Multidisciplinary Senior DesignProject Readiness Package

Project Title: Toilet Use Sensor for Haiti Arborloo

Project Number:(MSD will assign this) P16414

Primary Customer:(provide name, phone number, and email)

Sarah Brownell

Sponsor(s):(provide name, phone number, email, and amount of support)

MSD, $500, crowd fund

Preferred Start Term: Fall 2015

Faculty Champion:(provide name and email)

Brownell

Other Support:

Project Guide:(MSD will assign this) Brownell?

Samantha Huselstein 8/7/15Prepared By Date

Sarah Brownell 8/10/15Received By Date

Items marked with a * are required, items marked with a † are preferred if available, but we can work with the proposer on these.

RIT – Kate Gleason College of EngineeringMultidisciplinary Senior Design

Project Readiness PackageTemplate Revised Jan 2015

Project Information

*Overview:Approximately 40% of the population (2.6 billion people) has no access to adequate

sanitary toilet systems [1]. Sanitation is an important issue for all these people who do not have a safe and dignified place to defecate. Diarrheal diseases kill 1.8 million people every year with 90% of that population being children under the age of 5 [1]. That translates to a death every twenty seconds from a preventable disease. This situation affects mostly developing and under developed regions of the world.

In Haiti, nearly ¾ of the population lives on less than $2 a day and only 10% of rural Haitians have any form of improved sanitation (such as a latrine). Because of poverty, poor infrastructure, and low levels of education, it is difficult to implement sanitation solutions that work and have a widespread impact.

An arborloo is a moveable pit latrine that composts human waste into organic fertilizer to provide nutrients for a fruit tree [2]. It is inexpensive and a simple design that helps decreases the spread of pathogens present in human feces. Implementation can be difficult because of heavy bases and masonry skills needed to construct the latrine. Also, it is important to have an aesthetically pleasing design to encourage people to buy the product. Previous senior design projects have developed lightweight, modern-looking designs to implement in Haiti, helping to overcome many of the implementation obstacles faced.

Last year’s arborloo team, P15416, developed a promising base concept (figure 2) which is light-weight, portable in parts, strong, and low cost. We are in the process of seeking funding to refine and field test the idea in Haiti with 100 volunteer families. The plan is:

1. Recruit industrial design students to improve the seat and refine the arborloo “house”.2. Recruit a Mechanical Engineering Master’s student to refine the shape of the dome,

lowering the overall pitch, without compromising strength.3. Engage Civil Engineering students at the University of Buffalo in refining and testing

the lightweight concrete mix.4. Developing molds for producing the bases with Faro Industries, a local vacuum

forming company.5. Conducting the field study in Haiti in mid to late 2016. During the fields study

families will be visited on a monthly basis and surveyed and pit data will be collected.

RIT – Kate Gleason College of EngineeringMultidisciplinary Senior Design

Project Readiness PackageTemplate Revised Jan 2015

Figure 1: Arborloo Illustration by team P15416

Figure 2: Stacking Dome, Lightweight Concrete Arborloo Base

Field studies are an important way to determine if new technologies are acceptable to communities in developing countries. For each study, methods must be developed to measure the various impacts a technology has on participating families. For example, if people do not actually use the latrine, its effect is minimal. Many studies rely on the self-reported responses of the participants as data. However, self-reporting can be unreliable—people may not remember or may not want to disappoint the surveyor by giving their true responses. A method that discretely records how often the arborloo is used without relying on survey data is preferred.

Also, we would like to understand the environmental conditions in the arborloo pit itself and if conditions exist that could potentially inactivate pathogens during storage/composting, reducing the potential for ground water contamination. Many pathogens, especially bacteria, prefer the temperature, low-oxygen, and high moisture present inside the human body and can be quickly inactivated by pit conditions that significantly differ from body conditions. For example, temperatures over 52oC can inactivate common pathogens in less than 24 hours (figure 3). Many pathogens cannot compete with beneficial aerobic composting organisms when pits are aerated (for higher O2 levels) and have lower moisture levels. Alkaline pH created by adding cover materials such as ash or when ammonia is produced has also been shown to inactivate pathogens in sludge.

RIT – Kate Gleason College of EngineeringMultidisciplinary Senior Design

Project Readiness PackageTemplate Revised Jan 2015

Figure 3: Blatchley’s time v. temperature graph for pathogen inactivation.

This MSD team will develop a method to count the number of times the latrine is used and monitor conditions in the latrine pit over time (such as temperature, moisture, pH, oxygen).

Previous Projects (newest to oldest):

P15416: http://edge.rit.edu/edge/P15416/public/Homeo Goal: Create a lightweight base and shelter from local materials for easier

transportation. The base must be durable, stand up to typical usage loads, and be resistant to weather and pest damage. The base and shelter must be attractive and easy to purchase to make Haitian citizens more likely to use them.

P14414: http://edge.rit.edu/edge/P14414/public/Homeo Goal: Create a test set up that will allow for safe testing of scale model and full-

size arborloo designs to determine hurricane resistance. The project will define the appropriate fluid and scale for testing, devise a test procedure, and provide a recommendation for the optimal arborloo shape and design.

P14415: http://edge.rit.edu/edge/P14415/public/Homeo Goal: Incorporate the use of plastics into the arborloo base design to create a

lightweight, low cost product.

P14416: http://edge.rit.edu/edge/P14416/public/Homeo Goal: Create a low cost, transportable arborloo base utilizing concrete designs.

The design needs to be easily constructed with simple hand tools, safe, and resistant to environmental damage.

RIT – Kate Gleason College of EngineeringMultidisciplinary Senior Design

Project Readiness PackageTemplate Revised Jan 2015

P13414: http://edge.rit.edu/edge/P13414/public/Homeo Goal: Design and develop an affordable, durable, and portable arborloo that

utilizes local materials. It should be easy to move and disassemble or repair after a hurricane. The design should be desirable by Haitians (through aesthetics and functionality).

*Customer Requirements (CR):CR# Category Requirements1.1 Physical Constraints Discrete/non-detectable by user1.2 Physical Constraints Does not require grid electricity

1.3 Physical Constraints Use counter and pit monitoring parts can be used separately

2.1 Data Collection Counts numbers of times the toilet is used2.2 Data Collection Monitors temperature in the pit2.3 Data Collection Monitors pH in the pit2.4 Data Collection Monitors soil moisture in the pit2.5 Data Collection Monitors oxygen presence in the pit (stretch goal)3.1 Feasibility Stores information for at least 45 days3.2 Feasibility Can be used multiple times (reset)3.3 Feasibility Easy to attach/set-up3.4 Feasibility Easy to remove3.5 Feasibility Easy to retrieve data to cell phone or laptop3.6 Feasibility Does not invade privacy3.7 Feasibility Easy to replicate for multiple toilets (up to 100)4.1 Cost Low power costs/requirements4.2 Cost Low capital investment cost4.3 Cost Low cost for consumable parts (ie. batteries, etc.)5.1 Durability Weather resistant5.2 Durability Lasts for at least 1 year5.3 Durability Pit monitor resists pit conditions

†Engineering Requirements (ER):

CR ER# Description MetricDirection/Range Target Marginal Comments

1.1, 2.5 S1

Percent of new users who detect system % Decrease 0% <5%

1.2 S2Percent of grid electricity required (any point in system) % Decrease 0% <5%

2.1,3.1 S3

Time system can be used without interruption days Increase >90 >45

2.1 S4Number of data points can be collected by counter # Increase 9999 999

RIT – Kate Gleason College of EngineeringMultidisciplinary Senior Design

Project Readiness PackageTemplate Revised Jan 2015

2.2 S5Detects temperature with reasonable accuracy C Range ±1 ±3

2.2 S6Maximum temperature that can be monitored C Increase >80 >70

2.3 S7 Accuracy of pH reading pH increase ±0.01 ±0.12.3 S8 Range of pH reading pH Range 0-14 2-122.4 S9 Accuracy of moisture reading % Range ±0.01% ±0.1%

2.4 S10Range of moisture reading is 0-100% (relative humidity) binary - yes yes

2.5 S11 Accuracy of Oxygen reading % Range ±0.01% ±0.1%2.5 S12 Range of Oxygen reading binary - yes yes2.2,2.3,2.4,2.5 S13 Frequency of pit readings #/day Increase 24 6

3.2 S14Number of times the system can be reused # Increase >100 >15

3.3, 3.7 S15 Time it takes to set-up system minutes Decrease <30 <60

3.4 S16Time it takes to tear down system minutes Decrease <10 <20

3.5 S17 Time it takes to record data minutes Decrease <10 <30

3.5 S18

Cost of equipment to record data (not including phone or laptop) USD Decrease <20 <50 *USB cable, etc

4.1, 4.3 S19

Cost of power system used over 1 year USD Decrease <$15 <$100

Based off of price of a pack of AA batteries

4.2 S20 Cost of total system USD Decrease <$400 <$10004.3 S21 Cost of consumable parts USD Decrease <$15 <$30

5.1 S22Percent of parts exposed that are not weather resistant % Decrease 0% <10%

Internal components do not need to be weather resistant

5.2, 5.3 S23 Shortest lived part years Increase >3 >1

fatigue calculation if mechanical part is used. Can be batteries

5.3 S24

Percent of parts that are corrosion resistant exposed to pit % Increase 100% >90%

For marginal, the parts that are not corrosion resistant need to last up to a year

*Constraints:Does not invade privacy of userCounter system is low costCounter system and pit monitoring are separate systems

RIT – Kate Gleason College of EngineeringMultidisciplinary Senior Design

Project Readiness PackageTemplate Revised Jan 2015

*Project Deliverables:Minimum requirements: All design documents (e.g., concepts, analysis, detailed drawings/schematics, BOM, test

results) working prototype technical paper poster All teams finishing during the spring term are expected to participate in ImagineRIT

Additional required deliverables: User manual: how to set up, how to extract data, maintenance instructions, etc

*Intellectual Property:Describe any IP concerns or limitations. Is there patent potential? Will confidentiality of any data or information be required? None

RIT – Kate Gleason College of EngineeringMultidisciplinary Senior Design

Project Readiness PackageTemplate Revised Jan 2015

Project Resources

†Required Resources (besides student staffing):Describe the resources necessary for successful project completion. When the resource is secured, the responsible person should initial and date to acknowledge that they have agreed to provide this support. We assume that all teams with ME/ISE students will have access to the ME Machine Shop and all teams with EE students will have access to the EE Senior Design Lab, so it is not necessary to list these! Limit this list to specialized expertise, space, equipment, and materials

Faculty list individuals and their area of expertise (people who can provide specialized knowledge unique to your project, e.g., faculty you will need to consult for more than a basic technical question during office hours)

Initial/date

Environment (e.g., a specific lab with specialized equipment/facilities, space for very large or oily/greasy projects, space for projects that generate airborne debris or hazardous gases, specific electrical requirements such as 3-phase power)

Initial/date

Equipment (specific computing, test, measurement, or construction equipment that the team will need to borrow, e.g., CMM, SEM, )

Initial/date

Materials (materials that will be consumed during the course of the project, e.g., test samples from customer, specialized raw material for construction, chemicals that must be purchased and stored)

Initial/date

OtherInitial/date

†Anticipated Staffing By Discipline:Indicate the requested staffing for each discipline, along with a brief explanation of the associated activities. “Other” includes students from any department on campus besides those explicitly listed. For example, we have done projects with students from Industrial Design, Business, Software Engineering, Civil Engineering Technology, and Information Technology. If you have recruited students to work on this project (including student-initiated projects), include their names here, as well!

Disc. # Req. Expected ActivitiesBMECEEE 3 Circuit build and integration, sensors, programmingISE 1-2 Project management, integrating design into system, ergonomicsME 1-2 Design, CAD, machining, assist programming (if needed), heat transferOther

RIT – Kate Gleason College of EngineeringMultidisciplinary Senior Design

Project Readiness PackageTemplate Revised Jan 2015

†Skills Checklist:Indicate the sills or knowledge that will be needed by students working on this project. Please use the following scale:1=must have2=helpful, but not essential3=either a very small part of the project, or relates to a “bonus” featureblank = not applicable to this project

Mechanical EngineeringME Core Knowledge ME Elective Knowledge

1 3D CAD Finite element analysis2 Matlab programming 1 Heat transfer1 Basic machining Modeling of electromechanical & fluid systems2 2D stress analysis 1 Fatigue and static failure criteria3 2D static/dynamic analysis Machine elements2 Thermodynamics Aerodynamics

Fluid dynamics (CV) Computational fluid dynamics2 LabView Biomaterials

Statistics VibrationsIC EnginesGD&TLinear ControlsCompositesRoboticsOther (specify)

Electrical EngineeringEE Core Knowledge EE Elective Knowledge

1 Circuit Design (AC/DC converters, regulators, amplifies, analog filter design, FPGA logic design, sensor bias/support circuitry)

Digital filter design and implementation

Power systems: selection, analysis, power budget Digital signal processingSystem analysis: frequency analysis (Fourier, Laplace), stability, PID controllers, modulation schemes, VCO’s & mixers, ADC selection

Microcontroller selection/application

1 Circuit build, test, debug (scope, DMM, function generator

Wireless: communication protocol, component selection

1 Board layout Antenna selection (simple design)1 Matlab Communication system front end design

PSpice Algorithm design/simulation1 Programming: C, Assembly Embedded software design/implementation

Electromagnetics: shielding, interference Other (specify)

Industrial & Systems EngineeringISE Core Knowledge ISE Elective KnowledgeStatistical analysis of data: regression 1 Design of Experiment

2 Materials science Systems design – product/process design2 Materials processing, machining lab Data analysis, data mining

Facilities planning: layout, mat’l handling Manufacturing engineering

RIT – Kate Gleason College of EngineeringMultidisciplinary Senior Design

Project Readiness PackageTemplate Revised Jan 2015

ISE Core Knowledge ISE Elective KnowledgeProduction systems design: cycle time, throughput, assembly line design, manufacturing process design

DFx: manufacturing, assembly, environment, sustainability

3 Ergonomics: interface of people and equipment (procedures, training, maintenance) Rapid prototyping

2 Math modeling: OR (linear programming, simulation) Safety engineering

1 Project management Other (specify)3 Engineering economy: Return on Investment

Quality tools: SPCProduction control: schedulingShop floor IE: methods, time studies

2 Computer tools: Excel, Access, AutoCAD2 Programming (C++)

Biomedical EngineeringBME Core Knowledge BME Elective KnowledgeMatlab Medical image processingAseptic lab techniques COMSOL software modelingGel electrophoresis Medical visualization softwareLinear signal analysis and processing Biomaterial testing/evaluationFluid mechanics Tissue cultureBiomaterials Advanced microscopyLabview Microfluidic device fabrication and measurementSimulation (Simulink) Other (specify)System physiologyBiosystems process analysis (mass, energy balance)Cell cultureComputer-based data acquisitionProbability & statisticsNumerical & statistical analysisBiomechanicsDesign of biomedical devices

Computer EngineeringCE Core Knowledge CE Elective KnowledgeDigital design (including HDL and FPGA) Networking & network protocolsSoftware for microcontrollers (including Linux and Windows) Wireless networks

Device programming (Assembly, C) Robotics (guidance, navigation, vision, machine learning, control)

Programming: Python, Java, C++ Concurrent and embedded softwareBasic analog design Embedded and real-time systemsScientific computing (including C and Matlab) Digital image processingSignal processing Computer visionInterfacing transducers and actuators to microcontrollers Network security

Other (specify)

RIT – Kate Gleason College of EngineeringMultidisciplinary Senior Design

Project Readiness PackageTemplate Revised Jan 2015