ngs
11-1
4,ho
w d
o ar
t and
lite
ra-
ture
ref
lect
the
feel
ings
of
Lat
inA
mer
ican
s?G
ive
spec
ific
exam
ples
fro
m e
ach
one
of th
ere
adin
g se
lect
ions
. Do
you
thin
k L
atin
Am
eric
anlit
erat
ure
shou
ld h
ave
aw
ider
wor
ld r
eade
r-sh
ip?
Exp
lain
.
2.Sh
ow p
ictu
res
ofm
oder
n L
atin
Am
eric
anbu
ildin
gs o
n th
e op
aque
proj
ecto
r. H
ave
som
epu
pils
who
dra
w w
ell
mak
e lin
e dr
awin
gsof
mod
ern
build
ings
in R
iode
Jan
eiro
, Bra
silia
and
Mex
ico
City
.A
sk th
ese
pupi
ls to
show
the
clas
s th
eir
draw
ings
and
expl
ain
the
arch
i-te
ctur
al u
niqu
enes
sof
thes
e bu
ildin
gs.
3.C
onsu
lt th
e m
usic
teac
her
in y
our
scho
olfo
r re
cord
ings
and
tape
sw
hich
wou
ld e
xem
plif
yco
ntem
pora
ry L
atin
Am
eric
an m
usic
. Wha
tcu
rren
t Uni
ted
Stat
es s
ongs
and
danc
es s
how
Lat
in A
mer
ican
infl
uenc
e?
4.C
onsu
lt th
e ar
t tea
cher
for
film
stri
ps,
mot
ion
pict
ures
and
colo
r pr
ints
to s
how
pupi
lsex
ampl
es o
f 20
th-c
entu
ryL
atin
Am
eric
an a
rt,
Hav
e on
e pu
pil e
xpla
inan
d sh
ow e
xam
ples
ofso
me
ofD
iego
Riv
era'
s pa
intin
gsan
d m
ural
s.A
sk th
is p
upil
to p
oint
out e
vide
nce
in th
epa
int-
ings
of
Riv
era,
the
artis
t's p
oliti
cal v
iew
s,th
ein
flue
nces
on
him
of
pre-
Col
umbi
an a
rt, h
issy
mpa
thie
s fo
r th
e po
oran
d th
e In
dian
s, a
ndhi
s sy
mpa
thie
s fo
r th
eid
eals
of
the
Mex
ican
Rev
olut
ion.
5.A
sk th
e cl
ass
to n
ame
one
ortw
o re
cent
popu
lar
mot
ion
pict
ures
whi
ch p
ortr
ay a
spec
tsof
life
in th
e U
nite
dSt
ates
toda
y.If
an
Arg
entin
e40
Ew
ing,
Lat
in A
mer
ican
Soci
ety,
pp.
660
-63
Pete
rson
, Lat
in A
mer
ica,
pp.
82-9
2
Stav
rian
os, R
eadi
ngs
inW
orld
His
tory
, pp.
485
-88
, 491
-94
& 4
97-5
00
Stav
rian
os &
Bla
nkst
en,
Lat
in A
mer
ica,
pp.
55-
69 Rea
ding
#11
,"C
ultu
ral E
ffec
ts o
f th
e M
exic
anR
evol
utio
n"
Rea
ding
#12
,"S
elec
tion
from
The
Und
erdo
gs"
Rea
ding
#13
, "A
Chi
lean
Poem
"
Rea
ding
#14
,"A
Gua
tem
alan
Poe
m"
Sugg
este
d A
ctiv
ities
(Con
tinue
d)
teen
ager
saw
this
mot
ion
pict
ure,
wha
t-w
ould
he
thin
k of
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es?
Wou
ld h
is p
aren
tsre
sent
it if
the
Arg
entin
e te
enag
er e
mul
ated
Uni
ted
Stat
es b
ehav
ior
aspr
esen
ted
in th
at o
rth
ose
mov
ie (
s)?
If s
o, e
xpla
in w
hy.
Why
mig
ht th
e U
nite
d St
ates
have
a "
bad"
imag
e in
Lat
in A
mer
ica
as a
resu
lt of
the
popu
lari
tyof
som
e of
our
film
s? S
houl
d fi
lms
bece
nsor
edbe
fore
they
leav
e ou
rco
untr
y to
sho
w o
nly
the
"goo
d" s
ide
of U
nite
d St
ates
life
?E
xpla
in y
our
argu
men
ts.
Cul
min
atin
g A
ctiv
ities
Hav
e ea
ch p
upil
use
the
"Lat
in A
mer
ican
Cou
ntri
es"
char
t whi
ch h
e fi
lled
out
for
Sect
ion
I. :
1.W
rite
a c
ampa
ign
plat
form
for
one
of y
our
coun
try'
s po
litic
al p
artie
s(c
onse
rvat
ive,
dem
ocra
ticor
left
ist)
for
an
upco
min
g el
ectio
n.T
ake
a st
and
on e
ach
of th
e m
ajor
prob
lem
s yo
ur c
ount
ryis
fac
ing
so th
at y
ou w
ill b
e ab
le to
win
in a
fre
e, h
ones
t ele
ctio
n in
whi
chth
e va
st m
ajor
ity o
fth
e ad
ults
will
he
votin
g. Y
ou m
ust
expl
ain
the
posi
tions
you
r pa
rty
is ta
king
on
each
issu
e an
dpr
opos
e so
lutio
ns s
o th
atal
l the
.;'op
le w
ho r
ead
or h
ear
this
pla
tfor
mw
ill u
nder
stan
d it.
2Y
ou h
ave
been
ask
ed to
wri
te a
five
-par
agra
ph a
rtic
le a
bout
you
r co
untr
y fo
r a
Pan
Am
eric
anU
nion
pub
licat
ion.
You
are
toha
ve o
ne p
arag
raph
eac
h fo
r th
eph
ysic
al g
eogr
aphy
, his
tory
,ec
onom
y, p
oliti
cs a
ndco
ntem
pora
ry c
ultu
re to
exp
lain
you
r co
untr
y.R
emem
ber
that
you
will
wan
t to
pres
ent a
pos
itive
pic
ture
.
IBL
IOG
RA
PU
Y
Ada
ms,
Ric
hard
N.
The
Sec
ond
Sow
ing,
Pow
er a
nd S
econ
dary
Dev
elop
men
tin
Lat
in A
mer
ica
San
Fran
cisc
o. C
hand
ler,
196
7
Ada
ms,
Ric
hard
N,
et a
lSo
cial
Cha
nge
in L
atin
Am
eric
a T
oday
Its
Impl
icat
ions
for
Uni
ted
Stat
es P
olic
y. N
ew Y
ork.
Ihn
tage
, 196
0.
Ale
xand
er, R
ober
t J.
Lat
in A
mer
ica,
Rev
ised
edi
tion.
New
Yor
k: S
chol
astic
Boo
k Se
rvic
es, 1
967
Ale
xand
er, R
ober
t J.
Lat
in-A
mer
ican
Pol
itics
and
Gov
ernm
ent.
New
Yor
kH
arpe
r &
Row
, 196
5.
Am
eric
an E
duca
tion
Publ
icat
ions
Uni
t Boo
k. C
hang
ing
Lat
.n A
mer
ica.
Col
umbu
s, O
hio.
:E
duca
tion
Cen
ter,
19,
66, 1
967.
Arc
inie
gas,
Ger
man
. Lat
in A
mer
ica:
A C
ultu
ral H
isto
ry.
Tra
nsla
ted
by J
oan
Mac
Lea
n. N
ew Y
ork
Kno
pf, 1
967.
Azu
ela,
Mar
iano
. Los
de
Abo
jo, N
ovel
a de
la R
evol
utio
n M
exic
ana.
Mex
ico-
Bue
nos
Air
es: F
ondo
de C
ultu
ra E
cono
mic
a, 1
958.
Bai
ley,
Mel
en M
.. an
d N
asat
ir, A
brah
am P
.L
atin
Am
eric
a, T
he D
evel
opm
ent o
f It
s C
ivili
zatio
n.E
ngle
woo
d C
liffs
, N. J
.:Pr
entic
e-H
all,
1960
.
Bai
ley,
Tho
mas
A. T
he A
mer
ican
Pag
eant
, A H
isto
ry o
f th
e R
epub
lic,
Bos
ton
D. C
. Hea
th, 1
956.
Ber
le, A
dolf
A.
Lat
in A
mer
ica-
-Dip
lom
acy
and
Rea
lity.
New
Yor
k: H
arpe
r &
Row
, 196
2_
Ber
nste
in, M
arvi
n D
. (ed
. ).
Fore
ign
Inve
stm
ent i
n L
atin
Am
eric
a, C
ases
and
Atti
tude
s. A
Bor
zoi
Boo
k on
Lat
in A
mer
ica.
New
Yor
k: K
nopf
-, 1
966.
Bol
ton
Her
bert
E.
His
tory
of
the
Am
eric
as. N
ew e
ditio
n.B
osto
n: G
inn,
193
5.
Bol
ton,
Her
bert
E.,
and
Mar
shal
l, T
hom
as M
. The
Col
oniz
atio
n of
Nor
th A
mer
ica,
149
2-17
83N
ew Y
ork:
Mac
mill
an, 1
920,
42
Bra
ndon
, Will
iam
. The
Am
eric
anH
erita
ge B
ook
of I
ndia
ns. N
ew Y
ork:
Del
l,19
64.
Bur
ns, E
. Bra
dfor
d (e
d. )
.A
Doc
umen
tary
His
tory
of
Bra
zil.
A B
orzo
iB
ook
on L
atin
Am
eric
a.N
ew Y
ork:
Kno
pf, 1
966.
Dam
e, H
artle
y F.
Lat
in A
mer
ica,
196
8.R
evis
ed e
ditio
n.W
ashi
ngto
n, D
. C.:
Stry
ker-
Post
, 196
8.
Del
gado
, Osc
ar (
ed. )
.R
efor
mas
Agr
aria
s en
la A
mer
ica
Lat
ina.
Mex
ico-
Bue
nos
Air
es: F
ondo
de
Cul
tura
Eco
nOm
ica,
196
5.
Dep
artm
ent o
f E
duca
tiona
l Aff
airs
.C
halle
nges
and
Ach
ieve
men
ts o
f E
duca
tion
in L
atin
Am
eric
a.W
ashi
ngto
n, D
. C.:
Pan
Am
eric
an U
nion
,19
64.
Doz
er, D
onal
d M
. (ed
. ).
The
Mon
roe
Doc
trin
e, I
ts M
oder
n Si
gnif
ican
ce.
A B
orzo
i Boo
k on
Lat
inA
mer
ica.
New
Yor
k: K
nopf
, 196
5.
Ew
ing,
Eth
el E
. Our
Wid
enin
g W
orld
,A
His
tory
of
the
Wor
ld's
Peo
ples
.2n
d ed
ition
. New
Yor
k:R
and
McN
ally
, 196
1.
Ferg
uson
, Wal
lace
K.,
and
Bru
un, G
eoff
rey.
ASu
rvey
of
Eur
opea
n C
ivili
zatio
n.3r
d ed
ition
.T
wo
volu
mes
. Bos
ton:
Hou
ghto
n M
iffl
in,
1958
.
Fern
ande
z, J
ustin
o.M
exic
an A
rt. L
ondo
n: S
prin
g A
rt B
ooks
,19
65.
Frey
re, G
ilber
to. T
he M
aste
rs a
nd th
eSl
aves
, A S
tudy
in th
e D
evel
opm
ent o
f B
razi
lian
Civ
iliza
tion.
Tra
nsla
ted
and
abri
dged
by
Sam
uel P
utna
m. A
Bor
zoi B
ook
on L
atin
Am
eric
a. N
ew Y
ork:
Kno
pf, 1
964.
Gag
e, T
hom
as. T
hom
as G
age'
s T
rave
lsin
the
New
Wor
ld. E
dite
d by
J. E
ric
S.T
hom
pson
.N
orm
an: U
nive
rsity
of
Okl
ahom
a Pr
ess,
1958
.
Gun
ther
, Joh
n.In
side
Sou
th A
mer
ica.
New
Yor
k: H
arpe
r &
Row
, 196
6, 1
967.
Ham
ill, H
ugh
M.,
Jr. (
ed. )
.D
icta
tors
hip
in S
pani
sh A
mer
ica.
A B
orzo
iB
ook
on L
atin
Am
eric
a.N
ew Y
ork:
Kno
pf, 1
966.
43
Han
ke, L
ewis
. Con
tem
pora
ryL
atin
Am
eric
a, A
Sho
rt H
isto
ry.
Prin
ceto
n, N
. J.:
Van
Nos
tran
d,19
68.
Han
ke, L
ewis
. Do
the
Am
eric
as H
ave
a C
omm
on H
isto
ry?
AC
ritiq
ue o
f th
e B
olto
n T
heor
y. A
Bor
zoi B
ook
on L
atin
Am
eric
a.N
ew Y
ork:
Kno
pf, 1
964.
Han
ke, L
ewis
. Mex
ico
and
the
Car
ibbe
an, M
oder
n L
atin
Am
eric
a:C
ontin
ent i
n Fe
rmen
t. V
olum
e I.
2nd
editi
on.
Prin
ceto
n, N
. J.:
Van
Nos
tran
d, 1
967.
Han
ke, L
ewis
.So
uth
Am
eric
a, M
oder
n L
atin
Am
eric
a: C
ontin
ent i
n Fe
rmen
t. V
olum
eII
.2n
d
editi
on.
Prin
ceto
n, N
. J.:
Van
Nos
tran
d,19
67.
Her
ring
, Hub
ert.
A H
isto
ryof
Lat
in A
mer
ica
From
the
Beg
inni
ngs
toth
e Pr
esen
t. N
ew Y
ork:
Kno
pf, 1
961.
Imbe
rt, E
nriq
ue A
nder
son,
and
Flor
it, E
ugen
e (e
ds. )
.L
itera
tura
His
pano
amer
ican
a. N
ewY
ork:
Hol
t, R
ineh
art &
Win
ston
,19
60.
Inte
r-A
mer
ican
Dev
eiJp
men
t Ban
k.So
cio-
Eco
nom
ic P
rogr
ess
in L
atin
Am
eric
a,So
cial
Pro
gres
sT
rust
Fen
d, S
even
th A
nnua
l Rep
ort,
1967
.W
ashi
ngto
n, D
. C.:
IDB
, 196
8.
Inte
r-A
mer
ican
Dev
elop
men
t Ban
k A
ctiv
ities
,19
61-1
966.
Was
hing
ton,
D. C
.: ID
B, n
. d.
Jam
es, P
rest
on E
. Lat
in A
mer
ica.
3rd
editi
on. N
ew Y
ork:
Ody
ssey
,19
59.
Jone
s, E
arl.
"Mig
uel A
ngel
Ast
uria
s, G
uate
mal
a N
obel
Pri
zefo
r L
itera
ture
, 196
7, A
Rev
iew
of
His
Lif
e an
d W
orks
with
Pre
limin
ary
Tra
nsla
tions
. " C
olle
ge S
tatio
n, T
ex. :
Prog
ram
a de
Edu
caci
On
Inte
ram
eric
ana,
196
7.(M
imeo
grap
hed.
)
Kel
emen
, Pal
. Bar
oque
and
Roc
oco
in L
atin
Am
eric
a. N
ew Y
ork:
Mac
mill
an, 1
951.
Lat
in A
mer
ica
'67,
The
Ann
ual
Rev
iew
of
Lat
in A
mer
ican
Bus
ines
san
d D
evel
opm
ent.
New
Yor
k:n.
d.
Leo
nard
, Irv
ing
A. B
aroq
ue T
imes
in O
ld M
exic
o, S
even
teen
th-C
entu
ryPe
rson
s, P
lace
s, a
ndPr
actic
es. A
nn A
rbor
: Uni
vers
ity o
fM
ichi
gan
Pres
s, 1
959.
44
Leo
nard
, Jon
atha
n N
., an
d th
e E
dito
rs o
f T
ime-
Lif
eB
ooks
. Anc
ient
Am
eric
a. G
reat
Age
s of
Man
Seri
es. N
ew Y
ork:
Tim
e, I
nc. ,
1967
.
Ley
burn
, Jam
es G
. The
Hai
tian
Peop
le.
With
a n
ew in
trod
uctio
n by
Sid
ney
W. M
intz
. New
Hav
en:
Yal
e U
nive
rsity
Pre
ss, 1
966.
Lie
uwen
, Edw
in.
U. S
. Pol
icy
in L
atin
Am
eric
a, A
Sho
rt H
isto
ry. N
ew Y
ork:
Prae
ger,
196
5.
McN
ickl
e, D
'Arc
y. T
hey
Cam
e H
ere
Firs
t. N
ew Y
ork:
Lip
pinc
ott,
1949
.
Mad
den,
Car
l.L
atin
Am
eric
a, R
efor
m o
r R
evol
utio
n. C
urri
culu
m R
esou
rces
,In
c.C
hica
go:
Scot
t, Fo
resm
an, 1
963.
Mur
phey
, Rho
ads.
An
Intr
oduc
tion
to G
eogr
aphy
.C
hica
go: R
and
McN
ally
, 196
1.
Paz,
Oct
avio
. The
Lab
yrin
th o
f So
litud
e, L
ife
and
Tho
ught
in M
exic
o. T
rans
late
d by
Lys
ande
rK
emp.
New
Yor
k: G
rove
, 196
1.
Pend
le, G
eorg
e. A
His
tory
of
Lat
in A
mer
ica.
Bal
timor
e:Pe
ngui
n, 1
963.
Pete
rson
, Har
old
F.L
atin
Am
eric
a. C
ultu
re R
egio
ns o
f th
e W
orld
Ser
ies.
New
Yor
k:M
acm
ill I
n, 1
966.
Rob
erts
, Edw
in A
. Lat
in A
mer
ica.
Silv
er S
prin
g,M
d. :
New
sboo
k, T
he N
atio
nal O
bser
ver,
196
4.
Shep
herd
, Will
iam
R.
His
tori
cal A
tlas.
8th
editi
on. N
ew Y
ork:
Bar
nes
& N
oble
, 195
6.
Silv
ert,
K. H
.C
hile
, Yes
terd
ay a
nd T
oday
. New
Yor
k: H
olt,
Rin
ehar
t&
Win
ston
, 196
5.
Stav
rian
os, L
eite
n S.
(ed
. ) .
Rea
ding
s in
Wor
ld H
isto
ry.
Bos
ton:
Ally
n &
Bac
on, 1
967.
Stav
rian
os, L
efte
n S.
,an
d B
lank
sten
, Geo
rge
I.L
atin
Am
eric
a, A
Cul
ture
Are
a in
Per
spec
tive.
Bos
ton:
Ally
n &
Bac
on, 1
964.
Stra
hler
, Art
hur
N. P
hysi
cal G
eogr
aphy
. 2nd
edi
tion.
New
Yor
k: J
ohn
Wile
y, 1
960.
45
The
Edi
tors
of
Am
eric
anH
erita
ge. T
he A
mer
ican
.Her
itage
Boo
k of
Ind
ians
.N
ew Y
ork:
Am
eric
anH
erita
ge, 1
961.
The
Edi
tors
of
Hor
izon
Mag
azin
e. T
he H
oriz
on B
ook
of L
ost W
orld
s. N
ew Y
ork:
Am
eric
anH
erita
ge, 1
962.
The
Edi
tors
of
Lif
e.T
he E
pic
of M
an. N
ewY
ork:
Tim
e, I
nc. 1
961
The
Nat
iona
l Geo
grap
hic
Soci
ety.
Nat
iona
l Geo
grap
hic
on I
ndia
nsof
the
Am
eric
as. W
ashi
ngto
n,D
. C.:
The
Nat
iona
lG
eogr
aphi
c So
ciet
y, 1
961.
Urq
uidi
, Vic
tor
L. T
heC
halle
nge
of D
evel
opm
ent i
nL
atin
Am
eric
a. T
rans
late
dby
M. M
. Urq
uidi
.
New
Yor
k: P
raeg
er,
1964
.
Vel
iz, C
laud
io (
ed.)
.L
atin
Am
eric
a an
d th
eC
arib
bean
, A H
andb
ook.
New
Yor
k: P
raeg
er,
1968
.
Wag
ley,
Cha
rles
. The
Lat
in A
mer
ican
Tra
ditio
n,E
ssay
s on
the
Uni
ty a
ndth
e D
iver
sity
of
Lat
inA
mer
ican
Cul
ture
. New
Yor
k: C
olum
bia
Uni
vers
ityPr
ess,
196
8.
Wilg
us, A
. Cur
tis, a
ndd'
Epa
, Rau
l. L
atin
Am
eric
anH
isto
ry.
5th
editi
on.
Col
lege
Out
line
Seri
es.
New
Yor
k: B
arne
s &
Nob
le, 1
963.
Wilg
us, A
. Cur
tis.
His
tori
cal A
tlas
of L
atin
Am
eric
a: P
oliti
cal,
Geo
grap
hic,
Eco
nom
ic, C
ultu
ral.
New
Yor
k: C
oope
r Sq
uare
,19
67.
Will
iam
s, J
osep
h E
.Pr
entic
e-H
all W
orld
Atla
s.2n
d ed
ition
. Eng
lew
ood
Clif
fs, N
. J.:
Pren
tice-
Hal
l, 19
64.
Wor
cest
er, D
onal
d E
.M
aker
s of
Lat
in A
mer
ica.
New
Yor
k: D
utto
n,19
66.
For
addi
tiona
l bib
liogr
aphi
es,
the
teac
her
and
pupi
l sho
uld
refe
r tb
the
follo
win
g pu
blic
atio
nof
the
Lat
in A
mer
ican
Cur
ricu
lum
Proj
ect:
Tea
chin
g ab
out L
atin
Am
eric
ain
the
Seco
ndar
y Sc
hool
: An
Ann
otat
edG
uide
to I
nstr
uctio
nal R
esou
rces
,B
ulle
tin N
o. 2
, 196
7, 7
1 pp
.
Thi
s bu
lletin
may
be
orde
red
from
the
ER
IC D
ocum
ent R
epro
duct
ion
Serv
ice,
the
Nat
iona
l Cas
hR
egis
ter
Com
pany
, Box
2206
, Roc
kvill
e, M
aryl
and,
208
52. T
he E
Dnu
mbe
r an
d pr
ice
are:
ED
Num
ber
Har
d C
opy
Bul
ltn #
2: E
D-0
12-8
33$3
.08
APPENDIX
QUOTES FROM THE READINGS ON
PAGES 49-63 HAVE BEEN DELETED
TO ADHERE TO COPYRIGHT LAWS
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
FOR
READINGS
READING # 1
-Portuguese Success in Tropical Brazil
Gilberto Freyre, The Masters and the Slaves (New York:
Knopf, 1964), pp. 23-25.
READING #
READING #
2Effects of Geography
Roberto Koch Flores, "Education in the Americas; A ComparativeHistorical Review, "Depart-
ment of Educational Affairs Challenges andAchievements of Education in Latin America (Wash-
ington, D.C.:
Pan American Union, 1964), pp. 27-28.
3Physical Adaptations of the People of Tierra del Fuego
George F. Carter, Man and the Land, A Cultural
Geography (New York:
Holt, Rinehart &
Winston, 1964), pp. 322-23.
READING # 4
READING # 5
READING #
READING #
READING #
READING #
The
The
Importance of Corn in Pre-Columbian Civilizations
German Arciniegas, Latin America:
A Cultural History (New York:
Knopf, 1967),
Roman Catholic Church in New Spain
Octavio Paz, The Labyrinth of Solitude, Life and Thought
in Mexico, (New York:
1961), pp. 101-05
6A Sonnet
p. 22.
Grove,
Sor Juana In6's de la Cruz, "Soneto," Enrique
Anderson Imbert and Eugene Florit (eds.),
Literatura Hispanoamericana, (New York:
Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1960), p. 130.
7The Caudillo(a) in Latin America
Francois Chevalier, "The Poots ofPersonalismo," Hugh IL Hamill, Jr. (ed.) Dictatorship
in Spanish America, (New York:
Knopf, 1966), pp. 50-51.
German Arciniegas, "Is a Caudilla POssible?
The Case of Evita Peron," Hamill, Dictatorship
in Spanish America, pp. 197-199.
8A Latin American's View of the Monroe
Doctrine
Luis Quintanilla, "Latin American Speaks:
U.S. Against US," Donald M. Dozer (ed.),
Monroe Doctrine, Its Modern Significance
(New York:
Knopf, 1965), pp. 158-159.
The
9Foreign Investment in Latin America
H.S. Ferns "Britain and Argentian:
Laissez-Faire imperialishi?', Marvin D. Bernstein,
Foreign Investment in Latin America, Cases and
Attitudes, (New York:
Knopf, 1966,
pp. 124-25.
Alfonso Bauer Paz "Yanqui Capital Works in
Central America (The Case of Guatemala)"
Bernstein, Foreign Investment in Latin America, pp.
251 & 253.
TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT.)
READING # 9 (Cont.)
Mario Ramon Beteta, "Mexican Government Policy Towards Foreign Investors," Bernstein,Foreign
Investment in Latin America, p. 272.
READING #10
-Latin American Economic Underdevelopment
Victor L. Urquidi, The Challenge of Development in Latin America, (New York:
Praeger,
1964), pp. 13-14 & 26-27.
READING #11
-Cultural Effects of the Mexican Revolution
Paz, Labyrinth of Solitude, p. 153.
READING #12
-Selection from The Underdogs
Mariano Azuela, Los de Abajo, Novela de la Revolucion Mexicana (Mexico-Buenos Aires:
Fondo tie Cultura EconeMica, 1958), pp. 61-63.
READING #13
- A Chilean Poem
Gabriela Mistral, "Meciendo," Imbert and Florit, Literatura Hispanoamericana, p. 573.
READING #14
- A Guatemalan Poem
Miguel Angel Asturias, "Barefoot Meditations, "Earl Jones,"Miguel Angel Asturias,
Guatemala Nobel Prize for Literature 1967, A Review of H*gh Life and Works
The AmericasMiddle America, Surface ConfigurationsSouth America, Surface Configurations and Four River Systems
Factors Influencing ClimateRainfall in Central and South AmericaPopulation Islands
Middle America: Its RegionsSouth America: Its RegionsEarly CivilizationsPre-Columbian Indian Civilizations (About 1500)
Spanish Viceroyalties in the New World
Local Government in Nineteenth-Century Latin AmericaLatin American ExportsPopulation Growth
Occupation
LiteracyLife ExpectancyLand Distribution in Latin AmericaLand Distribution in Argentina
Land Distribution in Brazil
66
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1Adapted from Preston and Tottle, In Latin American Lands, p. 151.
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Stat
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atin
Am
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a 19
65(L
os A
ngel
es: U
nive
rsity
of
Cal
ifor
nia,
1966
),P.
143
.
Uni
ted
Stat
es
Lat
in A
mer
ica
Uni
ted
Stat
es
Lat
in A
mer
ica
Uni
ted
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es
1920
115
I_ 8
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1955
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132
1975
250
Lat
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ted
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380
Lat
in A
mer
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II
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I
100
200
300
400
Mill
ions
of
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ons
500
600
700
1Pa
n A
mer
ican
Uni
on,
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AS
Face
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ms?
" W
ashi
ngto
n, D
. C. :
Pan
Am
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an U
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, n. d
.
Uni
ted
Stat
es
Lat
in A
mer
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Mex
ico
Peru
OC
CU
PAT
ION
:
Farm
ers,
Fis
herm
en, '
rant
ers,
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gers
and
Rel
ated
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kers
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in 1
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6 %
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49 %
1020
3040
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ople
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1L
atin
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ente
r,St
atis
tical
Abs
trac
t of
Lat
inA
mer
ica
1965
(L
os A
ngel
es: U
nive
rsity
of
Cal
ifor
nia,
196
6), p
p.54
-55.
LIFE EXPECTANCY (1965)1
United States
Latin America(OAS Members)
70yeass
57 years
Mexico I 60 years
Peru 55 yearsf
20
LITERACY (1960)2
United States 97.8 %
Latin America 66 %(OAS Members)
40 60 80
Mexico 71 %
PeruI 61%
25 50 75 100
1United States Department of Commerce Statistical Abstract of theUnited States, 1967 (Washington, D. C. U. S. Government PrintingOffice, 1967) p. 54, p. 118.2 United States Department of State, Committment for Progress(Washington, D. C. U. S. Government Printing Office, 1967), p. 31.
4 k I
U
U I
I 4
,411 h
, s'
D .
1.
1 I
eo. s.. A* 41,
X/
II 1
LAND DISTRIBUTION IN
ARGENTINA (1960)1
43.2 %® of the land holders
5. 7% of the land holders
'Ibid. , p. 740.
hold 1.0% of the agricultural land.
hold 74.4% of the agricultural land.
LAND DISTRIBUTION IN
BRAZIL (1960)
61.2% of the land holders hold 5. 1% of the agricultural land.
