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Chapter 4
Sampling andInvestigating
Hard Data
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Major Topics
Sampling
Hard data
Qualitative document analysis Worko! analysis
"usiness process reengineering
#rchival documents
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Sampling
Sampling is a process o$ systematicallyselecting representative elements o$ a
population
Involves t!o key decisions
Which o$ the key documents and We% sitesshould %e sampled
Which people should %e intervie!ed or sent&uestionnaires
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'eed $or Sampling
The reasons systems analysts dosampling are
(eduction o$ costs
Speeding up the data)gathering process
Improving e*ectiveness
(eduction o$ data)gathering %ias
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Sampling Design Steps
To design a good sample+ a systemsanalyst needs to $ollo! $our steps,
Determining the data to %e collected ordescri%ed
Determining the population to %e sampled
Choosing the type o$ sample Deciding on the sample si-e
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Types o$ Sampling
There are $our types o$ sampling
Convenience .urposive
Simple random
Comple/ random
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Hard Data
In addition to sampling+ investigation o$ hard datais another e*ective method $or systems analysts togather in$ormation
Hard data can %e o%tained %y #naly-ing &uantitative documents such as
records used $or decision making
.er$ormance reports (ecords Data capture $orms 0commerce and other transactions
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Qualitative Documents
0/amine &ualitative documents $or the
$ollo!ing,
1ey or guiding metaphors
Insiders vs2 outsiders mentality
What is considered good vs2 evil
3raphics+ logos+ and icons in common areasor We% pages
# sense o$ humor
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#naly-ing Qualitative Documents
Qualitative documents include
Memos Signs on %ulletin %oards
Corporate We% sites
Manuals
.olicy hand%ooks
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Worko! #nalysis
Worko! analysis may reveal signs o$ largerpro%lems+ such as
Data or in$ormation doesnt o! as intended "ottlenecks in the processing o$ $orms #ccess to online $orms is cum%ersome 5nnecessary duplication o$ !ork occurs %ecause
employees are una!are that in$ormation isalready in e/istence
0mployees lack understanding a%out theinterrelatedness o$ in$ormation o!
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"usiness .rocess (eengineering
"usiness process reengineeringso$t!are includes the $ollo!ing $eatures,
Modeling o$ the e/isting system
#nalysis o$ possi%le outcomes
Simulation o$ proposed !ork o!
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#rchival Documents
# systems analyst may o%tain somevalua%le in$ormation %y a%stracting
data $rom archival documents
3enerally+ archival documents arehistorical data+ and they are preparedand kept %y someone else $or speci6cpurposes
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3uidelines $or #%stracting #rchivalData
7ragment data into su%classes and make cross)checks to reduce errors
Compare reports on the same phenomenon %ydi*erent analysts
(eali-e the inherent %ias associated !ith
original decisions to 6le+ keep+ or destroyreports
5se other methods to o%tain data