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EDITINGEDITING
Wordy SentencesWordy Sentences
1. Eliminate redundanciesRedundancies are meaningless
repetitions that result in wordiness.
Eg: First and foremost, full and
complete, final result, past history, mix together, join together, round in shape, blue in colour, and refer back
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Tests must now
to measure
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Wordy SentencesWordy SentencesWordy Phrases Concise Alternatives
at this point in time Now
in this day and age Nowadays, today
in the not-too-distant future Soon
In close proximity to Near
Is necessary that Must
Is able to Can
Has the ability to Can
Due to the fact that Because
In spite of the fact that Although
In the event that If
In order to To
For the purpose(s) of To
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Wordy SentencesWordy Sentences
4. Make your sentences straightforward.
Concise sentences are straightforward; they get to the point quickly instead of in a roundabout way.
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Wordy SentencesWordy SentencesRoundabout:There are stylistic similarities between
“This Lime-Tree Bower” and “Tintern Abbey,” which are indications of the influence that Coleridge had on Wordsworth.
Straightforward:The stylistic similarities between “This
LimeTree Bower” and “Tintern Abbey” indicate that Coleridge influenced Wordsworth.
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Missing WordsMissing Words
When editing, make sure you have not omitted any words the reader needs to understand the meaning of your sentence.
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Missing WordsMissing Words1. Add words needed to make
compound structures complete and clear.
For conciseness, words can sometimes be omitted from compound structures.
His anger is extreme and his behaviour violent.
In this, the 2nd is can be omitted because verb in the 1st part of the compound structure is also is.
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Do not leave out part of a compound structure unless both parts of the compound are the same.Eg:The gang members neither cooperated with nor listened to the authorities.
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2. Include that when it is needed for clarity.
The attorney argued that men and women should receive equal pay for equal work.
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3. Make comparisons clear.
• I loved my grandmother more than my sister did.• I loved my grandmother more than I loved my sister.
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When you use as to compare people or things, be sure to use it twice:
Napoleon’s temper was as volatile as a volcano.
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4. Add articles (a, an, the) where necessary.Omitting an article usually makes an expression sound odd, unless the omission occurs in a series of nouns.
A dog that bites should be kept on a leash. He gave me the books he liked best.
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Confusing ShiftsConfusing Shifts
When you are editing, look for jarring shifts in point of view, tense, mood, or voice that may confuse readers.
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Confusing ShiftsConfusing Shifts
1. Make your point of view consistent in person and number.
Once you choose a point of view, you should use it consistently.
1st Person 2nd Person 3rd Person
I or We
(emphasizes the writer and is used in
personal writing.)
You
(focuses attention on the readers and is used to give them
directions, orders, or advice)
He, she, it, one, or they
(topic oriented and therefore prevalent in academic writing)
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Confusing ShiftsConfusing Shifts
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Confusing ShiftsConfusing Shifts
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2. Keep your verb tenses consistent
Present Past Future
(Use the tense consistently and change tense only when the meaning requires it)
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Confusing ShiftsConfusing Shifts
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Subject-Verb AgreementSubject-Verb Agreement
All verbs must agree with their subjects in person (first, second, or third – I, we; you; he, she, it, they) and number (singular or plural)
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Subject-Verb AgreementSubject-Verb Agreement
• A bear lives in the woods near my home.
Bear is a third-person singular noun, and lives is the third-person singular form of the verb.
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Subject-Verb AgreementSubject-Verb Agreement
• Many North American mammals hibernate in the winter.
Mammals is a third-person plural noun, and hibernate is the third-person plural form of the verb.
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Subject-Verb AgreementSubject-Verb Agreement
• Learn the standard subject-verb combinations
For regular verbs, the present tense –s or –es ending is added to the verb if its subject is third-person singular; otherwise, the verb has no ending.
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Subject-Verb AgreementSubject-Verb Agreement
Present Tense Forms of Regular Verb
Note: Verb be has irregular forms in both the present and past tense.
Singular Plural
First Person
Second Person
Third Person
I read.
You read.
He, she, it reads.
We read.
You read.
They read.
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Subject-Verb AgreementSubject-Verb Agreement
Present Tense and Past Tense Forms of Irregular Verb Be
Singular Plural
First Person
Second Person
Third Person
I am/was here.
You are/were here.
He, she, it is/was here.
We are/were here.
You are/were here.
They are/were here.
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The verbs have and do have the following forms in the present tense.Present Tense Forms of the verb Have
Singular Plural
First Person
Second Person
Third Person
I have.
You have.
He, she, it has.
We have.
You have.
They have
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Subject-Verb AgreementSubject-Verb Agreement
Present Tense Forms of the Verb Do and its Negative Don’t
Singular Plural
First Person
Second Person
Third Person
I do/don’t.
You do/don’t
He, she, it does/doesn’t
We do/don’t.
You do/don’t
They do/don’t
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Subject-Verb AgreementSubject-Verb Agreement
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Subject-Verb AgreementSubject-Verb Agreement
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Treat most compound subjects- subjects connected by and, or, nor, both…and, either…or, neither…nor- as plural.
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Subject-Verb AgreementSubject-Verb Agreement
The king and his advisers were shocked by this turn of events.
This poem’s first line and last word have a powerful effect on the readers.
PLURAL
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Subject-Verb AgreementSubject-Verb Agreement
Some compound subjects are singular:
There are exceptions to the rule that subjects joined by and are plural.
Compound subjects should be treated as singular in the following circumstances:
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Subject-Verb AgreementSubject-Verb AgreementWhen they refer to the same entity:
My best girlfriend and most dependable advisor is my mother.
When they are considered as a single unit:
In some ways, forty acres and a mule continues to be what is needed.
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When they are preceded by the word each or every:
Each man, woman, and child deserves respect.
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Subject-Verb AgreementSubject-Verb Agreement
Some compound subjects can be either plural or singular.
Compound subjects connected by or, nor, either…or, or neither…nor can take either a singular or a plural verb, depending on the subject that is closest to the verb.
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Subject-Verb AgreementSubject-Verb Agreement
Either the children or their mother is to blame.
Neither the experimenter nor her subjects were aware of the takeover.
PLURAL
SINGULAR
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Subject-Verb AgreementSubject-Verb Agreement
Treat most collective subjects – subjects like audience, family, and committee – as singular.
A collective noun means names a unit made up of many persons or things, treating it as an entity. Some familiar examples are audience, family, group, and team.
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Subject-Verb AgreementSubject-Verb Agreement
Treat most indefinite subjects- subjects like everybody, no one, each, all, and none- as singular.
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Most indefinite pronouns are singular:
All, anybody, anyone, anything, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, neither, nobody, no one, none, nothing, one, somebody, someone, and something are always singular.
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PUNCTUATION
SPELLING
ABBREVIATIONS
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TASHI DELEK
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