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EDM at COSY (JEDI)Selected Issues in Spin
Coherence TimeALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJ)
BWMorse (BNL) NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst)
FRathmann (FZJ)
Workshop on Future PNPI + FZJ (+ Landau Institute) Collaboration
PNPI Gatchina 15-27 June 2012
Layout
bull Why the EDM and at which accuracybull Why How When at COSY bull Momentum spread and retention of precessing
horizontal polarization without stable spin axisbull RFE(B)-flipper shall a new element in a ring destroy
spin coherencebull Spin Decoherence-free magic energies and flattop
RFE flipperbull EDM-transparent Wien filter is equivalent to the MDM-
transparent RFE flipper (as a side dish if time permits)bull In situ systematics with RFB flipper (more from F
Rathmann)bull Summary a stringent bound on the deuteron EDM at
COSY is feasible an opportunity not to miss
Electric dipole moment (EDM)
A permanent EDM of a fundamental particle violates both parity (P) and
time reversal symmetry (T)
Assuming CPT to hold the combined symmetry CP is violated as well
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Frank Rathmann 319th International Spin Physics Symposium
EDM at COSY ndash COoler SYnchrotron Cooler and storage ring for (polarized) protons and deuterons
p = 03 ndash 37 GeVc
Phase space cooled internal amp extracted beams
Injector cyclotron
COSY
hellip the spin-physics machinefor hadron physics
frathmannfz-juelichde 5Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Importance of Spin Coherence Time
for EDM Searches ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJ)
BWMorse (BNL) NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst)
FRathmann (FZJ)
RWTH IKP FZJ 3 May 2012
Upper bounds on the neutron EDM
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
ldquoMan muszlig etwas Neues machen um etwas Neues zu sehenrdquo
ldquoYou have to make (create) something new if you want to see something newrdquo
frathmannfz-juelichde 11Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
There are two storage ring projects being pursued
Strong need for a convincing precursor pEDM amp dEDM experiment at COSY
Copied from R TalmanCopied from A Lehrach
NEW EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Frank Rathmann 1319th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
One machine with r~30 m
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of a Dream EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Crucial idea from FRathmann swap the role of the vertical and horizontal polarizations and the constant E-
field for RFE-field EDM flipper
bull EDM in the pure radial E-ring buildup of the vertical polarization from the horizontal one
bull Bill Morse Solution for COSY as it is is a radial RFE-flipper to convert the vertical polarization to the horizontal one
bull Need to cope with the precession of the horizonal polarization
bull Need very long SCT
bull d lt E-24 ecm for the deuteron EDM is within the reach of
COSY (if free of systematics)
polarized beam in ring
A
AS
one particle with magnetic moment
ldquospin tunerdquo
ldquospin closed orbit vectorrdquoCOn
s2
AS
ring
makes one turn
Vertical stable polarization
Frank Rathmann 16
αSy
θ
Horizonal spin after flipper
cos HH SSHS
HS
Beam
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Time with RFE Flipper
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
In situ access to systematics
bull Swap the radial RFE field for the radial RFH field
bull The magnetic moment shall do the same job as EDM
bull Go down to micro- amp nano-gauss to establish the sensitivity limit
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Itacutes all about systematics ndash stupid
hellip and money
Summary 1
Summary 2 The deuteron EDM lt 1 E-24 e cm is within the
reach of COSY supplemented by RFE-flipper (in the single-particle approx)
Similar upper bound is feasible for the proton (if decoherence free energies do exist)
An obviously long way from an ideal ring to the real thing plagued by systematics
But there is an in situ RFB access to sytematics via the magnetic moment of the deuteron (proton)
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
Frank Rathmann 4619th International Spin Physics Symposium
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
polarized beam in ring
A
AS
one particle with magnetic moment
ldquospin tunerdquo
ldquospin closed orbit vectorrdquoCOn
s2AS
ring
makes one turn
if is simple fraction of periodic perturbing precession kick frequency
sresonances
stable polarizationS
if COn
Frank Rathmann 4819th International Spin Physics Symposium
EDM at COSY ndash COoler SYnchrotron Cooler and storage ring for (polarized) protons and deuterons
p = 03 ndash 37 GeVc
Phase space cooled internal amp extracted beams
Injector cyclotron
COSY
hellip the spin-physics machinefor hadron physics
frathmannfz-juelichde 49Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Electric dipole moment (EDM)
A permanent EDM of a fundamental particle violates both parity (P) and
time reversal symmetry (T)
Assuming CPT to hold the combined symmetry CP is violated as well
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
frathmannfz-juelichde 51Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 52Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
NEW EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
frathmannfz-juelichde 53Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
One machine with r ~ 30 m
An all-in-one machine Protons
E-field only
54Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
5 10 15 20 25 30 350
20
40
60
80
100
Proton EDM
E-field (MVm)
radi
us (
m)
r1 E( )
E
r2 250 md 048 Gd Zd 844
r2 280 m3He 00575 G3He Z3He 21959
An all-in-one machine Deuterons
E and B fields
55Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 50015
10
5
0
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
frathmannfz-juelichde 57Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
)(1052 29 yearonecmepd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 58
COSY Concept for Snake
bull Should allow for flexible use at two locations
bull Fast ramping (lt 30s)
bull Cryogen-free system
bull Should be available in 2012
Bdl (Tm)
pnrarrppsπ- at 353 MeV
3329
PAX at COSY 140 MeV
1994
PAX at AD 500 MeV 4090
Tmax at COSY 288 GeV
13887
ANKE
PAXPAX
ANKE
An all-in-one machine Helions
E and B fields
59Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
30
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 60
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
Snake
Snake only
Siberian snake turns spin closed orbit along longitudinal axis
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 61
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Snake + RF E-field odd turns
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
Snake + RF E-field even turns
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
frathmannfz-juelichde 62Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Snake + reversed RF E-fields depolarization
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde 63
Parameters of a proton EDM measurementbullTp=140 MeV
bullERF=1 MVm Lcavity=05 m
bullTime of store 24h 631010 turnsbull=1 10-7 radbullSensitivity
bull dp=10-17 ecm p=59 105 s
bull dp=10-18 ecm p=59 107 s
2 1010 4 10
10 6 1010
0
02
04
06
08
d=10^-18 e cmd=10^-17 e cm
n (number of turns)
P(n
)P
(n)
n (number of turns)
dp=10-18 ecmdp=10-17 ecm
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 64
PE 2 Dual Beam Method (equivalent to g-2 d)
It seems possible to store protons and deuterons in COSY simultaneously
bull Assume dp=10-24 ecmbull Determine invariant spin axis of protons using polarimeter
bull Not clear whether one can get away with radial components of P only
bull Determine invariant spin axis for deuterons using polarimeterbull Difference between the two invariant spin axes sensitive to dd
bull Sensitivity similar to g-2 d dd=10-19 ecm
Polarimeter(determines pp and dp elastic)
p and d at same momentum
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 65
PE 3 Resonance Method with RF E-fields (variation of PE1)
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E-fieldvertical
polarization
spin precession governed by ( rest frame)
Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
This way the Edm signal gets accumulated during the cycle Statistical improvement over PE 1 is about Brings us in the 10-24 ecm range for dd
51011000 ss
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 66
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Constant E-field
Number of turns
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 67
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Linear extrapolation of P=sqrt(Px2+Py
2) for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 68
PE 4 Resonance Method of EDM Measurements in SR
Orlov Morse Semertzidis PRL 96 (2006)
E
BBvddt
sd )(
Measurement using an all magnetic ring
bull Sideways P EDM produces growing Py
bull Using two sub-beams with different v andmodulating v allows one to isolate d
bull Sensitivity dd=10-29 ecmyr
bull Idea was no longer pursued because systematic error is much larger
bull Systematic error estimates for all PEs require reliable spin tracking tools
Top priority to make them available ASAP
bull Next step bull Scrutinize potential of different PEsbull Identify PE with best systematic limit on dpd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 69
Summary
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
ldquoMan muszlig etwas Neues machen um etwas Neues zu sehenrdquo
ldquoYou have to make (create) something new if you want to see something newrdquo
frathmannfz-juelichde 70Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
frathmannfz-juelichde 71Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spare transparencies
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
bull Lower energy particle
bull hellipjust right
bull Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
frathmannfz-juelichde 72Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Freezing Spin Precession with E-Fields
11
01
12
G
G
G gt 0 for γ gt 1 if only electric fields are applied
Magic momentum for protons p = 70074 MeVc
G
mp
G 1
1
μp μN = 2792 847 356 (23) Gp = 17928473565μd μN = 0857 438 2308 (72) Gd = -014298727202μHe-3 μN = -2127 497 718 (25) G3He= -41839627399
Nuclear magneton μN = eħ (2mpc) = 5050 783 24 (13) middot 10-27 J T-1
frathmannfz-juelichde 73Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
frathmannfz-juelichde 74Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Machine acceptance
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 75
lost
cooled
targetring acceptance
beam
In an ideal machine (like TSR-HD)rarr Single-Coulomb scattering at
the target dominates beam loss
K Grigoriev et al NIMA 599130 (2009)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 76
Future Time Reversal Invariance Test
COSY-TRIC P-even T-odd
Total polarization correlation coefficient Ayxz leads to relative difference of current slopes
Milestone Operation of Precision BCT with IIlt10-4
IBeam
time
COSY used as accelerator and detector
PAX
Need for a high precision BCT
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 77
Status TRI Test at COSY
bull Slow fluctuations in the measured BCT signal exceed the noise band at higher frequencies
Possible solutionCryogenic Current Comparator read out by low-temperature super-conducting quantum interference device
Highest resolution achieved 250 pAHz
A Steppke IEEE Trans Appl Superc (2009)
D Eversheim Hyperfine Interact 193 (2009)
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
Frank Rathmann 7819th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
Layout
bull Why the EDM and at which accuracybull Why How When at COSY bull Momentum spread and retention of precessing
horizontal polarization without stable spin axisbull RFE(B)-flipper shall a new element in a ring destroy
spin coherencebull Spin Decoherence-free magic energies and flattop
RFE flipperbull EDM-transparent Wien filter is equivalent to the MDM-
transparent RFE flipper (as a side dish if time permits)bull In situ systematics with RFB flipper (more from F
Rathmann)bull Summary a stringent bound on the deuteron EDM at
COSY is feasible an opportunity not to miss
Electric dipole moment (EDM)
A permanent EDM of a fundamental particle violates both parity (P) and
time reversal symmetry (T)
Assuming CPT to hold the combined symmetry CP is violated as well
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Frank Rathmann 319th International Spin Physics Symposium
EDM at COSY ndash COoler SYnchrotron Cooler and storage ring for (polarized) protons and deuterons
p = 03 ndash 37 GeVc
Phase space cooled internal amp extracted beams
Injector cyclotron
COSY
hellip the spin-physics machinefor hadron physics
frathmannfz-juelichde 5Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Importance of Spin Coherence Time
for EDM Searches ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJ)
BWMorse (BNL) NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst)
FRathmann (FZJ)
RWTH IKP FZJ 3 May 2012
Upper bounds on the neutron EDM
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
ldquoMan muszlig etwas Neues machen um etwas Neues zu sehenrdquo
ldquoYou have to make (create) something new if you want to see something newrdquo
frathmannfz-juelichde 11Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
There are two storage ring projects being pursued
Strong need for a convincing precursor pEDM amp dEDM experiment at COSY
Copied from R TalmanCopied from A Lehrach
NEW EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Frank Rathmann 1319th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
One machine with r~30 m
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of a Dream EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Crucial idea from FRathmann swap the role of the vertical and horizontal polarizations and the constant E-
field for RFE-field EDM flipper
bull EDM in the pure radial E-ring buildup of the vertical polarization from the horizontal one
bull Bill Morse Solution for COSY as it is is a radial RFE-flipper to convert the vertical polarization to the horizontal one
bull Need to cope with the precession of the horizonal polarization
bull Need very long SCT
bull d lt E-24 ecm for the deuteron EDM is within the reach of
COSY (if free of systematics)
polarized beam in ring
A
AS
one particle with magnetic moment
ldquospin tunerdquo
ldquospin closed orbit vectorrdquoCOn
s2
AS
ring
makes one turn
Vertical stable polarization
Frank Rathmann 16
αSy
θ
Horizonal spin after flipper
cos HH SSHS
HS
Beam
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Time with RFE Flipper
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
In situ access to systematics
bull Swap the radial RFE field for the radial RFH field
bull The magnetic moment shall do the same job as EDM
bull Go down to micro- amp nano-gauss to establish the sensitivity limit
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Itacutes all about systematics ndash stupid
hellip and money
Summary 1
Summary 2 The deuteron EDM lt 1 E-24 e cm is within the
reach of COSY supplemented by RFE-flipper (in the single-particle approx)
Similar upper bound is feasible for the proton (if decoherence free energies do exist)
An obviously long way from an ideal ring to the real thing plagued by systematics
But there is an in situ RFB access to sytematics via the magnetic moment of the deuteron (proton)
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
Frank Rathmann 4619th International Spin Physics Symposium
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
polarized beam in ring
A
AS
one particle with magnetic moment
ldquospin tunerdquo
ldquospin closed orbit vectorrdquoCOn
s2AS
ring
makes one turn
if is simple fraction of periodic perturbing precession kick frequency
sresonances
stable polarizationS
if COn
Frank Rathmann 4819th International Spin Physics Symposium
EDM at COSY ndash COoler SYnchrotron Cooler and storage ring for (polarized) protons and deuterons
p = 03 ndash 37 GeVc
Phase space cooled internal amp extracted beams
Injector cyclotron
COSY
hellip the spin-physics machinefor hadron physics
frathmannfz-juelichde 49Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Electric dipole moment (EDM)
A permanent EDM of a fundamental particle violates both parity (P) and
time reversal symmetry (T)
Assuming CPT to hold the combined symmetry CP is violated as well
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
frathmannfz-juelichde 51Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 52Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
NEW EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
frathmannfz-juelichde 53Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
One machine with r ~ 30 m
An all-in-one machine Protons
E-field only
54Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
5 10 15 20 25 30 350
20
40
60
80
100
Proton EDM
E-field (MVm)
radi
us (
m)
r1 E( )
E
r2 250 md 048 Gd Zd 844
r2 280 m3He 00575 G3He Z3He 21959
An all-in-one machine Deuterons
E and B fields
55Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 50015
10
5
0
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
frathmannfz-juelichde 57Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
)(1052 29 yearonecmepd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 58
COSY Concept for Snake
bull Should allow for flexible use at two locations
bull Fast ramping (lt 30s)
bull Cryogen-free system
bull Should be available in 2012
Bdl (Tm)
pnrarrppsπ- at 353 MeV
3329
PAX at COSY 140 MeV
1994
PAX at AD 500 MeV 4090
Tmax at COSY 288 GeV
13887
ANKE
PAXPAX
ANKE
An all-in-one machine Helions
E and B fields
59Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
30
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 60
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
Snake
Snake only
Siberian snake turns spin closed orbit along longitudinal axis
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 61
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Snake + RF E-field odd turns
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
Snake + RF E-field even turns
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
frathmannfz-juelichde 62Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Snake + reversed RF E-fields depolarization
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde 63
Parameters of a proton EDM measurementbullTp=140 MeV
bullERF=1 MVm Lcavity=05 m
bullTime of store 24h 631010 turnsbull=1 10-7 radbullSensitivity
bull dp=10-17 ecm p=59 105 s
bull dp=10-18 ecm p=59 107 s
2 1010 4 10
10 6 1010
0
02
04
06
08
d=10^-18 e cmd=10^-17 e cm
n (number of turns)
P(n
)P
(n)
n (number of turns)
dp=10-18 ecmdp=10-17 ecm
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 64
PE 2 Dual Beam Method (equivalent to g-2 d)
It seems possible to store protons and deuterons in COSY simultaneously
bull Assume dp=10-24 ecmbull Determine invariant spin axis of protons using polarimeter
bull Not clear whether one can get away with radial components of P only
bull Determine invariant spin axis for deuterons using polarimeterbull Difference between the two invariant spin axes sensitive to dd
bull Sensitivity similar to g-2 d dd=10-19 ecm
Polarimeter(determines pp and dp elastic)
p and d at same momentum
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 65
PE 3 Resonance Method with RF E-fields (variation of PE1)
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E-fieldvertical
polarization
spin precession governed by ( rest frame)
Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
This way the Edm signal gets accumulated during the cycle Statistical improvement over PE 1 is about Brings us in the 10-24 ecm range for dd
51011000 ss
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 66
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Constant E-field
Number of turns
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 67
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Linear extrapolation of P=sqrt(Px2+Py
2) for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 68
PE 4 Resonance Method of EDM Measurements in SR
Orlov Morse Semertzidis PRL 96 (2006)
E
BBvddt
sd )(
Measurement using an all magnetic ring
bull Sideways P EDM produces growing Py
bull Using two sub-beams with different v andmodulating v allows one to isolate d
bull Sensitivity dd=10-29 ecmyr
bull Idea was no longer pursued because systematic error is much larger
bull Systematic error estimates for all PEs require reliable spin tracking tools
Top priority to make them available ASAP
bull Next step bull Scrutinize potential of different PEsbull Identify PE with best systematic limit on dpd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 69
Summary
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
ldquoMan muszlig etwas Neues machen um etwas Neues zu sehenrdquo
ldquoYou have to make (create) something new if you want to see something newrdquo
frathmannfz-juelichde 70Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
frathmannfz-juelichde 71Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spare transparencies
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
bull Lower energy particle
bull hellipjust right
bull Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
frathmannfz-juelichde 72Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Freezing Spin Precession with E-Fields
11
01
12
G
G
G gt 0 for γ gt 1 if only electric fields are applied
Magic momentum for protons p = 70074 MeVc
G
mp
G 1
1
μp μN = 2792 847 356 (23) Gp = 17928473565μd μN = 0857 438 2308 (72) Gd = -014298727202μHe-3 μN = -2127 497 718 (25) G3He= -41839627399
Nuclear magneton μN = eħ (2mpc) = 5050 783 24 (13) middot 10-27 J T-1
frathmannfz-juelichde 73Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
frathmannfz-juelichde 74Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Machine acceptance
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 75
lost
cooled
targetring acceptance
beam
In an ideal machine (like TSR-HD)rarr Single-Coulomb scattering at
the target dominates beam loss
K Grigoriev et al NIMA 599130 (2009)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 76
Future Time Reversal Invariance Test
COSY-TRIC P-even T-odd
Total polarization correlation coefficient Ayxz leads to relative difference of current slopes
Milestone Operation of Precision BCT with IIlt10-4
IBeam
time
COSY used as accelerator and detector
PAX
Need for a high precision BCT
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 77
Status TRI Test at COSY
bull Slow fluctuations in the measured BCT signal exceed the noise band at higher frequencies
Possible solutionCryogenic Current Comparator read out by low-temperature super-conducting quantum interference device
Highest resolution achieved 250 pAHz
A Steppke IEEE Trans Appl Superc (2009)
D Eversheim Hyperfine Interact 193 (2009)
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
Frank Rathmann 7819th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
Electric dipole moment (EDM)
A permanent EDM of a fundamental particle violates both parity (P) and
time reversal symmetry (T)
Assuming CPT to hold the combined symmetry CP is violated as well
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Frank Rathmann 319th International Spin Physics Symposium
EDM at COSY ndash COoler SYnchrotron Cooler and storage ring for (polarized) protons and deuterons
p = 03 ndash 37 GeVc
Phase space cooled internal amp extracted beams
Injector cyclotron
COSY
hellip the spin-physics machinefor hadron physics
frathmannfz-juelichde 5Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Importance of Spin Coherence Time
for EDM Searches ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJ)
BWMorse (BNL) NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst)
FRathmann (FZJ)
RWTH IKP FZJ 3 May 2012
Upper bounds on the neutron EDM
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
ldquoMan muszlig etwas Neues machen um etwas Neues zu sehenrdquo
ldquoYou have to make (create) something new if you want to see something newrdquo
frathmannfz-juelichde 11Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
There are two storage ring projects being pursued
Strong need for a convincing precursor pEDM amp dEDM experiment at COSY
Copied from R TalmanCopied from A Lehrach
NEW EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Frank Rathmann 1319th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
One machine with r~30 m
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of a Dream EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Crucial idea from FRathmann swap the role of the vertical and horizontal polarizations and the constant E-
field for RFE-field EDM flipper
bull EDM in the pure radial E-ring buildup of the vertical polarization from the horizontal one
bull Bill Morse Solution for COSY as it is is a radial RFE-flipper to convert the vertical polarization to the horizontal one
bull Need to cope with the precession of the horizonal polarization
bull Need very long SCT
bull d lt E-24 ecm for the deuteron EDM is within the reach of
COSY (if free of systematics)
polarized beam in ring
A
AS
one particle with magnetic moment
ldquospin tunerdquo
ldquospin closed orbit vectorrdquoCOn
s2
AS
ring
makes one turn
Vertical stable polarization
Frank Rathmann 16
αSy
θ
Horizonal spin after flipper
cos HH SSHS
HS
Beam
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Time with RFE Flipper
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
In situ access to systematics
bull Swap the radial RFE field for the radial RFH field
bull The magnetic moment shall do the same job as EDM
bull Go down to micro- amp nano-gauss to establish the sensitivity limit
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Itacutes all about systematics ndash stupid
hellip and money
Summary 1
Summary 2 The deuteron EDM lt 1 E-24 e cm is within the
reach of COSY supplemented by RFE-flipper (in the single-particle approx)
Similar upper bound is feasible for the proton (if decoherence free energies do exist)
An obviously long way from an ideal ring to the real thing plagued by systematics
But there is an in situ RFB access to sytematics via the magnetic moment of the deuteron (proton)
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
Frank Rathmann 4619th International Spin Physics Symposium
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
polarized beam in ring
A
AS
one particle with magnetic moment
ldquospin tunerdquo
ldquospin closed orbit vectorrdquoCOn
s2AS
ring
makes one turn
if is simple fraction of periodic perturbing precession kick frequency
sresonances
stable polarizationS
if COn
Frank Rathmann 4819th International Spin Physics Symposium
EDM at COSY ndash COoler SYnchrotron Cooler and storage ring for (polarized) protons and deuterons
p = 03 ndash 37 GeVc
Phase space cooled internal amp extracted beams
Injector cyclotron
COSY
hellip the spin-physics machinefor hadron physics
frathmannfz-juelichde 49Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Electric dipole moment (EDM)
A permanent EDM of a fundamental particle violates both parity (P) and
time reversal symmetry (T)
Assuming CPT to hold the combined symmetry CP is violated as well
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
frathmannfz-juelichde 51Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 52Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
NEW EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
frathmannfz-juelichde 53Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
One machine with r ~ 30 m
An all-in-one machine Protons
E-field only
54Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
5 10 15 20 25 30 350
20
40
60
80
100
Proton EDM
E-field (MVm)
radi
us (
m)
r1 E( )
E
r2 250 md 048 Gd Zd 844
r2 280 m3He 00575 G3He Z3He 21959
An all-in-one machine Deuterons
E and B fields
55Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 50015
10
5
0
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
frathmannfz-juelichde 57Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
)(1052 29 yearonecmepd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 58
COSY Concept for Snake
bull Should allow for flexible use at two locations
bull Fast ramping (lt 30s)
bull Cryogen-free system
bull Should be available in 2012
Bdl (Tm)
pnrarrppsπ- at 353 MeV
3329
PAX at COSY 140 MeV
1994
PAX at AD 500 MeV 4090
Tmax at COSY 288 GeV
13887
ANKE
PAXPAX
ANKE
An all-in-one machine Helions
E and B fields
59Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
30
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 60
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
Snake
Snake only
Siberian snake turns spin closed orbit along longitudinal axis
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 61
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Snake + RF E-field odd turns
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
Snake + RF E-field even turns
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
frathmannfz-juelichde 62Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Snake + reversed RF E-fields depolarization
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde 63
Parameters of a proton EDM measurementbullTp=140 MeV
bullERF=1 MVm Lcavity=05 m
bullTime of store 24h 631010 turnsbull=1 10-7 radbullSensitivity
bull dp=10-17 ecm p=59 105 s
bull dp=10-18 ecm p=59 107 s
2 1010 4 10
10 6 1010
0
02
04
06
08
d=10^-18 e cmd=10^-17 e cm
n (number of turns)
P(n
)P
(n)
n (number of turns)
dp=10-18 ecmdp=10-17 ecm
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 64
PE 2 Dual Beam Method (equivalent to g-2 d)
It seems possible to store protons and deuterons in COSY simultaneously
bull Assume dp=10-24 ecmbull Determine invariant spin axis of protons using polarimeter
bull Not clear whether one can get away with radial components of P only
bull Determine invariant spin axis for deuterons using polarimeterbull Difference between the two invariant spin axes sensitive to dd
bull Sensitivity similar to g-2 d dd=10-19 ecm
Polarimeter(determines pp and dp elastic)
p and d at same momentum
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 65
PE 3 Resonance Method with RF E-fields (variation of PE1)
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E-fieldvertical
polarization
spin precession governed by ( rest frame)
Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
This way the Edm signal gets accumulated during the cycle Statistical improvement over PE 1 is about Brings us in the 10-24 ecm range for dd
51011000 ss
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 66
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Constant E-field
Number of turns
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 67
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Linear extrapolation of P=sqrt(Px2+Py
2) for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 68
PE 4 Resonance Method of EDM Measurements in SR
Orlov Morse Semertzidis PRL 96 (2006)
E
BBvddt
sd )(
Measurement using an all magnetic ring
bull Sideways P EDM produces growing Py
bull Using two sub-beams with different v andmodulating v allows one to isolate d
bull Sensitivity dd=10-29 ecmyr
bull Idea was no longer pursued because systematic error is much larger
bull Systematic error estimates for all PEs require reliable spin tracking tools
Top priority to make them available ASAP
bull Next step bull Scrutinize potential of different PEsbull Identify PE with best systematic limit on dpd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 69
Summary
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
ldquoMan muszlig etwas Neues machen um etwas Neues zu sehenrdquo
ldquoYou have to make (create) something new if you want to see something newrdquo
frathmannfz-juelichde 70Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
frathmannfz-juelichde 71Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spare transparencies
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
bull Lower energy particle
bull hellipjust right
bull Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
frathmannfz-juelichde 72Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Freezing Spin Precession with E-Fields
11
01
12
G
G
G gt 0 for γ gt 1 if only electric fields are applied
Magic momentum for protons p = 70074 MeVc
G
mp
G 1
1
μp μN = 2792 847 356 (23) Gp = 17928473565μd μN = 0857 438 2308 (72) Gd = -014298727202μHe-3 μN = -2127 497 718 (25) G3He= -41839627399
Nuclear magneton μN = eħ (2mpc) = 5050 783 24 (13) middot 10-27 J T-1
frathmannfz-juelichde 73Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
frathmannfz-juelichde 74Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Machine acceptance
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 75
lost
cooled
targetring acceptance
beam
In an ideal machine (like TSR-HD)rarr Single-Coulomb scattering at
the target dominates beam loss
K Grigoriev et al NIMA 599130 (2009)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 76
Future Time Reversal Invariance Test
COSY-TRIC P-even T-odd
Total polarization correlation coefficient Ayxz leads to relative difference of current slopes
Milestone Operation of Precision BCT with IIlt10-4
IBeam
time
COSY used as accelerator and detector
PAX
Need for a high precision BCT
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 77
Status TRI Test at COSY
bull Slow fluctuations in the measured BCT signal exceed the noise band at higher frequencies
Possible solutionCryogenic Current Comparator read out by low-temperature super-conducting quantum interference device
Highest resolution achieved 250 pAHz
A Steppke IEEE Trans Appl Superc (2009)
D Eversheim Hyperfine Interact 193 (2009)
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
Frank Rathmann 7819th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
EDM at COSY ndash COoler SYnchrotron Cooler and storage ring for (polarized) protons and deuterons
p = 03 ndash 37 GeVc
Phase space cooled internal amp extracted beams
Injector cyclotron
COSY
hellip the spin-physics machinefor hadron physics
frathmannfz-juelichde 5Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Importance of Spin Coherence Time
for EDM Searches ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJ)
BWMorse (BNL) NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst)
FRathmann (FZJ)
RWTH IKP FZJ 3 May 2012
Upper bounds on the neutron EDM
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
ldquoMan muszlig etwas Neues machen um etwas Neues zu sehenrdquo
ldquoYou have to make (create) something new if you want to see something newrdquo
frathmannfz-juelichde 11Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
There are two storage ring projects being pursued
Strong need for a convincing precursor pEDM amp dEDM experiment at COSY
Copied from R TalmanCopied from A Lehrach
NEW EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Frank Rathmann 1319th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
One machine with r~30 m
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of a Dream EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Crucial idea from FRathmann swap the role of the vertical and horizontal polarizations and the constant E-
field for RFE-field EDM flipper
bull EDM in the pure radial E-ring buildup of the vertical polarization from the horizontal one
bull Bill Morse Solution for COSY as it is is a radial RFE-flipper to convert the vertical polarization to the horizontal one
bull Need to cope with the precession of the horizonal polarization
bull Need very long SCT
bull d lt E-24 ecm for the deuteron EDM is within the reach of
COSY (if free of systematics)
polarized beam in ring
A
AS
one particle with magnetic moment
ldquospin tunerdquo
ldquospin closed orbit vectorrdquoCOn
s2
AS
ring
makes one turn
Vertical stable polarization
Frank Rathmann 16
αSy
θ
Horizonal spin after flipper
cos HH SSHS
HS
Beam
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Time with RFE Flipper
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
In situ access to systematics
bull Swap the radial RFE field for the radial RFH field
bull The magnetic moment shall do the same job as EDM
bull Go down to micro- amp nano-gauss to establish the sensitivity limit
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Itacutes all about systematics ndash stupid
hellip and money
Summary 1
Summary 2 The deuteron EDM lt 1 E-24 e cm is within the
reach of COSY supplemented by RFE-flipper (in the single-particle approx)
Similar upper bound is feasible for the proton (if decoherence free energies do exist)
An obviously long way from an ideal ring to the real thing plagued by systematics
But there is an in situ RFB access to sytematics via the magnetic moment of the deuteron (proton)
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
Frank Rathmann 4619th International Spin Physics Symposium
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
polarized beam in ring
A
AS
one particle with magnetic moment
ldquospin tunerdquo
ldquospin closed orbit vectorrdquoCOn
s2AS
ring
makes one turn
if is simple fraction of periodic perturbing precession kick frequency
sresonances
stable polarizationS
if COn
Frank Rathmann 4819th International Spin Physics Symposium
EDM at COSY ndash COoler SYnchrotron Cooler and storage ring for (polarized) protons and deuterons
p = 03 ndash 37 GeVc
Phase space cooled internal amp extracted beams
Injector cyclotron
COSY
hellip the spin-physics machinefor hadron physics
frathmannfz-juelichde 49Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Electric dipole moment (EDM)
A permanent EDM of a fundamental particle violates both parity (P) and
time reversal symmetry (T)
Assuming CPT to hold the combined symmetry CP is violated as well
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
frathmannfz-juelichde 51Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 52Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
NEW EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
frathmannfz-juelichde 53Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
One machine with r ~ 30 m
An all-in-one machine Protons
E-field only
54Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
5 10 15 20 25 30 350
20
40
60
80
100
Proton EDM
E-field (MVm)
radi
us (
m)
r1 E( )
E
r2 250 md 048 Gd Zd 844
r2 280 m3He 00575 G3He Z3He 21959
An all-in-one machine Deuterons
E and B fields
55Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 50015
10
5
0
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
frathmannfz-juelichde 57Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
)(1052 29 yearonecmepd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 58
COSY Concept for Snake
bull Should allow for flexible use at two locations
bull Fast ramping (lt 30s)
bull Cryogen-free system
bull Should be available in 2012
Bdl (Tm)
pnrarrppsπ- at 353 MeV
3329
PAX at COSY 140 MeV
1994
PAX at AD 500 MeV 4090
Tmax at COSY 288 GeV
13887
ANKE
PAXPAX
ANKE
An all-in-one machine Helions
E and B fields
59Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
30
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 60
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
Snake
Snake only
Siberian snake turns spin closed orbit along longitudinal axis
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 61
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Snake + RF E-field odd turns
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
Snake + RF E-field even turns
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
frathmannfz-juelichde 62Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Snake + reversed RF E-fields depolarization
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde 63
Parameters of a proton EDM measurementbullTp=140 MeV
bullERF=1 MVm Lcavity=05 m
bullTime of store 24h 631010 turnsbull=1 10-7 radbullSensitivity
bull dp=10-17 ecm p=59 105 s
bull dp=10-18 ecm p=59 107 s
2 1010 4 10
10 6 1010
0
02
04
06
08
d=10^-18 e cmd=10^-17 e cm
n (number of turns)
P(n
)P
(n)
n (number of turns)
dp=10-18 ecmdp=10-17 ecm
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 64
PE 2 Dual Beam Method (equivalent to g-2 d)
It seems possible to store protons and deuterons in COSY simultaneously
bull Assume dp=10-24 ecmbull Determine invariant spin axis of protons using polarimeter
bull Not clear whether one can get away with radial components of P only
bull Determine invariant spin axis for deuterons using polarimeterbull Difference between the two invariant spin axes sensitive to dd
bull Sensitivity similar to g-2 d dd=10-19 ecm
Polarimeter(determines pp and dp elastic)
p and d at same momentum
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 65
PE 3 Resonance Method with RF E-fields (variation of PE1)
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E-fieldvertical
polarization
spin precession governed by ( rest frame)
Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
This way the Edm signal gets accumulated during the cycle Statistical improvement over PE 1 is about Brings us in the 10-24 ecm range for dd
51011000 ss
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 66
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Constant E-field
Number of turns
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 67
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Linear extrapolation of P=sqrt(Px2+Py
2) for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 68
PE 4 Resonance Method of EDM Measurements in SR
Orlov Morse Semertzidis PRL 96 (2006)
E
BBvddt
sd )(
Measurement using an all magnetic ring
bull Sideways P EDM produces growing Py
bull Using two sub-beams with different v andmodulating v allows one to isolate d
bull Sensitivity dd=10-29 ecmyr
bull Idea was no longer pursued because systematic error is much larger
bull Systematic error estimates for all PEs require reliable spin tracking tools
Top priority to make them available ASAP
bull Next step bull Scrutinize potential of different PEsbull Identify PE with best systematic limit on dpd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 69
Summary
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
ldquoMan muszlig etwas Neues machen um etwas Neues zu sehenrdquo
ldquoYou have to make (create) something new if you want to see something newrdquo
frathmannfz-juelichde 70Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
frathmannfz-juelichde 71Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spare transparencies
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
bull Lower energy particle
bull hellipjust right
bull Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
frathmannfz-juelichde 72Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Freezing Spin Precession with E-Fields
11
01
12
G
G
G gt 0 for γ gt 1 if only electric fields are applied
Magic momentum for protons p = 70074 MeVc
G
mp
G 1
1
μp μN = 2792 847 356 (23) Gp = 17928473565μd μN = 0857 438 2308 (72) Gd = -014298727202μHe-3 μN = -2127 497 718 (25) G3He= -41839627399
Nuclear magneton μN = eħ (2mpc) = 5050 783 24 (13) middot 10-27 J T-1
frathmannfz-juelichde 73Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
frathmannfz-juelichde 74Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Machine acceptance
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 75
lost
cooled
targetring acceptance
beam
In an ideal machine (like TSR-HD)rarr Single-Coulomb scattering at
the target dominates beam loss
K Grigoriev et al NIMA 599130 (2009)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 76
Future Time Reversal Invariance Test
COSY-TRIC P-even T-odd
Total polarization correlation coefficient Ayxz leads to relative difference of current slopes
Milestone Operation of Precision BCT with IIlt10-4
IBeam
time
COSY used as accelerator and detector
PAX
Need for a high precision BCT
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 77
Status TRI Test at COSY
bull Slow fluctuations in the measured BCT signal exceed the noise band at higher frequencies
Possible solutionCryogenic Current Comparator read out by low-temperature super-conducting quantum interference device
Highest resolution achieved 250 pAHz
A Steppke IEEE Trans Appl Superc (2009)
D Eversheim Hyperfine Interact 193 (2009)
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
Frank Rathmann 7819th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
Importance of Spin Coherence Time
for EDM Searches ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJ)
BWMorse (BNL) NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst)
FRathmann (FZJ)
RWTH IKP FZJ 3 May 2012
Upper bounds on the neutron EDM
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
ldquoMan muszlig etwas Neues machen um etwas Neues zu sehenrdquo
ldquoYou have to make (create) something new if you want to see something newrdquo
frathmannfz-juelichde 11Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
There are two storage ring projects being pursued
Strong need for a convincing precursor pEDM amp dEDM experiment at COSY
Copied from R TalmanCopied from A Lehrach
NEW EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Frank Rathmann 1319th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
One machine with r~30 m
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of a Dream EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Crucial idea from FRathmann swap the role of the vertical and horizontal polarizations and the constant E-
field for RFE-field EDM flipper
bull EDM in the pure radial E-ring buildup of the vertical polarization from the horizontal one
bull Bill Morse Solution for COSY as it is is a radial RFE-flipper to convert the vertical polarization to the horizontal one
bull Need to cope with the precession of the horizonal polarization
bull Need very long SCT
bull d lt E-24 ecm for the deuteron EDM is within the reach of
COSY (if free of systematics)
polarized beam in ring
A
AS
one particle with magnetic moment
ldquospin tunerdquo
ldquospin closed orbit vectorrdquoCOn
s2
AS
ring
makes one turn
Vertical stable polarization
Frank Rathmann 16
αSy
θ
Horizonal spin after flipper
cos HH SSHS
HS
Beam
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Time with RFE Flipper
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
In situ access to systematics
bull Swap the radial RFE field for the radial RFH field
bull The magnetic moment shall do the same job as EDM
bull Go down to micro- amp nano-gauss to establish the sensitivity limit
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Itacutes all about systematics ndash stupid
hellip and money
Summary 1
Summary 2 The deuteron EDM lt 1 E-24 e cm is within the
reach of COSY supplemented by RFE-flipper (in the single-particle approx)
Similar upper bound is feasible for the proton (if decoherence free energies do exist)
An obviously long way from an ideal ring to the real thing plagued by systematics
But there is an in situ RFB access to sytematics via the magnetic moment of the deuteron (proton)
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
Frank Rathmann 4619th International Spin Physics Symposium
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
polarized beam in ring
A
AS
one particle with magnetic moment
ldquospin tunerdquo
ldquospin closed orbit vectorrdquoCOn
s2AS
ring
makes one turn
if is simple fraction of periodic perturbing precession kick frequency
sresonances
stable polarizationS
if COn
Frank Rathmann 4819th International Spin Physics Symposium
EDM at COSY ndash COoler SYnchrotron Cooler and storage ring for (polarized) protons and deuterons
p = 03 ndash 37 GeVc
Phase space cooled internal amp extracted beams
Injector cyclotron
COSY
hellip the spin-physics machinefor hadron physics
frathmannfz-juelichde 49Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Electric dipole moment (EDM)
A permanent EDM of a fundamental particle violates both parity (P) and
time reversal symmetry (T)
Assuming CPT to hold the combined symmetry CP is violated as well
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
frathmannfz-juelichde 51Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 52Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
NEW EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
frathmannfz-juelichde 53Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
One machine with r ~ 30 m
An all-in-one machine Protons
E-field only
54Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
5 10 15 20 25 30 350
20
40
60
80
100
Proton EDM
E-field (MVm)
radi
us (
m)
r1 E( )
E
r2 250 md 048 Gd Zd 844
r2 280 m3He 00575 G3He Z3He 21959
An all-in-one machine Deuterons
E and B fields
55Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 50015
10
5
0
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
frathmannfz-juelichde 57Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
)(1052 29 yearonecmepd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 58
COSY Concept for Snake
bull Should allow for flexible use at two locations
bull Fast ramping (lt 30s)
bull Cryogen-free system
bull Should be available in 2012
Bdl (Tm)
pnrarrppsπ- at 353 MeV
3329
PAX at COSY 140 MeV
1994
PAX at AD 500 MeV 4090
Tmax at COSY 288 GeV
13887
ANKE
PAXPAX
ANKE
An all-in-one machine Helions
E and B fields
59Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
30
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 60
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
Snake
Snake only
Siberian snake turns spin closed orbit along longitudinal axis
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 61
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Snake + RF E-field odd turns
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
Snake + RF E-field even turns
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
frathmannfz-juelichde 62Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Snake + reversed RF E-fields depolarization
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde 63
Parameters of a proton EDM measurementbullTp=140 MeV
bullERF=1 MVm Lcavity=05 m
bullTime of store 24h 631010 turnsbull=1 10-7 radbullSensitivity
bull dp=10-17 ecm p=59 105 s
bull dp=10-18 ecm p=59 107 s
2 1010 4 10
10 6 1010
0
02
04
06
08
d=10^-18 e cmd=10^-17 e cm
n (number of turns)
P(n
)P
(n)
n (number of turns)
dp=10-18 ecmdp=10-17 ecm
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 64
PE 2 Dual Beam Method (equivalent to g-2 d)
It seems possible to store protons and deuterons in COSY simultaneously
bull Assume dp=10-24 ecmbull Determine invariant spin axis of protons using polarimeter
bull Not clear whether one can get away with radial components of P only
bull Determine invariant spin axis for deuterons using polarimeterbull Difference between the two invariant spin axes sensitive to dd
bull Sensitivity similar to g-2 d dd=10-19 ecm
Polarimeter(determines pp and dp elastic)
p and d at same momentum
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 65
PE 3 Resonance Method with RF E-fields (variation of PE1)
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E-fieldvertical
polarization
spin precession governed by ( rest frame)
Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
This way the Edm signal gets accumulated during the cycle Statistical improvement over PE 1 is about Brings us in the 10-24 ecm range for dd
51011000 ss
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 66
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Constant E-field
Number of turns
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 67
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Linear extrapolation of P=sqrt(Px2+Py
2) for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 68
PE 4 Resonance Method of EDM Measurements in SR
Orlov Morse Semertzidis PRL 96 (2006)
E
BBvddt
sd )(
Measurement using an all magnetic ring
bull Sideways P EDM produces growing Py
bull Using two sub-beams with different v andmodulating v allows one to isolate d
bull Sensitivity dd=10-29 ecmyr
bull Idea was no longer pursued because systematic error is much larger
bull Systematic error estimates for all PEs require reliable spin tracking tools
Top priority to make them available ASAP
bull Next step bull Scrutinize potential of different PEsbull Identify PE with best systematic limit on dpd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 69
Summary
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
ldquoMan muszlig etwas Neues machen um etwas Neues zu sehenrdquo
ldquoYou have to make (create) something new if you want to see something newrdquo
frathmannfz-juelichde 70Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
frathmannfz-juelichde 71Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spare transparencies
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
bull Lower energy particle
bull hellipjust right
bull Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
frathmannfz-juelichde 72Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Freezing Spin Precession with E-Fields
11
01
12
G
G
G gt 0 for γ gt 1 if only electric fields are applied
Magic momentum for protons p = 70074 MeVc
G
mp
G 1
1
μp μN = 2792 847 356 (23) Gp = 17928473565μd μN = 0857 438 2308 (72) Gd = -014298727202μHe-3 μN = -2127 497 718 (25) G3He= -41839627399
Nuclear magneton μN = eħ (2mpc) = 5050 783 24 (13) middot 10-27 J T-1
frathmannfz-juelichde 73Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
frathmannfz-juelichde 74Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Machine acceptance
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 75
lost
cooled
targetring acceptance
beam
In an ideal machine (like TSR-HD)rarr Single-Coulomb scattering at
the target dominates beam loss
K Grigoriev et al NIMA 599130 (2009)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 76
Future Time Reversal Invariance Test
COSY-TRIC P-even T-odd
Total polarization correlation coefficient Ayxz leads to relative difference of current slopes
Milestone Operation of Precision BCT with IIlt10-4
IBeam
time
COSY used as accelerator and detector
PAX
Need for a high precision BCT
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 77
Status TRI Test at COSY
bull Slow fluctuations in the measured BCT signal exceed the noise band at higher frequencies
Possible solutionCryogenic Current Comparator read out by low-temperature super-conducting quantum interference device
Highest resolution achieved 250 pAHz
A Steppke IEEE Trans Appl Superc (2009)
D Eversheim Hyperfine Interact 193 (2009)
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
Frank Rathmann 7819th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
Upper bounds on the neutron EDM
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
ldquoMan muszlig etwas Neues machen um etwas Neues zu sehenrdquo
ldquoYou have to make (create) something new if you want to see something newrdquo
frathmannfz-juelichde 11Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
There are two storage ring projects being pursued
Strong need for a convincing precursor pEDM amp dEDM experiment at COSY
Copied from R TalmanCopied from A Lehrach
NEW EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Frank Rathmann 1319th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
One machine with r~30 m
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of a Dream EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Crucial idea from FRathmann swap the role of the vertical and horizontal polarizations and the constant E-
field for RFE-field EDM flipper
bull EDM in the pure radial E-ring buildup of the vertical polarization from the horizontal one
bull Bill Morse Solution for COSY as it is is a radial RFE-flipper to convert the vertical polarization to the horizontal one
bull Need to cope with the precession of the horizonal polarization
bull Need very long SCT
bull d lt E-24 ecm for the deuteron EDM is within the reach of
COSY (if free of systematics)
polarized beam in ring
A
AS
one particle with magnetic moment
ldquospin tunerdquo
ldquospin closed orbit vectorrdquoCOn
s2
AS
ring
makes one turn
Vertical stable polarization
Frank Rathmann 16
αSy
θ
Horizonal spin after flipper
cos HH SSHS
HS
Beam
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Time with RFE Flipper
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
In situ access to systematics
bull Swap the radial RFE field for the radial RFH field
bull The magnetic moment shall do the same job as EDM
bull Go down to micro- amp nano-gauss to establish the sensitivity limit
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Itacutes all about systematics ndash stupid
hellip and money
Summary 1
Summary 2 The deuteron EDM lt 1 E-24 e cm is within the
reach of COSY supplemented by RFE-flipper (in the single-particle approx)
Similar upper bound is feasible for the proton (if decoherence free energies do exist)
An obviously long way from an ideal ring to the real thing plagued by systematics
But there is an in situ RFB access to sytematics via the magnetic moment of the deuteron (proton)
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
Frank Rathmann 4619th International Spin Physics Symposium
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
polarized beam in ring
A
AS
one particle with magnetic moment
ldquospin tunerdquo
ldquospin closed orbit vectorrdquoCOn
s2AS
ring
makes one turn
if is simple fraction of periodic perturbing precession kick frequency
sresonances
stable polarizationS
if COn
Frank Rathmann 4819th International Spin Physics Symposium
EDM at COSY ndash COoler SYnchrotron Cooler and storage ring for (polarized) protons and deuterons
p = 03 ndash 37 GeVc
Phase space cooled internal amp extracted beams
Injector cyclotron
COSY
hellip the spin-physics machinefor hadron physics
frathmannfz-juelichde 49Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Electric dipole moment (EDM)
A permanent EDM of a fundamental particle violates both parity (P) and
time reversal symmetry (T)
Assuming CPT to hold the combined symmetry CP is violated as well
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
frathmannfz-juelichde 51Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 52Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
NEW EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
frathmannfz-juelichde 53Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
One machine with r ~ 30 m
An all-in-one machine Protons
E-field only
54Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
5 10 15 20 25 30 350
20
40
60
80
100
Proton EDM
E-field (MVm)
radi
us (
m)
r1 E( )
E
r2 250 md 048 Gd Zd 844
r2 280 m3He 00575 G3He Z3He 21959
An all-in-one machine Deuterons
E and B fields
55Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 50015
10
5
0
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
frathmannfz-juelichde 57Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
)(1052 29 yearonecmepd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 58
COSY Concept for Snake
bull Should allow for flexible use at two locations
bull Fast ramping (lt 30s)
bull Cryogen-free system
bull Should be available in 2012
Bdl (Tm)
pnrarrppsπ- at 353 MeV
3329
PAX at COSY 140 MeV
1994
PAX at AD 500 MeV 4090
Tmax at COSY 288 GeV
13887
ANKE
PAXPAX
ANKE
An all-in-one machine Helions
E and B fields
59Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
30
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 60
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
Snake
Snake only
Siberian snake turns spin closed orbit along longitudinal axis
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 61
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Snake + RF E-field odd turns
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
Snake + RF E-field even turns
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
frathmannfz-juelichde 62Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Snake + reversed RF E-fields depolarization
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde 63
Parameters of a proton EDM measurementbullTp=140 MeV
bullERF=1 MVm Lcavity=05 m
bullTime of store 24h 631010 turnsbull=1 10-7 radbullSensitivity
bull dp=10-17 ecm p=59 105 s
bull dp=10-18 ecm p=59 107 s
2 1010 4 10
10 6 1010
0
02
04
06
08
d=10^-18 e cmd=10^-17 e cm
n (number of turns)
P(n
)P
(n)
n (number of turns)
dp=10-18 ecmdp=10-17 ecm
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 64
PE 2 Dual Beam Method (equivalent to g-2 d)
It seems possible to store protons and deuterons in COSY simultaneously
bull Assume dp=10-24 ecmbull Determine invariant spin axis of protons using polarimeter
bull Not clear whether one can get away with radial components of P only
bull Determine invariant spin axis for deuterons using polarimeterbull Difference between the two invariant spin axes sensitive to dd
bull Sensitivity similar to g-2 d dd=10-19 ecm
Polarimeter(determines pp and dp elastic)
p and d at same momentum
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 65
PE 3 Resonance Method with RF E-fields (variation of PE1)
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E-fieldvertical
polarization
spin precession governed by ( rest frame)
Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
This way the Edm signal gets accumulated during the cycle Statistical improvement over PE 1 is about Brings us in the 10-24 ecm range for dd
51011000 ss
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 66
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Constant E-field
Number of turns
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 67
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Linear extrapolation of P=sqrt(Px2+Py
2) for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 68
PE 4 Resonance Method of EDM Measurements in SR
Orlov Morse Semertzidis PRL 96 (2006)
E
BBvddt
sd )(
Measurement using an all magnetic ring
bull Sideways P EDM produces growing Py
bull Using two sub-beams with different v andmodulating v allows one to isolate d
bull Sensitivity dd=10-29 ecmyr
bull Idea was no longer pursued because systematic error is much larger
bull Systematic error estimates for all PEs require reliable spin tracking tools
Top priority to make them available ASAP
bull Next step bull Scrutinize potential of different PEsbull Identify PE with best systematic limit on dpd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 69
Summary
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
ldquoMan muszlig etwas Neues machen um etwas Neues zu sehenrdquo
ldquoYou have to make (create) something new if you want to see something newrdquo
frathmannfz-juelichde 70Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
frathmannfz-juelichde 71Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spare transparencies
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
bull Lower energy particle
bull hellipjust right
bull Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
frathmannfz-juelichde 72Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Freezing Spin Precession with E-Fields
11
01
12
G
G
G gt 0 for γ gt 1 if only electric fields are applied
Magic momentum for protons p = 70074 MeVc
G
mp
G 1
1
μp μN = 2792 847 356 (23) Gp = 17928473565μd μN = 0857 438 2308 (72) Gd = -014298727202μHe-3 μN = -2127 497 718 (25) G3He= -41839627399
Nuclear magneton μN = eħ (2mpc) = 5050 783 24 (13) middot 10-27 J T-1
frathmannfz-juelichde 73Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
frathmannfz-juelichde 74Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Machine acceptance
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 75
lost
cooled
targetring acceptance
beam
In an ideal machine (like TSR-HD)rarr Single-Coulomb scattering at
the target dominates beam loss
K Grigoriev et al NIMA 599130 (2009)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 76
Future Time Reversal Invariance Test
COSY-TRIC P-even T-odd
Total polarization correlation coefficient Ayxz leads to relative difference of current slopes
Milestone Operation of Precision BCT with IIlt10-4
IBeam
time
COSY used as accelerator and detector
PAX
Need for a high precision BCT
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 77
Status TRI Test at COSY
bull Slow fluctuations in the measured BCT signal exceed the noise band at higher frequencies
Possible solutionCryogenic Current Comparator read out by low-temperature super-conducting quantum interference device
Highest resolution achieved 250 pAHz
A Steppke IEEE Trans Appl Superc (2009)
D Eversheim Hyperfine Interact 193 (2009)
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
Frank Rathmann 7819th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
ldquoMan muszlig etwas Neues machen um etwas Neues zu sehenrdquo
ldquoYou have to make (create) something new if you want to see something newrdquo
frathmannfz-juelichde 11Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
There are two storage ring projects being pursued
Strong need for a convincing precursor pEDM amp dEDM experiment at COSY
Copied from R TalmanCopied from A Lehrach
NEW EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Frank Rathmann 1319th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
One machine with r~30 m
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of a Dream EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Crucial idea from FRathmann swap the role of the vertical and horizontal polarizations and the constant E-
field for RFE-field EDM flipper
bull EDM in the pure radial E-ring buildup of the vertical polarization from the horizontal one
bull Bill Morse Solution for COSY as it is is a radial RFE-flipper to convert the vertical polarization to the horizontal one
bull Need to cope with the precession of the horizonal polarization
bull Need very long SCT
bull d lt E-24 ecm for the deuteron EDM is within the reach of
COSY (if free of systematics)
polarized beam in ring
A
AS
one particle with magnetic moment
ldquospin tunerdquo
ldquospin closed orbit vectorrdquoCOn
s2
AS
ring
makes one turn
Vertical stable polarization
Frank Rathmann 16
αSy
θ
Horizonal spin after flipper
cos HH SSHS
HS
Beam
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Time with RFE Flipper
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
In situ access to systematics
bull Swap the radial RFE field for the radial RFH field
bull The magnetic moment shall do the same job as EDM
bull Go down to micro- amp nano-gauss to establish the sensitivity limit
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Itacutes all about systematics ndash stupid
hellip and money
Summary 1
Summary 2 The deuteron EDM lt 1 E-24 e cm is within the
reach of COSY supplemented by RFE-flipper (in the single-particle approx)
Similar upper bound is feasible for the proton (if decoherence free energies do exist)
An obviously long way from an ideal ring to the real thing plagued by systematics
But there is an in situ RFB access to sytematics via the magnetic moment of the deuteron (proton)
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
Frank Rathmann 4619th International Spin Physics Symposium
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
polarized beam in ring
A
AS
one particle with magnetic moment
ldquospin tunerdquo
ldquospin closed orbit vectorrdquoCOn
s2AS
ring
makes one turn
if is simple fraction of periodic perturbing precession kick frequency
sresonances
stable polarizationS
if COn
Frank Rathmann 4819th International Spin Physics Symposium
EDM at COSY ndash COoler SYnchrotron Cooler and storage ring for (polarized) protons and deuterons
p = 03 ndash 37 GeVc
Phase space cooled internal amp extracted beams
Injector cyclotron
COSY
hellip the spin-physics machinefor hadron physics
frathmannfz-juelichde 49Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Electric dipole moment (EDM)
A permanent EDM of a fundamental particle violates both parity (P) and
time reversal symmetry (T)
Assuming CPT to hold the combined symmetry CP is violated as well
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
frathmannfz-juelichde 51Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 52Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
NEW EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
frathmannfz-juelichde 53Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
One machine with r ~ 30 m
An all-in-one machine Protons
E-field only
54Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
5 10 15 20 25 30 350
20
40
60
80
100
Proton EDM
E-field (MVm)
radi
us (
m)
r1 E( )
E
r2 250 md 048 Gd Zd 844
r2 280 m3He 00575 G3He Z3He 21959
An all-in-one machine Deuterons
E and B fields
55Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 50015
10
5
0
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
frathmannfz-juelichde 57Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
)(1052 29 yearonecmepd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 58
COSY Concept for Snake
bull Should allow for flexible use at two locations
bull Fast ramping (lt 30s)
bull Cryogen-free system
bull Should be available in 2012
Bdl (Tm)
pnrarrppsπ- at 353 MeV
3329
PAX at COSY 140 MeV
1994
PAX at AD 500 MeV 4090
Tmax at COSY 288 GeV
13887
ANKE
PAXPAX
ANKE
An all-in-one machine Helions
E and B fields
59Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
30
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 60
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
Snake
Snake only
Siberian snake turns spin closed orbit along longitudinal axis
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 61
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Snake + RF E-field odd turns
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
Snake + RF E-field even turns
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
frathmannfz-juelichde 62Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Snake + reversed RF E-fields depolarization
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde 63
Parameters of a proton EDM measurementbullTp=140 MeV
bullERF=1 MVm Lcavity=05 m
bullTime of store 24h 631010 turnsbull=1 10-7 radbullSensitivity
bull dp=10-17 ecm p=59 105 s
bull dp=10-18 ecm p=59 107 s
2 1010 4 10
10 6 1010
0
02
04
06
08
d=10^-18 e cmd=10^-17 e cm
n (number of turns)
P(n
)P
(n)
n (number of turns)
dp=10-18 ecmdp=10-17 ecm
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 64
PE 2 Dual Beam Method (equivalent to g-2 d)
It seems possible to store protons and deuterons in COSY simultaneously
bull Assume dp=10-24 ecmbull Determine invariant spin axis of protons using polarimeter
bull Not clear whether one can get away with radial components of P only
bull Determine invariant spin axis for deuterons using polarimeterbull Difference between the two invariant spin axes sensitive to dd
bull Sensitivity similar to g-2 d dd=10-19 ecm
Polarimeter(determines pp and dp elastic)
p and d at same momentum
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 65
PE 3 Resonance Method with RF E-fields (variation of PE1)
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E-fieldvertical
polarization
spin precession governed by ( rest frame)
Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
This way the Edm signal gets accumulated during the cycle Statistical improvement over PE 1 is about Brings us in the 10-24 ecm range for dd
51011000 ss
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 66
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Constant E-field
Number of turns
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 67
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Linear extrapolation of P=sqrt(Px2+Py
2) for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 68
PE 4 Resonance Method of EDM Measurements in SR
Orlov Morse Semertzidis PRL 96 (2006)
E
BBvddt
sd )(
Measurement using an all magnetic ring
bull Sideways P EDM produces growing Py
bull Using two sub-beams with different v andmodulating v allows one to isolate d
bull Sensitivity dd=10-29 ecmyr
bull Idea was no longer pursued because systematic error is much larger
bull Systematic error estimates for all PEs require reliable spin tracking tools
Top priority to make them available ASAP
bull Next step bull Scrutinize potential of different PEsbull Identify PE with best systematic limit on dpd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 69
Summary
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
ldquoMan muszlig etwas Neues machen um etwas Neues zu sehenrdquo
ldquoYou have to make (create) something new if you want to see something newrdquo
frathmannfz-juelichde 70Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
frathmannfz-juelichde 71Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spare transparencies
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
bull Lower energy particle
bull hellipjust right
bull Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
frathmannfz-juelichde 72Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Freezing Spin Precession with E-Fields
11
01
12
G
G
G gt 0 for γ gt 1 if only electric fields are applied
Magic momentum for protons p = 70074 MeVc
G
mp
G 1
1
μp μN = 2792 847 356 (23) Gp = 17928473565μd μN = 0857 438 2308 (72) Gd = -014298727202μHe-3 μN = -2127 497 718 (25) G3He= -41839627399
Nuclear magneton μN = eħ (2mpc) = 5050 783 24 (13) middot 10-27 J T-1
frathmannfz-juelichde 73Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
frathmannfz-juelichde 74Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Machine acceptance
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 75
lost
cooled
targetring acceptance
beam
In an ideal machine (like TSR-HD)rarr Single-Coulomb scattering at
the target dominates beam loss
K Grigoriev et al NIMA 599130 (2009)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 76
Future Time Reversal Invariance Test
COSY-TRIC P-even T-odd
Total polarization correlation coefficient Ayxz leads to relative difference of current slopes
Milestone Operation of Precision BCT with IIlt10-4
IBeam
time
COSY used as accelerator and detector
PAX
Need for a high precision BCT
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 77
Status TRI Test at COSY
bull Slow fluctuations in the measured BCT signal exceed the noise band at higher frequencies
Possible solutionCryogenic Current Comparator read out by low-temperature super-conducting quantum interference device
Highest resolution achieved 250 pAHz
A Steppke IEEE Trans Appl Superc (2009)
D Eversheim Hyperfine Interact 193 (2009)
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
Frank Rathmann 7819th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
ldquoMan muszlig etwas Neues machen um etwas Neues zu sehenrdquo
ldquoYou have to make (create) something new if you want to see something newrdquo
frathmannfz-juelichde 11Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
There are two storage ring projects being pursued
Strong need for a convincing precursor pEDM amp dEDM experiment at COSY
Copied from R TalmanCopied from A Lehrach
NEW EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Frank Rathmann 1319th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
One machine with r~30 m
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of a Dream EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Crucial idea from FRathmann swap the role of the vertical and horizontal polarizations and the constant E-
field for RFE-field EDM flipper
bull EDM in the pure radial E-ring buildup of the vertical polarization from the horizontal one
bull Bill Morse Solution for COSY as it is is a radial RFE-flipper to convert the vertical polarization to the horizontal one
bull Need to cope with the precession of the horizonal polarization
bull Need very long SCT
bull d lt E-24 ecm for the deuteron EDM is within the reach of
COSY (if free of systematics)
polarized beam in ring
A
AS
one particle with magnetic moment
ldquospin tunerdquo
ldquospin closed orbit vectorrdquoCOn
s2
AS
ring
makes one turn
Vertical stable polarization
Frank Rathmann 16
αSy
θ
Horizonal spin after flipper
cos HH SSHS
HS
Beam
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Time with RFE Flipper
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
In situ access to systematics
bull Swap the radial RFE field for the radial RFH field
bull The magnetic moment shall do the same job as EDM
bull Go down to micro- amp nano-gauss to establish the sensitivity limit
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Itacutes all about systematics ndash stupid
hellip and money
Summary 1
Summary 2 The deuteron EDM lt 1 E-24 e cm is within the
reach of COSY supplemented by RFE-flipper (in the single-particle approx)
Similar upper bound is feasible for the proton (if decoherence free energies do exist)
An obviously long way from an ideal ring to the real thing plagued by systematics
But there is an in situ RFB access to sytematics via the magnetic moment of the deuteron (proton)
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
Frank Rathmann 4619th International Spin Physics Symposium
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
polarized beam in ring
A
AS
one particle with magnetic moment
ldquospin tunerdquo
ldquospin closed orbit vectorrdquoCOn
s2AS
ring
makes one turn
if is simple fraction of periodic perturbing precession kick frequency
sresonances
stable polarizationS
if COn
Frank Rathmann 4819th International Spin Physics Symposium
EDM at COSY ndash COoler SYnchrotron Cooler and storage ring for (polarized) protons and deuterons
p = 03 ndash 37 GeVc
Phase space cooled internal amp extracted beams
Injector cyclotron
COSY
hellip the spin-physics machinefor hadron physics
frathmannfz-juelichde 49Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Electric dipole moment (EDM)
A permanent EDM of a fundamental particle violates both parity (P) and
time reversal symmetry (T)
Assuming CPT to hold the combined symmetry CP is violated as well
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
frathmannfz-juelichde 51Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 52Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
NEW EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
frathmannfz-juelichde 53Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
One machine with r ~ 30 m
An all-in-one machine Protons
E-field only
54Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
5 10 15 20 25 30 350
20
40
60
80
100
Proton EDM
E-field (MVm)
radi
us (
m)
r1 E( )
E
r2 250 md 048 Gd Zd 844
r2 280 m3He 00575 G3He Z3He 21959
An all-in-one machine Deuterons
E and B fields
55Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 50015
10
5
0
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
frathmannfz-juelichde 57Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
)(1052 29 yearonecmepd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 58
COSY Concept for Snake
bull Should allow for flexible use at two locations
bull Fast ramping (lt 30s)
bull Cryogen-free system
bull Should be available in 2012
Bdl (Tm)
pnrarrppsπ- at 353 MeV
3329
PAX at COSY 140 MeV
1994
PAX at AD 500 MeV 4090
Tmax at COSY 288 GeV
13887
ANKE
PAXPAX
ANKE
An all-in-one machine Helions
E and B fields
59Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
30
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 60
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
Snake
Snake only
Siberian snake turns spin closed orbit along longitudinal axis
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 61
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Snake + RF E-field odd turns
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
Snake + RF E-field even turns
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
frathmannfz-juelichde 62Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Snake + reversed RF E-fields depolarization
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde 63
Parameters of a proton EDM measurementbullTp=140 MeV
bullERF=1 MVm Lcavity=05 m
bullTime of store 24h 631010 turnsbull=1 10-7 radbullSensitivity
bull dp=10-17 ecm p=59 105 s
bull dp=10-18 ecm p=59 107 s
2 1010 4 10
10 6 1010
0
02
04
06
08
d=10^-18 e cmd=10^-17 e cm
n (number of turns)
P(n
)P
(n)
n (number of turns)
dp=10-18 ecmdp=10-17 ecm
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 64
PE 2 Dual Beam Method (equivalent to g-2 d)
It seems possible to store protons and deuterons in COSY simultaneously
bull Assume dp=10-24 ecmbull Determine invariant spin axis of protons using polarimeter
bull Not clear whether one can get away with radial components of P only
bull Determine invariant spin axis for deuterons using polarimeterbull Difference between the two invariant spin axes sensitive to dd
bull Sensitivity similar to g-2 d dd=10-19 ecm
Polarimeter(determines pp and dp elastic)
p and d at same momentum
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 65
PE 3 Resonance Method with RF E-fields (variation of PE1)
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E-fieldvertical
polarization
spin precession governed by ( rest frame)
Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
This way the Edm signal gets accumulated during the cycle Statistical improvement over PE 1 is about Brings us in the 10-24 ecm range for dd
51011000 ss
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 66
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Constant E-field
Number of turns
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 67
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Linear extrapolation of P=sqrt(Px2+Py
2) for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 68
PE 4 Resonance Method of EDM Measurements in SR
Orlov Morse Semertzidis PRL 96 (2006)
E
BBvddt
sd )(
Measurement using an all magnetic ring
bull Sideways P EDM produces growing Py
bull Using two sub-beams with different v andmodulating v allows one to isolate d
bull Sensitivity dd=10-29 ecmyr
bull Idea was no longer pursued because systematic error is much larger
bull Systematic error estimates for all PEs require reliable spin tracking tools
Top priority to make them available ASAP
bull Next step bull Scrutinize potential of different PEsbull Identify PE with best systematic limit on dpd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 69
Summary
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
ldquoMan muszlig etwas Neues machen um etwas Neues zu sehenrdquo
ldquoYou have to make (create) something new if you want to see something newrdquo
frathmannfz-juelichde 70Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
frathmannfz-juelichde 71Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spare transparencies
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
bull Lower energy particle
bull hellipjust right
bull Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
frathmannfz-juelichde 72Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Freezing Spin Precession with E-Fields
11
01
12
G
G
G gt 0 for γ gt 1 if only electric fields are applied
Magic momentum for protons p = 70074 MeVc
G
mp
G 1
1
μp μN = 2792 847 356 (23) Gp = 17928473565μd μN = 0857 438 2308 (72) Gd = -014298727202μHe-3 μN = -2127 497 718 (25) G3He= -41839627399
Nuclear magneton μN = eħ (2mpc) = 5050 783 24 (13) middot 10-27 J T-1
frathmannfz-juelichde 73Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
frathmannfz-juelichde 74Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Machine acceptance
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 75
lost
cooled
targetring acceptance
beam
In an ideal machine (like TSR-HD)rarr Single-Coulomb scattering at
the target dominates beam loss
K Grigoriev et al NIMA 599130 (2009)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 76
Future Time Reversal Invariance Test
COSY-TRIC P-even T-odd
Total polarization correlation coefficient Ayxz leads to relative difference of current slopes
Milestone Operation of Precision BCT with IIlt10-4
IBeam
time
COSY used as accelerator and detector
PAX
Need for a high precision BCT
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 77
Status TRI Test at COSY
bull Slow fluctuations in the measured BCT signal exceed the noise band at higher frequencies
Possible solutionCryogenic Current Comparator read out by low-temperature super-conducting quantum interference device
Highest resolution achieved 250 pAHz
A Steppke IEEE Trans Appl Superc (2009)
D Eversheim Hyperfine Interact 193 (2009)
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
Frank Rathmann 7819th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
There are two storage ring projects being pursued
Strong need for a convincing precursor pEDM amp dEDM experiment at COSY
Copied from R TalmanCopied from A Lehrach
NEW EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Frank Rathmann 1319th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
One machine with r~30 m
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of a Dream EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Crucial idea from FRathmann swap the role of the vertical and horizontal polarizations and the constant E-
field for RFE-field EDM flipper
bull EDM in the pure radial E-ring buildup of the vertical polarization from the horizontal one
bull Bill Morse Solution for COSY as it is is a radial RFE-flipper to convert the vertical polarization to the horizontal one
bull Need to cope with the precession of the horizonal polarization
bull Need very long SCT
bull d lt E-24 ecm for the deuteron EDM is within the reach of
COSY (if free of systematics)
polarized beam in ring
A
AS
one particle with magnetic moment
ldquospin tunerdquo
ldquospin closed orbit vectorrdquoCOn
s2
AS
ring
makes one turn
Vertical stable polarization
Frank Rathmann 16
αSy
θ
Horizonal spin after flipper
cos HH SSHS
HS
Beam
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Time with RFE Flipper
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
In situ access to systematics
bull Swap the radial RFE field for the radial RFH field
bull The magnetic moment shall do the same job as EDM
bull Go down to micro- amp nano-gauss to establish the sensitivity limit
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Itacutes all about systematics ndash stupid
hellip and money
Summary 1
Summary 2 The deuteron EDM lt 1 E-24 e cm is within the
reach of COSY supplemented by RFE-flipper (in the single-particle approx)
Similar upper bound is feasible for the proton (if decoherence free energies do exist)
An obviously long way from an ideal ring to the real thing plagued by systematics
But there is an in situ RFB access to sytematics via the magnetic moment of the deuteron (proton)
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
Frank Rathmann 4619th International Spin Physics Symposium
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
polarized beam in ring
A
AS
one particle with magnetic moment
ldquospin tunerdquo
ldquospin closed orbit vectorrdquoCOn
s2AS
ring
makes one turn
if is simple fraction of periodic perturbing precession kick frequency
sresonances
stable polarizationS
if COn
Frank Rathmann 4819th International Spin Physics Symposium
EDM at COSY ndash COoler SYnchrotron Cooler and storage ring for (polarized) protons and deuterons
p = 03 ndash 37 GeVc
Phase space cooled internal amp extracted beams
Injector cyclotron
COSY
hellip the spin-physics machinefor hadron physics
frathmannfz-juelichde 49Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Electric dipole moment (EDM)
A permanent EDM of a fundamental particle violates both parity (P) and
time reversal symmetry (T)
Assuming CPT to hold the combined symmetry CP is violated as well
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
frathmannfz-juelichde 51Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 52Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
NEW EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
frathmannfz-juelichde 53Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
One machine with r ~ 30 m
An all-in-one machine Protons
E-field only
54Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
5 10 15 20 25 30 350
20
40
60
80
100
Proton EDM
E-field (MVm)
radi
us (
m)
r1 E( )
E
r2 250 md 048 Gd Zd 844
r2 280 m3He 00575 G3He Z3He 21959
An all-in-one machine Deuterons
E and B fields
55Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 50015
10
5
0
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
frathmannfz-juelichde 57Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
)(1052 29 yearonecmepd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 58
COSY Concept for Snake
bull Should allow for flexible use at two locations
bull Fast ramping (lt 30s)
bull Cryogen-free system
bull Should be available in 2012
Bdl (Tm)
pnrarrppsπ- at 353 MeV
3329
PAX at COSY 140 MeV
1994
PAX at AD 500 MeV 4090
Tmax at COSY 288 GeV
13887
ANKE
PAXPAX
ANKE
An all-in-one machine Helions
E and B fields
59Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
30
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 60
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
Snake
Snake only
Siberian snake turns spin closed orbit along longitudinal axis
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 61
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Snake + RF E-field odd turns
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
Snake + RF E-field even turns
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
frathmannfz-juelichde 62Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Snake + reversed RF E-fields depolarization
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde 63
Parameters of a proton EDM measurementbullTp=140 MeV
bullERF=1 MVm Lcavity=05 m
bullTime of store 24h 631010 turnsbull=1 10-7 radbullSensitivity
bull dp=10-17 ecm p=59 105 s
bull dp=10-18 ecm p=59 107 s
2 1010 4 10
10 6 1010
0
02
04
06
08
d=10^-18 e cmd=10^-17 e cm
n (number of turns)
P(n
)P
(n)
n (number of turns)
dp=10-18 ecmdp=10-17 ecm
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 64
PE 2 Dual Beam Method (equivalent to g-2 d)
It seems possible to store protons and deuterons in COSY simultaneously
bull Assume dp=10-24 ecmbull Determine invariant spin axis of protons using polarimeter
bull Not clear whether one can get away with radial components of P only
bull Determine invariant spin axis for deuterons using polarimeterbull Difference between the two invariant spin axes sensitive to dd
bull Sensitivity similar to g-2 d dd=10-19 ecm
Polarimeter(determines pp and dp elastic)
p and d at same momentum
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 65
PE 3 Resonance Method with RF E-fields (variation of PE1)
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E-fieldvertical
polarization
spin precession governed by ( rest frame)
Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
This way the Edm signal gets accumulated during the cycle Statistical improvement over PE 1 is about Brings us in the 10-24 ecm range for dd
51011000 ss
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 66
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Constant E-field
Number of turns
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 67
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Linear extrapolation of P=sqrt(Px2+Py
2) for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 68
PE 4 Resonance Method of EDM Measurements in SR
Orlov Morse Semertzidis PRL 96 (2006)
E
BBvddt
sd )(
Measurement using an all magnetic ring
bull Sideways P EDM produces growing Py
bull Using two sub-beams with different v andmodulating v allows one to isolate d
bull Sensitivity dd=10-29 ecmyr
bull Idea was no longer pursued because systematic error is much larger
bull Systematic error estimates for all PEs require reliable spin tracking tools
Top priority to make them available ASAP
bull Next step bull Scrutinize potential of different PEsbull Identify PE with best systematic limit on dpd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 69
Summary
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
ldquoMan muszlig etwas Neues machen um etwas Neues zu sehenrdquo
ldquoYou have to make (create) something new if you want to see something newrdquo
frathmannfz-juelichde 70Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
frathmannfz-juelichde 71Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spare transparencies
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
bull Lower energy particle
bull hellipjust right
bull Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
frathmannfz-juelichde 72Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Freezing Spin Precession with E-Fields
11
01
12
G
G
G gt 0 for γ gt 1 if only electric fields are applied
Magic momentum for protons p = 70074 MeVc
G
mp
G 1
1
μp μN = 2792 847 356 (23) Gp = 17928473565μd μN = 0857 438 2308 (72) Gd = -014298727202μHe-3 μN = -2127 497 718 (25) G3He= -41839627399
Nuclear magneton μN = eħ (2mpc) = 5050 783 24 (13) middot 10-27 J T-1
frathmannfz-juelichde 73Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
frathmannfz-juelichde 74Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Machine acceptance
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 75
lost
cooled
targetring acceptance
beam
In an ideal machine (like TSR-HD)rarr Single-Coulomb scattering at
the target dominates beam loss
K Grigoriev et al NIMA 599130 (2009)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 76
Future Time Reversal Invariance Test
COSY-TRIC P-even T-odd
Total polarization correlation coefficient Ayxz leads to relative difference of current slopes
Milestone Operation of Precision BCT with IIlt10-4
IBeam
time
COSY used as accelerator and detector
PAX
Need for a high precision BCT
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 77
Status TRI Test at COSY
bull Slow fluctuations in the measured BCT signal exceed the noise band at higher frequencies
Possible solutionCryogenic Current Comparator read out by low-temperature super-conducting quantum interference device
Highest resolution achieved 250 pAHz
A Steppke IEEE Trans Appl Superc (2009)
D Eversheim Hyperfine Interact 193 (2009)
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
Frank Rathmann 7819th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
NEW EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Frank Rathmann 1319th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
One machine with r~30 m
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of a Dream EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Crucial idea from FRathmann swap the role of the vertical and horizontal polarizations and the constant E-
field for RFE-field EDM flipper
bull EDM in the pure radial E-ring buildup of the vertical polarization from the horizontal one
bull Bill Morse Solution for COSY as it is is a radial RFE-flipper to convert the vertical polarization to the horizontal one
bull Need to cope with the precession of the horizonal polarization
bull Need very long SCT
bull d lt E-24 ecm for the deuteron EDM is within the reach of
COSY (if free of systematics)
polarized beam in ring
A
AS
one particle with magnetic moment
ldquospin tunerdquo
ldquospin closed orbit vectorrdquoCOn
s2
AS
ring
makes one turn
Vertical stable polarization
Frank Rathmann 16
αSy
θ
Horizonal spin after flipper
cos HH SSHS
HS
Beam
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Time with RFE Flipper
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
In situ access to systematics
bull Swap the radial RFE field for the radial RFH field
bull The magnetic moment shall do the same job as EDM
bull Go down to micro- amp nano-gauss to establish the sensitivity limit
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Itacutes all about systematics ndash stupid
hellip and money
Summary 1
Summary 2 The deuteron EDM lt 1 E-24 e cm is within the
reach of COSY supplemented by RFE-flipper (in the single-particle approx)
Similar upper bound is feasible for the proton (if decoherence free energies do exist)
An obviously long way from an ideal ring to the real thing plagued by systematics
But there is an in situ RFB access to sytematics via the magnetic moment of the deuteron (proton)
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
Frank Rathmann 4619th International Spin Physics Symposium
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
polarized beam in ring
A
AS
one particle with magnetic moment
ldquospin tunerdquo
ldquospin closed orbit vectorrdquoCOn
s2AS
ring
makes one turn
if is simple fraction of periodic perturbing precession kick frequency
sresonances
stable polarizationS
if COn
Frank Rathmann 4819th International Spin Physics Symposium
EDM at COSY ndash COoler SYnchrotron Cooler and storage ring for (polarized) protons and deuterons
p = 03 ndash 37 GeVc
Phase space cooled internal amp extracted beams
Injector cyclotron
COSY
hellip the spin-physics machinefor hadron physics
frathmannfz-juelichde 49Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Electric dipole moment (EDM)
A permanent EDM of a fundamental particle violates both parity (P) and
time reversal symmetry (T)
Assuming CPT to hold the combined symmetry CP is violated as well
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
frathmannfz-juelichde 51Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 52Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
NEW EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
frathmannfz-juelichde 53Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
One machine with r ~ 30 m
An all-in-one machine Protons
E-field only
54Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
5 10 15 20 25 30 350
20
40
60
80
100
Proton EDM
E-field (MVm)
radi
us (
m)
r1 E( )
E
r2 250 md 048 Gd Zd 844
r2 280 m3He 00575 G3He Z3He 21959
An all-in-one machine Deuterons
E and B fields
55Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 50015
10
5
0
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
frathmannfz-juelichde 57Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
)(1052 29 yearonecmepd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 58
COSY Concept for Snake
bull Should allow for flexible use at two locations
bull Fast ramping (lt 30s)
bull Cryogen-free system
bull Should be available in 2012
Bdl (Tm)
pnrarrppsπ- at 353 MeV
3329
PAX at COSY 140 MeV
1994
PAX at AD 500 MeV 4090
Tmax at COSY 288 GeV
13887
ANKE
PAXPAX
ANKE
An all-in-one machine Helions
E and B fields
59Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
30
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 60
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
Snake
Snake only
Siberian snake turns spin closed orbit along longitudinal axis
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 61
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Snake + RF E-field odd turns
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
Snake + RF E-field even turns
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
frathmannfz-juelichde 62Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Snake + reversed RF E-fields depolarization
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde 63
Parameters of a proton EDM measurementbullTp=140 MeV
bullERF=1 MVm Lcavity=05 m
bullTime of store 24h 631010 turnsbull=1 10-7 radbullSensitivity
bull dp=10-17 ecm p=59 105 s
bull dp=10-18 ecm p=59 107 s
2 1010 4 10
10 6 1010
0
02
04
06
08
d=10^-18 e cmd=10^-17 e cm
n (number of turns)
P(n
)P
(n)
n (number of turns)
dp=10-18 ecmdp=10-17 ecm
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 64
PE 2 Dual Beam Method (equivalent to g-2 d)
It seems possible to store protons and deuterons in COSY simultaneously
bull Assume dp=10-24 ecmbull Determine invariant spin axis of protons using polarimeter
bull Not clear whether one can get away with radial components of P only
bull Determine invariant spin axis for deuterons using polarimeterbull Difference between the two invariant spin axes sensitive to dd
bull Sensitivity similar to g-2 d dd=10-19 ecm
Polarimeter(determines pp and dp elastic)
p and d at same momentum
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 65
PE 3 Resonance Method with RF E-fields (variation of PE1)
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E-fieldvertical
polarization
spin precession governed by ( rest frame)
Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
This way the Edm signal gets accumulated during the cycle Statistical improvement over PE 1 is about Brings us in the 10-24 ecm range for dd
51011000 ss
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 66
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Constant E-field
Number of turns
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 67
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Linear extrapolation of P=sqrt(Px2+Py
2) for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 68
PE 4 Resonance Method of EDM Measurements in SR
Orlov Morse Semertzidis PRL 96 (2006)
E
BBvddt
sd )(
Measurement using an all magnetic ring
bull Sideways P EDM produces growing Py
bull Using two sub-beams with different v andmodulating v allows one to isolate d
bull Sensitivity dd=10-29 ecmyr
bull Idea was no longer pursued because systematic error is much larger
bull Systematic error estimates for all PEs require reliable spin tracking tools
Top priority to make them available ASAP
bull Next step bull Scrutinize potential of different PEsbull Identify PE with best systematic limit on dpd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 69
Summary
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
ldquoMan muszlig etwas Neues machen um etwas Neues zu sehenrdquo
ldquoYou have to make (create) something new if you want to see something newrdquo
frathmannfz-juelichde 70Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
frathmannfz-juelichde 71Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spare transparencies
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
bull Lower energy particle
bull hellipjust right
bull Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
frathmannfz-juelichde 72Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Freezing Spin Precession with E-Fields
11
01
12
G
G
G gt 0 for γ gt 1 if only electric fields are applied
Magic momentum for protons p = 70074 MeVc
G
mp
G 1
1
μp μN = 2792 847 356 (23) Gp = 17928473565μd μN = 0857 438 2308 (72) Gd = -014298727202μHe-3 μN = -2127 497 718 (25) G3He= -41839627399
Nuclear magneton μN = eħ (2mpc) = 5050 783 24 (13) middot 10-27 J T-1
frathmannfz-juelichde 73Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
frathmannfz-juelichde 74Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Machine acceptance
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 75
lost
cooled
targetring acceptance
beam
In an ideal machine (like TSR-HD)rarr Single-Coulomb scattering at
the target dominates beam loss
K Grigoriev et al NIMA 599130 (2009)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 76
Future Time Reversal Invariance Test
COSY-TRIC P-even T-odd
Total polarization correlation coefficient Ayxz leads to relative difference of current slopes
Milestone Operation of Precision BCT with IIlt10-4
IBeam
time
COSY used as accelerator and detector
PAX
Need for a high precision BCT
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 77
Status TRI Test at COSY
bull Slow fluctuations in the measured BCT signal exceed the noise band at higher frequencies
Possible solutionCryogenic Current Comparator read out by low-temperature super-conducting quantum interference device
Highest resolution achieved 250 pAHz
A Steppke IEEE Trans Appl Superc (2009)
D Eversheim Hyperfine Interact 193 (2009)
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
Frank Rathmann 7819th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of a Dream EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Crucial idea from FRathmann swap the role of the vertical and horizontal polarizations and the constant E-
field for RFE-field EDM flipper
bull EDM in the pure radial E-ring buildup of the vertical polarization from the horizontal one
bull Bill Morse Solution for COSY as it is is a radial RFE-flipper to convert the vertical polarization to the horizontal one
bull Need to cope with the precession of the horizonal polarization
bull Need very long SCT
bull d lt E-24 ecm for the deuteron EDM is within the reach of
COSY (if free of systematics)
polarized beam in ring
A
AS
one particle with magnetic moment
ldquospin tunerdquo
ldquospin closed orbit vectorrdquoCOn
s2
AS
ring
makes one turn
Vertical stable polarization
Frank Rathmann 16
αSy
θ
Horizonal spin after flipper
cos HH SSHS
HS
Beam
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Time with RFE Flipper
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
In situ access to systematics
bull Swap the radial RFE field for the radial RFH field
bull The magnetic moment shall do the same job as EDM
bull Go down to micro- amp nano-gauss to establish the sensitivity limit
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Itacutes all about systematics ndash stupid
hellip and money
Summary 1
Summary 2 The deuteron EDM lt 1 E-24 e cm is within the
reach of COSY supplemented by RFE-flipper (in the single-particle approx)
Similar upper bound is feasible for the proton (if decoherence free energies do exist)
An obviously long way from an ideal ring to the real thing plagued by systematics
But there is an in situ RFB access to sytematics via the magnetic moment of the deuteron (proton)
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
Frank Rathmann 4619th International Spin Physics Symposium
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
polarized beam in ring
A
AS
one particle with magnetic moment
ldquospin tunerdquo
ldquospin closed orbit vectorrdquoCOn
s2AS
ring
makes one turn
if is simple fraction of periodic perturbing precession kick frequency
sresonances
stable polarizationS
if COn
Frank Rathmann 4819th International Spin Physics Symposium
EDM at COSY ndash COoler SYnchrotron Cooler and storage ring for (polarized) protons and deuterons
p = 03 ndash 37 GeVc
Phase space cooled internal amp extracted beams
Injector cyclotron
COSY
hellip the spin-physics machinefor hadron physics
frathmannfz-juelichde 49Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Electric dipole moment (EDM)
A permanent EDM of a fundamental particle violates both parity (P) and
time reversal symmetry (T)
Assuming CPT to hold the combined symmetry CP is violated as well
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
frathmannfz-juelichde 51Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 52Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
NEW EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
frathmannfz-juelichde 53Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
One machine with r ~ 30 m
An all-in-one machine Protons
E-field only
54Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
5 10 15 20 25 30 350
20
40
60
80
100
Proton EDM
E-field (MVm)
radi
us (
m)
r1 E( )
E
r2 250 md 048 Gd Zd 844
r2 280 m3He 00575 G3He Z3He 21959
An all-in-one machine Deuterons
E and B fields
55Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 50015
10
5
0
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
frathmannfz-juelichde 57Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
)(1052 29 yearonecmepd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 58
COSY Concept for Snake
bull Should allow for flexible use at two locations
bull Fast ramping (lt 30s)
bull Cryogen-free system
bull Should be available in 2012
Bdl (Tm)
pnrarrppsπ- at 353 MeV
3329
PAX at COSY 140 MeV
1994
PAX at AD 500 MeV 4090
Tmax at COSY 288 GeV
13887
ANKE
PAXPAX
ANKE
An all-in-one machine Helions
E and B fields
59Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
30
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 60
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
Snake
Snake only
Siberian snake turns spin closed orbit along longitudinal axis
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 61
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Snake + RF E-field odd turns
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
Snake + RF E-field even turns
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
frathmannfz-juelichde 62Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Snake + reversed RF E-fields depolarization
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde 63
Parameters of a proton EDM measurementbullTp=140 MeV
bullERF=1 MVm Lcavity=05 m
bullTime of store 24h 631010 turnsbull=1 10-7 radbullSensitivity
bull dp=10-17 ecm p=59 105 s
bull dp=10-18 ecm p=59 107 s
2 1010 4 10
10 6 1010
0
02
04
06
08
d=10^-18 e cmd=10^-17 e cm
n (number of turns)
P(n
)P
(n)
n (number of turns)
dp=10-18 ecmdp=10-17 ecm
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 64
PE 2 Dual Beam Method (equivalent to g-2 d)
It seems possible to store protons and deuterons in COSY simultaneously
bull Assume dp=10-24 ecmbull Determine invariant spin axis of protons using polarimeter
bull Not clear whether one can get away with radial components of P only
bull Determine invariant spin axis for deuterons using polarimeterbull Difference between the two invariant spin axes sensitive to dd
bull Sensitivity similar to g-2 d dd=10-19 ecm
Polarimeter(determines pp and dp elastic)
p and d at same momentum
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 65
PE 3 Resonance Method with RF E-fields (variation of PE1)
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E-fieldvertical
polarization
spin precession governed by ( rest frame)
Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
This way the Edm signal gets accumulated during the cycle Statistical improvement over PE 1 is about Brings us in the 10-24 ecm range for dd
51011000 ss
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 66
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Constant E-field
Number of turns
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 67
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Linear extrapolation of P=sqrt(Px2+Py
2) for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 68
PE 4 Resonance Method of EDM Measurements in SR
Orlov Morse Semertzidis PRL 96 (2006)
E
BBvddt
sd )(
Measurement using an all magnetic ring
bull Sideways P EDM produces growing Py
bull Using two sub-beams with different v andmodulating v allows one to isolate d
bull Sensitivity dd=10-29 ecmyr
bull Idea was no longer pursued because systematic error is much larger
bull Systematic error estimates for all PEs require reliable spin tracking tools
Top priority to make them available ASAP
bull Next step bull Scrutinize potential of different PEsbull Identify PE with best systematic limit on dpd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 69
Summary
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
ldquoMan muszlig etwas Neues machen um etwas Neues zu sehenrdquo
ldquoYou have to make (create) something new if you want to see something newrdquo
frathmannfz-juelichde 70Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
frathmannfz-juelichde 71Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spare transparencies
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
bull Lower energy particle
bull hellipjust right
bull Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
frathmannfz-juelichde 72Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Freezing Spin Precession with E-Fields
11
01
12
G
G
G gt 0 for γ gt 1 if only electric fields are applied
Magic momentum for protons p = 70074 MeVc
G
mp
G 1
1
μp μN = 2792 847 356 (23) Gp = 17928473565μd μN = 0857 438 2308 (72) Gd = -014298727202μHe-3 μN = -2127 497 718 (25) G3He= -41839627399
Nuclear magneton μN = eħ (2mpc) = 5050 783 24 (13) middot 10-27 J T-1
frathmannfz-juelichde 73Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
frathmannfz-juelichde 74Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Machine acceptance
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 75
lost
cooled
targetring acceptance
beam
In an ideal machine (like TSR-HD)rarr Single-Coulomb scattering at
the target dominates beam loss
K Grigoriev et al NIMA 599130 (2009)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 76
Future Time Reversal Invariance Test
COSY-TRIC P-even T-odd
Total polarization correlation coefficient Ayxz leads to relative difference of current slopes
Milestone Operation of Precision BCT with IIlt10-4
IBeam
time
COSY used as accelerator and detector
PAX
Need for a high precision BCT
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 77
Status TRI Test at COSY
bull Slow fluctuations in the measured BCT signal exceed the noise band at higher frequencies
Possible solutionCryogenic Current Comparator read out by low-temperature super-conducting quantum interference device
Highest resolution achieved 250 pAHz
A Steppke IEEE Trans Appl Superc (2009)
D Eversheim Hyperfine Interact 193 (2009)
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
Frank Rathmann 7819th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
Crucial idea from FRathmann swap the role of the vertical and horizontal polarizations and the constant E-
field for RFE-field EDM flipper
bull EDM in the pure radial E-ring buildup of the vertical polarization from the horizontal one
bull Bill Morse Solution for COSY as it is is a radial RFE-flipper to convert the vertical polarization to the horizontal one
bull Need to cope with the precession of the horizonal polarization
bull Need very long SCT
bull d lt E-24 ecm for the deuteron EDM is within the reach of
COSY (if free of systematics)
polarized beam in ring
A
AS
one particle with magnetic moment
ldquospin tunerdquo
ldquospin closed orbit vectorrdquoCOn
s2
AS
ring
makes one turn
Vertical stable polarization
Frank Rathmann 16
αSy
θ
Horizonal spin after flipper
cos HH SSHS
HS
Beam
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Time with RFE Flipper
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
In situ access to systematics
bull Swap the radial RFE field for the radial RFH field
bull The magnetic moment shall do the same job as EDM
bull Go down to micro- amp nano-gauss to establish the sensitivity limit
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Itacutes all about systematics ndash stupid
hellip and money
Summary 1
Summary 2 The deuteron EDM lt 1 E-24 e cm is within the
reach of COSY supplemented by RFE-flipper (in the single-particle approx)
Similar upper bound is feasible for the proton (if decoherence free energies do exist)
An obviously long way from an ideal ring to the real thing plagued by systematics
But there is an in situ RFB access to sytematics via the magnetic moment of the deuteron (proton)
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
Frank Rathmann 4619th International Spin Physics Symposium
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
polarized beam in ring
A
AS
one particle with magnetic moment
ldquospin tunerdquo
ldquospin closed orbit vectorrdquoCOn
s2AS
ring
makes one turn
if is simple fraction of periodic perturbing precession kick frequency
sresonances
stable polarizationS
if COn
Frank Rathmann 4819th International Spin Physics Symposium
EDM at COSY ndash COoler SYnchrotron Cooler and storage ring for (polarized) protons and deuterons
p = 03 ndash 37 GeVc
Phase space cooled internal amp extracted beams
Injector cyclotron
COSY
hellip the spin-physics machinefor hadron physics
frathmannfz-juelichde 49Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Electric dipole moment (EDM)
A permanent EDM of a fundamental particle violates both parity (P) and
time reversal symmetry (T)
Assuming CPT to hold the combined symmetry CP is violated as well
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
frathmannfz-juelichde 51Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 52Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
NEW EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
frathmannfz-juelichde 53Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
One machine with r ~ 30 m
An all-in-one machine Protons
E-field only
54Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
5 10 15 20 25 30 350
20
40
60
80
100
Proton EDM
E-field (MVm)
radi
us (
m)
r1 E( )
E
r2 250 md 048 Gd Zd 844
r2 280 m3He 00575 G3He Z3He 21959
An all-in-one machine Deuterons
E and B fields
55Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 50015
10
5
0
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
frathmannfz-juelichde 57Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
)(1052 29 yearonecmepd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 58
COSY Concept for Snake
bull Should allow for flexible use at two locations
bull Fast ramping (lt 30s)
bull Cryogen-free system
bull Should be available in 2012
Bdl (Tm)
pnrarrppsπ- at 353 MeV
3329
PAX at COSY 140 MeV
1994
PAX at AD 500 MeV 4090
Tmax at COSY 288 GeV
13887
ANKE
PAXPAX
ANKE
An all-in-one machine Helions
E and B fields
59Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
30
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 60
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
Snake
Snake only
Siberian snake turns spin closed orbit along longitudinal axis
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 61
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Snake + RF E-field odd turns
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
Snake + RF E-field even turns
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
frathmannfz-juelichde 62Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Snake + reversed RF E-fields depolarization
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde 63
Parameters of a proton EDM measurementbullTp=140 MeV
bullERF=1 MVm Lcavity=05 m
bullTime of store 24h 631010 turnsbull=1 10-7 radbullSensitivity
bull dp=10-17 ecm p=59 105 s
bull dp=10-18 ecm p=59 107 s
2 1010 4 10
10 6 1010
0
02
04
06
08
d=10^-18 e cmd=10^-17 e cm
n (number of turns)
P(n
)P
(n)
n (number of turns)
dp=10-18 ecmdp=10-17 ecm
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 64
PE 2 Dual Beam Method (equivalent to g-2 d)
It seems possible to store protons and deuterons in COSY simultaneously
bull Assume dp=10-24 ecmbull Determine invariant spin axis of protons using polarimeter
bull Not clear whether one can get away with radial components of P only
bull Determine invariant spin axis for deuterons using polarimeterbull Difference between the two invariant spin axes sensitive to dd
bull Sensitivity similar to g-2 d dd=10-19 ecm
Polarimeter(determines pp and dp elastic)
p and d at same momentum
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 65
PE 3 Resonance Method with RF E-fields (variation of PE1)
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E-fieldvertical
polarization
spin precession governed by ( rest frame)
Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
This way the Edm signal gets accumulated during the cycle Statistical improvement over PE 1 is about Brings us in the 10-24 ecm range for dd
51011000 ss
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 66
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Constant E-field
Number of turns
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 67
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Linear extrapolation of P=sqrt(Px2+Py
2) for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 68
PE 4 Resonance Method of EDM Measurements in SR
Orlov Morse Semertzidis PRL 96 (2006)
E
BBvddt
sd )(
Measurement using an all magnetic ring
bull Sideways P EDM produces growing Py
bull Using two sub-beams with different v andmodulating v allows one to isolate d
bull Sensitivity dd=10-29 ecmyr
bull Idea was no longer pursued because systematic error is much larger
bull Systematic error estimates for all PEs require reliable spin tracking tools
Top priority to make them available ASAP
bull Next step bull Scrutinize potential of different PEsbull Identify PE with best systematic limit on dpd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 69
Summary
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
ldquoMan muszlig etwas Neues machen um etwas Neues zu sehenrdquo
ldquoYou have to make (create) something new if you want to see something newrdquo
frathmannfz-juelichde 70Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
frathmannfz-juelichde 71Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spare transparencies
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
bull Lower energy particle
bull hellipjust right
bull Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
frathmannfz-juelichde 72Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Freezing Spin Precession with E-Fields
11
01
12
G
G
G gt 0 for γ gt 1 if only electric fields are applied
Magic momentum for protons p = 70074 MeVc
G
mp
G 1
1
μp μN = 2792 847 356 (23) Gp = 17928473565μd μN = 0857 438 2308 (72) Gd = -014298727202μHe-3 μN = -2127 497 718 (25) G3He= -41839627399
Nuclear magneton μN = eħ (2mpc) = 5050 783 24 (13) middot 10-27 J T-1
frathmannfz-juelichde 73Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
frathmannfz-juelichde 74Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Machine acceptance
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 75
lost
cooled
targetring acceptance
beam
In an ideal machine (like TSR-HD)rarr Single-Coulomb scattering at
the target dominates beam loss
K Grigoriev et al NIMA 599130 (2009)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 76
Future Time Reversal Invariance Test
COSY-TRIC P-even T-odd
Total polarization correlation coefficient Ayxz leads to relative difference of current slopes
Milestone Operation of Precision BCT with IIlt10-4
IBeam
time
COSY used as accelerator and detector
PAX
Need for a high precision BCT
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 77
Status TRI Test at COSY
bull Slow fluctuations in the measured BCT signal exceed the noise band at higher frequencies
Possible solutionCryogenic Current Comparator read out by low-temperature super-conducting quantum interference device
Highest resolution achieved 250 pAHz
A Steppke IEEE Trans Appl Superc (2009)
D Eversheim Hyperfine Interact 193 (2009)
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
Frank Rathmann 7819th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
polarized beam in ring
A
AS
one particle with magnetic moment
ldquospin tunerdquo
ldquospin closed orbit vectorrdquoCOn
s2
AS
ring
makes one turn
Vertical stable polarization
Frank Rathmann 16
αSy
θ
Horizonal spin after flipper
cos HH SSHS
HS
Beam
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Time with RFE Flipper
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
In situ access to systematics
bull Swap the radial RFE field for the radial RFH field
bull The magnetic moment shall do the same job as EDM
bull Go down to micro- amp nano-gauss to establish the sensitivity limit
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Itacutes all about systematics ndash stupid
hellip and money
Summary 1
Summary 2 The deuteron EDM lt 1 E-24 e cm is within the
reach of COSY supplemented by RFE-flipper (in the single-particle approx)
Similar upper bound is feasible for the proton (if decoherence free energies do exist)
An obviously long way from an ideal ring to the real thing plagued by systematics
But there is an in situ RFB access to sytematics via the magnetic moment of the deuteron (proton)
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
Frank Rathmann 4619th International Spin Physics Symposium
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
polarized beam in ring
A
AS
one particle with magnetic moment
ldquospin tunerdquo
ldquospin closed orbit vectorrdquoCOn
s2AS
ring
makes one turn
if is simple fraction of periodic perturbing precession kick frequency
sresonances
stable polarizationS
if COn
Frank Rathmann 4819th International Spin Physics Symposium
EDM at COSY ndash COoler SYnchrotron Cooler and storage ring for (polarized) protons and deuterons
p = 03 ndash 37 GeVc
Phase space cooled internal amp extracted beams
Injector cyclotron
COSY
hellip the spin-physics machinefor hadron physics
frathmannfz-juelichde 49Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Electric dipole moment (EDM)
A permanent EDM of a fundamental particle violates both parity (P) and
time reversal symmetry (T)
Assuming CPT to hold the combined symmetry CP is violated as well
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
frathmannfz-juelichde 51Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 52Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
NEW EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
frathmannfz-juelichde 53Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
One machine with r ~ 30 m
An all-in-one machine Protons
E-field only
54Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
5 10 15 20 25 30 350
20
40
60
80
100
Proton EDM
E-field (MVm)
radi
us (
m)
r1 E( )
E
r2 250 md 048 Gd Zd 844
r2 280 m3He 00575 G3He Z3He 21959
An all-in-one machine Deuterons
E and B fields
55Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 50015
10
5
0
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
frathmannfz-juelichde 57Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
)(1052 29 yearonecmepd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 58
COSY Concept for Snake
bull Should allow for flexible use at two locations
bull Fast ramping (lt 30s)
bull Cryogen-free system
bull Should be available in 2012
Bdl (Tm)
pnrarrppsπ- at 353 MeV
3329
PAX at COSY 140 MeV
1994
PAX at AD 500 MeV 4090
Tmax at COSY 288 GeV
13887
ANKE
PAXPAX
ANKE
An all-in-one machine Helions
E and B fields
59Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
30
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 60
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
Snake
Snake only
Siberian snake turns spin closed orbit along longitudinal axis
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 61
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Snake + RF E-field odd turns
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
Snake + RF E-field even turns
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
frathmannfz-juelichde 62Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Snake + reversed RF E-fields depolarization
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde 63
Parameters of a proton EDM measurementbullTp=140 MeV
bullERF=1 MVm Lcavity=05 m
bullTime of store 24h 631010 turnsbull=1 10-7 radbullSensitivity
bull dp=10-17 ecm p=59 105 s
bull dp=10-18 ecm p=59 107 s
2 1010 4 10
10 6 1010
0
02
04
06
08
d=10^-18 e cmd=10^-17 e cm
n (number of turns)
P(n
)P
(n)
n (number of turns)
dp=10-18 ecmdp=10-17 ecm
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 64
PE 2 Dual Beam Method (equivalent to g-2 d)
It seems possible to store protons and deuterons in COSY simultaneously
bull Assume dp=10-24 ecmbull Determine invariant spin axis of protons using polarimeter
bull Not clear whether one can get away with radial components of P only
bull Determine invariant spin axis for deuterons using polarimeterbull Difference between the two invariant spin axes sensitive to dd
bull Sensitivity similar to g-2 d dd=10-19 ecm
Polarimeter(determines pp and dp elastic)
p and d at same momentum
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 65
PE 3 Resonance Method with RF E-fields (variation of PE1)
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E-fieldvertical
polarization
spin precession governed by ( rest frame)
Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
This way the Edm signal gets accumulated during the cycle Statistical improvement over PE 1 is about Brings us in the 10-24 ecm range for dd
51011000 ss
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 66
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Constant E-field
Number of turns
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 67
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Linear extrapolation of P=sqrt(Px2+Py
2) for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 68
PE 4 Resonance Method of EDM Measurements in SR
Orlov Morse Semertzidis PRL 96 (2006)
E
BBvddt
sd )(
Measurement using an all magnetic ring
bull Sideways P EDM produces growing Py
bull Using two sub-beams with different v andmodulating v allows one to isolate d
bull Sensitivity dd=10-29 ecmyr
bull Idea was no longer pursued because systematic error is much larger
bull Systematic error estimates for all PEs require reliable spin tracking tools
Top priority to make them available ASAP
bull Next step bull Scrutinize potential of different PEsbull Identify PE with best systematic limit on dpd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 69
Summary
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
ldquoMan muszlig etwas Neues machen um etwas Neues zu sehenrdquo
ldquoYou have to make (create) something new if you want to see something newrdquo
frathmannfz-juelichde 70Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
frathmannfz-juelichde 71Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spare transparencies
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
bull Lower energy particle
bull hellipjust right
bull Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
frathmannfz-juelichde 72Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Freezing Spin Precession with E-Fields
11
01
12
G
G
G gt 0 for γ gt 1 if only electric fields are applied
Magic momentum for protons p = 70074 MeVc
G
mp
G 1
1
μp μN = 2792 847 356 (23) Gp = 17928473565μd μN = 0857 438 2308 (72) Gd = -014298727202μHe-3 μN = -2127 497 718 (25) G3He= -41839627399
Nuclear magneton μN = eħ (2mpc) = 5050 783 24 (13) middot 10-27 J T-1
frathmannfz-juelichde 73Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
frathmannfz-juelichde 74Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Machine acceptance
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 75
lost
cooled
targetring acceptance
beam
In an ideal machine (like TSR-HD)rarr Single-Coulomb scattering at
the target dominates beam loss
K Grigoriev et al NIMA 599130 (2009)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 76
Future Time Reversal Invariance Test
COSY-TRIC P-even T-odd
Total polarization correlation coefficient Ayxz leads to relative difference of current slopes
Milestone Operation of Precision BCT with IIlt10-4
IBeam
time
COSY used as accelerator and detector
PAX
Need for a high precision BCT
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 77
Status TRI Test at COSY
bull Slow fluctuations in the measured BCT signal exceed the noise band at higher frequencies
Possible solutionCryogenic Current Comparator read out by low-temperature super-conducting quantum interference device
Highest resolution achieved 250 pAHz
A Steppke IEEE Trans Appl Superc (2009)
D Eversheim Hyperfine Interact 193 (2009)
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
Frank Rathmann 7819th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
αSy
θ
Horizonal spin after flipper
cos HH SSHS
HS
Beam
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Time with RFE Flipper
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
In situ access to systematics
bull Swap the radial RFE field for the radial RFH field
bull The magnetic moment shall do the same job as EDM
bull Go down to micro- amp nano-gauss to establish the sensitivity limit
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Itacutes all about systematics ndash stupid
hellip and money
Summary 1
Summary 2 The deuteron EDM lt 1 E-24 e cm is within the
reach of COSY supplemented by RFE-flipper (in the single-particle approx)
Similar upper bound is feasible for the proton (if decoherence free energies do exist)
An obviously long way from an ideal ring to the real thing plagued by systematics
But there is an in situ RFB access to sytematics via the magnetic moment of the deuteron (proton)
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
Frank Rathmann 4619th International Spin Physics Symposium
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
polarized beam in ring
A
AS
one particle with magnetic moment
ldquospin tunerdquo
ldquospin closed orbit vectorrdquoCOn
s2AS
ring
makes one turn
if is simple fraction of periodic perturbing precession kick frequency
sresonances
stable polarizationS
if COn
Frank Rathmann 4819th International Spin Physics Symposium
EDM at COSY ndash COoler SYnchrotron Cooler and storage ring for (polarized) protons and deuterons
p = 03 ndash 37 GeVc
Phase space cooled internal amp extracted beams
Injector cyclotron
COSY
hellip the spin-physics machinefor hadron physics
frathmannfz-juelichde 49Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Electric dipole moment (EDM)
A permanent EDM of a fundamental particle violates both parity (P) and
time reversal symmetry (T)
Assuming CPT to hold the combined symmetry CP is violated as well
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
frathmannfz-juelichde 51Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 52Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
NEW EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
frathmannfz-juelichde 53Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
One machine with r ~ 30 m
An all-in-one machine Protons
E-field only
54Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
5 10 15 20 25 30 350
20
40
60
80
100
Proton EDM
E-field (MVm)
radi
us (
m)
r1 E( )
E
r2 250 md 048 Gd Zd 844
r2 280 m3He 00575 G3He Z3He 21959
An all-in-one machine Deuterons
E and B fields
55Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 50015
10
5
0
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
frathmannfz-juelichde 57Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
)(1052 29 yearonecmepd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 58
COSY Concept for Snake
bull Should allow for flexible use at two locations
bull Fast ramping (lt 30s)
bull Cryogen-free system
bull Should be available in 2012
Bdl (Tm)
pnrarrppsπ- at 353 MeV
3329
PAX at COSY 140 MeV
1994
PAX at AD 500 MeV 4090
Tmax at COSY 288 GeV
13887
ANKE
PAXPAX
ANKE
An all-in-one machine Helions
E and B fields
59Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
30
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 60
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
Snake
Snake only
Siberian snake turns spin closed orbit along longitudinal axis
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 61
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Snake + RF E-field odd turns
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
Snake + RF E-field even turns
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
frathmannfz-juelichde 62Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Snake + reversed RF E-fields depolarization
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde 63
Parameters of a proton EDM measurementbullTp=140 MeV
bullERF=1 MVm Lcavity=05 m
bullTime of store 24h 631010 turnsbull=1 10-7 radbullSensitivity
bull dp=10-17 ecm p=59 105 s
bull dp=10-18 ecm p=59 107 s
2 1010 4 10
10 6 1010
0
02
04
06
08
d=10^-18 e cmd=10^-17 e cm
n (number of turns)
P(n
)P
(n)
n (number of turns)
dp=10-18 ecmdp=10-17 ecm
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 64
PE 2 Dual Beam Method (equivalent to g-2 d)
It seems possible to store protons and deuterons in COSY simultaneously
bull Assume dp=10-24 ecmbull Determine invariant spin axis of protons using polarimeter
bull Not clear whether one can get away with radial components of P only
bull Determine invariant spin axis for deuterons using polarimeterbull Difference between the two invariant spin axes sensitive to dd
bull Sensitivity similar to g-2 d dd=10-19 ecm
Polarimeter(determines pp and dp elastic)
p and d at same momentum
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 65
PE 3 Resonance Method with RF E-fields (variation of PE1)
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E-fieldvertical
polarization
spin precession governed by ( rest frame)
Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
This way the Edm signal gets accumulated during the cycle Statistical improvement over PE 1 is about Brings us in the 10-24 ecm range for dd
51011000 ss
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 66
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Constant E-field
Number of turns
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 67
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Linear extrapolation of P=sqrt(Px2+Py
2) for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 68
PE 4 Resonance Method of EDM Measurements in SR
Orlov Morse Semertzidis PRL 96 (2006)
E
BBvddt
sd )(
Measurement using an all magnetic ring
bull Sideways P EDM produces growing Py
bull Using two sub-beams with different v andmodulating v allows one to isolate d
bull Sensitivity dd=10-29 ecmyr
bull Idea was no longer pursued because systematic error is much larger
bull Systematic error estimates for all PEs require reliable spin tracking tools
Top priority to make them available ASAP
bull Next step bull Scrutinize potential of different PEsbull Identify PE with best systematic limit on dpd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 69
Summary
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
ldquoMan muszlig etwas Neues machen um etwas Neues zu sehenrdquo
ldquoYou have to make (create) something new if you want to see something newrdquo
frathmannfz-juelichde 70Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
frathmannfz-juelichde 71Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spare transparencies
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
bull Lower energy particle
bull hellipjust right
bull Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
frathmannfz-juelichde 72Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Freezing Spin Precession with E-Fields
11
01
12
G
G
G gt 0 for γ gt 1 if only electric fields are applied
Magic momentum for protons p = 70074 MeVc
G
mp
G 1
1
μp μN = 2792 847 356 (23) Gp = 17928473565μd μN = 0857 438 2308 (72) Gd = -014298727202μHe-3 μN = -2127 497 718 (25) G3He= -41839627399
Nuclear magneton μN = eħ (2mpc) = 5050 783 24 (13) middot 10-27 J T-1
frathmannfz-juelichde 73Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
frathmannfz-juelichde 74Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Machine acceptance
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 75
lost
cooled
targetring acceptance
beam
In an ideal machine (like TSR-HD)rarr Single-Coulomb scattering at
the target dominates beam loss
K Grigoriev et al NIMA 599130 (2009)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 76
Future Time Reversal Invariance Test
COSY-TRIC P-even T-odd
Total polarization correlation coefficient Ayxz leads to relative difference of current slopes
Milestone Operation of Precision BCT with IIlt10-4
IBeam
time
COSY used as accelerator and detector
PAX
Need for a high precision BCT
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 77
Status TRI Test at COSY
bull Slow fluctuations in the measured BCT signal exceed the noise band at higher frequencies
Possible solutionCryogenic Current Comparator read out by low-temperature super-conducting quantum interference device
Highest resolution achieved 250 pAHz
A Steppke IEEE Trans Appl Superc (2009)
D Eversheim Hyperfine Interact 193 (2009)
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
Frank Rathmann 7819th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Time with RFE Flipper
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
In situ access to systematics
bull Swap the radial RFE field for the radial RFH field
bull The magnetic moment shall do the same job as EDM
bull Go down to micro- amp nano-gauss to establish the sensitivity limit
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Itacutes all about systematics ndash stupid
hellip and money
Summary 1
Summary 2 The deuteron EDM lt 1 E-24 e cm is within the
reach of COSY supplemented by RFE-flipper (in the single-particle approx)
Similar upper bound is feasible for the proton (if decoherence free energies do exist)
An obviously long way from an ideal ring to the real thing plagued by systematics
But there is an in situ RFB access to sytematics via the magnetic moment of the deuteron (proton)
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
Frank Rathmann 4619th International Spin Physics Symposium
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
polarized beam in ring
A
AS
one particle with magnetic moment
ldquospin tunerdquo
ldquospin closed orbit vectorrdquoCOn
s2AS
ring
makes one turn
if is simple fraction of periodic perturbing precession kick frequency
sresonances
stable polarizationS
if COn
Frank Rathmann 4819th International Spin Physics Symposium
EDM at COSY ndash COoler SYnchrotron Cooler and storage ring for (polarized) protons and deuterons
p = 03 ndash 37 GeVc
Phase space cooled internal amp extracted beams
Injector cyclotron
COSY
hellip the spin-physics machinefor hadron physics
frathmannfz-juelichde 49Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Electric dipole moment (EDM)
A permanent EDM of a fundamental particle violates both parity (P) and
time reversal symmetry (T)
Assuming CPT to hold the combined symmetry CP is violated as well
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
frathmannfz-juelichde 51Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 52Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
NEW EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
frathmannfz-juelichde 53Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
One machine with r ~ 30 m
An all-in-one machine Protons
E-field only
54Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
5 10 15 20 25 30 350
20
40
60
80
100
Proton EDM
E-field (MVm)
radi
us (
m)
r1 E( )
E
r2 250 md 048 Gd Zd 844
r2 280 m3He 00575 G3He Z3He 21959
An all-in-one machine Deuterons
E and B fields
55Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 50015
10
5
0
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
frathmannfz-juelichde 57Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
)(1052 29 yearonecmepd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 58
COSY Concept for Snake
bull Should allow for flexible use at two locations
bull Fast ramping (lt 30s)
bull Cryogen-free system
bull Should be available in 2012
Bdl (Tm)
pnrarrppsπ- at 353 MeV
3329
PAX at COSY 140 MeV
1994
PAX at AD 500 MeV 4090
Tmax at COSY 288 GeV
13887
ANKE
PAXPAX
ANKE
An all-in-one machine Helions
E and B fields
59Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
30
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 60
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
Snake
Snake only
Siberian snake turns spin closed orbit along longitudinal axis
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 61
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Snake + RF E-field odd turns
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
Snake + RF E-field even turns
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
frathmannfz-juelichde 62Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Snake + reversed RF E-fields depolarization
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde 63
Parameters of a proton EDM measurementbullTp=140 MeV
bullERF=1 MVm Lcavity=05 m
bullTime of store 24h 631010 turnsbull=1 10-7 radbullSensitivity
bull dp=10-17 ecm p=59 105 s
bull dp=10-18 ecm p=59 107 s
2 1010 4 10
10 6 1010
0
02
04
06
08
d=10^-18 e cmd=10^-17 e cm
n (number of turns)
P(n
)P
(n)
n (number of turns)
dp=10-18 ecmdp=10-17 ecm
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 64
PE 2 Dual Beam Method (equivalent to g-2 d)
It seems possible to store protons and deuterons in COSY simultaneously
bull Assume dp=10-24 ecmbull Determine invariant spin axis of protons using polarimeter
bull Not clear whether one can get away with radial components of P only
bull Determine invariant spin axis for deuterons using polarimeterbull Difference between the two invariant spin axes sensitive to dd
bull Sensitivity similar to g-2 d dd=10-19 ecm
Polarimeter(determines pp and dp elastic)
p and d at same momentum
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 65
PE 3 Resonance Method with RF E-fields (variation of PE1)
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E-fieldvertical
polarization
spin precession governed by ( rest frame)
Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
This way the Edm signal gets accumulated during the cycle Statistical improvement over PE 1 is about Brings us in the 10-24 ecm range for dd
51011000 ss
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 66
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Constant E-field
Number of turns
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 67
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Linear extrapolation of P=sqrt(Px2+Py
2) for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 68
PE 4 Resonance Method of EDM Measurements in SR
Orlov Morse Semertzidis PRL 96 (2006)
E
BBvddt
sd )(
Measurement using an all magnetic ring
bull Sideways P EDM produces growing Py
bull Using two sub-beams with different v andmodulating v allows one to isolate d
bull Sensitivity dd=10-29 ecmyr
bull Idea was no longer pursued because systematic error is much larger
bull Systematic error estimates for all PEs require reliable spin tracking tools
Top priority to make them available ASAP
bull Next step bull Scrutinize potential of different PEsbull Identify PE with best systematic limit on dpd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 69
Summary
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
ldquoMan muszlig etwas Neues machen um etwas Neues zu sehenrdquo
ldquoYou have to make (create) something new if you want to see something newrdquo
frathmannfz-juelichde 70Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
frathmannfz-juelichde 71Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spare transparencies
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
bull Lower energy particle
bull hellipjust right
bull Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
frathmannfz-juelichde 72Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Freezing Spin Precession with E-Fields
11
01
12
G
G
G gt 0 for γ gt 1 if only electric fields are applied
Magic momentum for protons p = 70074 MeVc
G
mp
G 1
1
μp μN = 2792 847 356 (23) Gp = 17928473565μd μN = 0857 438 2308 (72) Gd = -014298727202μHe-3 μN = -2127 497 718 (25) G3He= -41839627399
Nuclear magneton μN = eħ (2mpc) = 5050 783 24 (13) middot 10-27 J T-1
frathmannfz-juelichde 73Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
frathmannfz-juelichde 74Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Machine acceptance
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 75
lost
cooled
targetring acceptance
beam
In an ideal machine (like TSR-HD)rarr Single-Coulomb scattering at
the target dominates beam loss
K Grigoriev et al NIMA 599130 (2009)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 76
Future Time Reversal Invariance Test
COSY-TRIC P-even T-odd
Total polarization correlation coefficient Ayxz leads to relative difference of current slopes
Milestone Operation of Precision BCT with IIlt10-4
IBeam
time
COSY used as accelerator and detector
PAX
Need for a high precision BCT
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 77
Status TRI Test at COSY
bull Slow fluctuations in the measured BCT signal exceed the noise band at higher frequencies
Possible solutionCryogenic Current Comparator read out by low-temperature super-conducting quantum interference device
Highest resolution achieved 250 pAHz
A Steppke IEEE Trans Appl Superc (2009)
D Eversheim Hyperfine Interact 193 (2009)
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
Frank Rathmann 7819th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
Spin Coherence Time with RFE Flipper
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
In situ access to systematics
bull Swap the radial RFE field for the radial RFH field
bull The magnetic moment shall do the same job as EDM
bull Go down to micro- amp nano-gauss to establish the sensitivity limit
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Itacutes all about systematics ndash stupid
hellip and money
Summary 1
Summary 2 The deuteron EDM lt 1 E-24 e cm is within the
reach of COSY supplemented by RFE-flipper (in the single-particle approx)
Similar upper bound is feasible for the proton (if decoherence free energies do exist)
An obviously long way from an ideal ring to the real thing plagued by systematics
But there is an in situ RFB access to sytematics via the magnetic moment of the deuteron (proton)
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
Frank Rathmann 4619th International Spin Physics Symposium
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
polarized beam in ring
A
AS
one particle with magnetic moment
ldquospin tunerdquo
ldquospin closed orbit vectorrdquoCOn
s2AS
ring
makes one turn
if is simple fraction of periodic perturbing precession kick frequency
sresonances
stable polarizationS
if COn
Frank Rathmann 4819th International Spin Physics Symposium
EDM at COSY ndash COoler SYnchrotron Cooler and storage ring for (polarized) protons and deuterons
p = 03 ndash 37 GeVc
Phase space cooled internal amp extracted beams
Injector cyclotron
COSY
hellip the spin-physics machinefor hadron physics
frathmannfz-juelichde 49Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Electric dipole moment (EDM)
A permanent EDM of a fundamental particle violates both parity (P) and
time reversal symmetry (T)
Assuming CPT to hold the combined symmetry CP is violated as well
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
frathmannfz-juelichde 51Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 52Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
NEW EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
frathmannfz-juelichde 53Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
One machine with r ~ 30 m
An all-in-one machine Protons
E-field only
54Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
5 10 15 20 25 30 350
20
40
60
80
100
Proton EDM
E-field (MVm)
radi
us (
m)
r1 E( )
E
r2 250 md 048 Gd Zd 844
r2 280 m3He 00575 G3He Z3He 21959
An all-in-one machine Deuterons
E and B fields
55Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 50015
10
5
0
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
frathmannfz-juelichde 57Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
)(1052 29 yearonecmepd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 58
COSY Concept for Snake
bull Should allow for flexible use at two locations
bull Fast ramping (lt 30s)
bull Cryogen-free system
bull Should be available in 2012
Bdl (Tm)
pnrarrppsπ- at 353 MeV
3329
PAX at COSY 140 MeV
1994
PAX at AD 500 MeV 4090
Tmax at COSY 288 GeV
13887
ANKE
PAXPAX
ANKE
An all-in-one machine Helions
E and B fields
59Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
30
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 60
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
Snake
Snake only
Siberian snake turns spin closed orbit along longitudinal axis
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 61
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Snake + RF E-field odd turns
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
Snake + RF E-field even turns
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
frathmannfz-juelichde 62Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Snake + reversed RF E-fields depolarization
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde 63
Parameters of a proton EDM measurementbullTp=140 MeV
bullERF=1 MVm Lcavity=05 m
bullTime of store 24h 631010 turnsbull=1 10-7 radbullSensitivity
bull dp=10-17 ecm p=59 105 s
bull dp=10-18 ecm p=59 107 s
2 1010 4 10
10 6 1010
0
02
04
06
08
d=10^-18 e cmd=10^-17 e cm
n (number of turns)
P(n
)P
(n)
n (number of turns)
dp=10-18 ecmdp=10-17 ecm
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 64
PE 2 Dual Beam Method (equivalent to g-2 d)
It seems possible to store protons and deuterons in COSY simultaneously
bull Assume dp=10-24 ecmbull Determine invariant spin axis of protons using polarimeter
bull Not clear whether one can get away with radial components of P only
bull Determine invariant spin axis for deuterons using polarimeterbull Difference between the two invariant spin axes sensitive to dd
bull Sensitivity similar to g-2 d dd=10-19 ecm
Polarimeter(determines pp and dp elastic)
p and d at same momentum
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 65
PE 3 Resonance Method with RF E-fields (variation of PE1)
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E-fieldvertical
polarization
spin precession governed by ( rest frame)
Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
This way the Edm signal gets accumulated during the cycle Statistical improvement over PE 1 is about Brings us in the 10-24 ecm range for dd
51011000 ss
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 66
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Constant E-field
Number of turns
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 67
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Linear extrapolation of P=sqrt(Px2+Py
2) for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 68
PE 4 Resonance Method of EDM Measurements in SR
Orlov Morse Semertzidis PRL 96 (2006)
E
BBvddt
sd )(
Measurement using an all magnetic ring
bull Sideways P EDM produces growing Py
bull Using two sub-beams with different v andmodulating v allows one to isolate d
bull Sensitivity dd=10-29 ecmyr
bull Idea was no longer pursued because systematic error is much larger
bull Systematic error estimates for all PEs require reliable spin tracking tools
Top priority to make them available ASAP
bull Next step bull Scrutinize potential of different PEsbull Identify PE with best systematic limit on dpd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 69
Summary
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
ldquoMan muszlig etwas Neues machen um etwas Neues zu sehenrdquo
ldquoYou have to make (create) something new if you want to see something newrdquo
frathmannfz-juelichde 70Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
frathmannfz-juelichde 71Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spare transparencies
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
bull Lower energy particle
bull hellipjust right
bull Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
frathmannfz-juelichde 72Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Freezing Spin Precession with E-Fields
11
01
12
G
G
G gt 0 for γ gt 1 if only electric fields are applied
Magic momentum for protons p = 70074 MeVc
G
mp
G 1
1
μp μN = 2792 847 356 (23) Gp = 17928473565μd μN = 0857 438 2308 (72) Gd = -014298727202μHe-3 μN = -2127 497 718 (25) G3He= -41839627399
Nuclear magneton μN = eħ (2mpc) = 5050 783 24 (13) middot 10-27 J T-1
frathmannfz-juelichde 73Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
frathmannfz-juelichde 74Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Machine acceptance
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 75
lost
cooled
targetring acceptance
beam
In an ideal machine (like TSR-HD)rarr Single-Coulomb scattering at
the target dominates beam loss
K Grigoriev et al NIMA 599130 (2009)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 76
Future Time Reversal Invariance Test
COSY-TRIC P-even T-odd
Total polarization correlation coefficient Ayxz leads to relative difference of current slopes
Milestone Operation of Precision BCT with IIlt10-4
IBeam
time
COSY used as accelerator and detector
PAX
Need for a high precision BCT
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 77
Status TRI Test at COSY
bull Slow fluctuations in the measured BCT signal exceed the noise band at higher frequencies
Possible solutionCryogenic Current Comparator read out by low-temperature super-conducting quantum interference device
Highest resolution achieved 250 pAHz
A Steppke IEEE Trans Appl Superc (2009)
D Eversheim Hyperfine Interact 193 (2009)
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
Frank Rathmann 7819th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
In situ access to systematics
bull Swap the radial RFE field for the radial RFH field
bull The magnetic moment shall do the same job as EDM
bull Go down to micro- amp nano-gauss to establish the sensitivity limit
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Itacutes all about systematics ndash stupid
hellip and money
Summary 1
Summary 2 The deuteron EDM lt 1 E-24 e cm is within the
reach of COSY supplemented by RFE-flipper (in the single-particle approx)
Similar upper bound is feasible for the proton (if decoherence free energies do exist)
An obviously long way from an ideal ring to the real thing plagued by systematics
But there is an in situ RFB access to sytematics via the magnetic moment of the deuteron (proton)
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
Frank Rathmann 4619th International Spin Physics Symposium
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
polarized beam in ring
A
AS
one particle with magnetic moment
ldquospin tunerdquo
ldquospin closed orbit vectorrdquoCOn
s2AS
ring
makes one turn
if is simple fraction of periodic perturbing precession kick frequency
sresonances
stable polarizationS
if COn
Frank Rathmann 4819th International Spin Physics Symposium
EDM at COSY ndash COoler SYnchrotron Cooler and storage ring for (polarized) protons and deuterons
p = 03 ndash 37 GeVc
Phase space cooled internal amp extracted beams
Injector cyclotron
COSY
hellip the spin-physics machinefor hadron physics
frathmannfz-juelichde 49Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Electric dipole moment (EDM)
A permanent EDM of a fundamental particle violates both parity (P) and
time reversal symmetry (T)
Assuming CPT to hold the combined symmetry CP is violated as well
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
frathmannfz-juelichde 51Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 52Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
NEW EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
frathmannfz-juelichde 53Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
One machine with r ~ 30 m
An all-in-one machine Protons
E-field only
54Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
5 10 15 20 25 30 350
20
40
60
80
100
Proton EDM
E-field (MVm)
radi
us (
m)
r1 E( )
E
r2 250 md 048 Gd Zd 844
r2 280 m3He 00575 G3He Z3He 21959
An all-in-one machine Deuterons
E and B fields
55Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 50015
10
5
0
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
frathmannfz-juelichde 57Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
)(1052 29 yearonecmepd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 58
COSY Concept for Snake
bull Should allow for flexible use at two locations
bull Fast ramping (lt 30s)
bull Cryogen-free system
bull Should be available in 2012
Bdl (Tm)
pnrarrppsπ- at 353 MeV
3329
PAX at COSY 140 MeV
1994
PAX at AD 500 MeV 4090
Tmax at COSY 288 GeV
13887
ANKE
PAXPAX
ANKE
An all-in-one machine Helions
E and B fields
59Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
30
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 60
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
Snake
Snake only
Siberian snake turns spin closed orbit along longitudinal axis
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 61
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Snake + RF E-field odd turns
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
Snake + RF E-field even turns
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
frathmannfz-juelichde 62Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Snake + reversed RF E-fields depolarization
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde 63
Parameters of a proton EDM measurementbullTp=140 MeV
bullERF=1 MVm Lcavity=05 m
bullTime of store 24h 631010 turnsbull=1 10-7 radbullSensitivity
bull dp=10-17 ecm p=59 105 s
bull dp=10-18 ecm p=59 107 s
2 1010 4 10
10 6 1010
0
02
04
06
08
d=10^-18 e cmd=10^-17 e cm
n (number of turns)
P(n
)P
(n)
n (number of turns)
dp=10-18 ecmdp=10-17 ecm
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 64
PE 2 Dual Beam Method (equivalent to g-2 d)
It seems possible to store protons and deuterons in COSY simultaneously
bull Assume dp=10-24 ecmbull Determine invariant spin axis of protons using polarimeter
bull Not clear whether one can get away with radial components of P only
bull Determine invariant spin axis for deuterons using polarimeterbull Difference between the two invariant spin axes sensitive to dd
bull Sensitivity similar to g-2 d dd=10-19 ecm
Polarimeter(determines pp and dp elastic)
p and d at same momentum
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 65
PE 3 Resonance Method with RF E-fields (variation of PE1)
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E-fieldvertical
polarization
spin precession governed by ( rest frame)
Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
This way the Edm signal gets accumulated during the cycle Statistical improvement over PE 1 is about Brings us in the 10-24 ecm range for dd
51011000 ss
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 66
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Constant E-field
Number of turns
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 67
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Linear extrapolation of P=sqrt(Px2+Py
2) for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 68
PE 4 Resonance Method of EDM Measurements in SR
Orlov Morse Semertzidis PRL 96 (2006)
E
BBvddt
sd )(
Measurement using an all magnetic ring
bull Sideways P EDM produces growing Py
bull Using two sub-beams with different v andmodulating v allows one to isolate d
bull Sensitivity dd=10-29 ecmyr
bull Idea was no longer pursued because systematic error is much larger
bull Systematic error estimates for all PEs require reliable spin tracking tools
Top priority to make them available ASAP
bull Next step bull Scrutinize potential of different PEsbull Identify PE with best systematic limit on dpd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 69
Summary
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
ldquoMan muszlig etwas Neues machen um etwas Neues zu sehenrdquo
ldquoYou have to make (create) something new if you want to see something newrdquo
frathmannfz-juelichde 70Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
frathmannfz-juelichde 71Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spare transparencies
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
bull Lower energy particle
bull hellipjust right
bull Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
frathmannfz-juelichde 72Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Freezing Spin Precession with E-Fields
11
01
12
G
G
G gt 0 for γ gt 1 if only electric fields are applied
Magic momentum for protons p = 70074 MeVc
G
mp
G 1
1
μp μN = 2792 847 356 (23) Gp = 17928473565μd μN = 0857 438 2308 (72) Gd = -014298727202μHe-3 μN = -2127 497 718 (25) G3He= -41839627399
Nuclear magneton μN = eħ (2mpc) = 5050 783 24 (13) middot 10-27 J T-1
frathmannfz-juelichde 73Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
frathmannfz-juelichde 74Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Machine acceptance
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 75
lost
cooled
targetring acceptance
beam
In an ideal machine (like TSR-HD)rarr Single-Coulomb scattering at
the target dominates beam loss
K Grigoriev et al NIMA 599130 (2009)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 76
Future Time Reversal Invariance Test
COSY-TRIC P-even T-odd
Total polarization correlation coefficient Ayxz leads to relative difference of current slopes
Milestone Operation of Precision BCT with IIlt10-4
IBeam
time
COSY used as accelerator and detector
PAX
Need for a high precision BCT
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 77
Status TRI Test at COSY
bull Slow fluctuations in the measured BCT signal exceed the noise band at higher frequencies
Possible solutionCryogenic Current Comparator read out by low-temperature super-conducting quantum interference device
Highest resolution achieved 250 pAHz
A Steppke IEEE Trans Appl Superc (2009)
D Eversheim Hyperfine Interact 193 (2009)
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
Frank Rathmann 7819th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Itacutes all about systematics ndash stupid
hellip and money
Summary 1
Summary 2 The deuteron EDM lt 1 E-24 e cm is within the
reach of COSY supplemented by RFE-flipper (in the single-particle approx)
Similar upper bound is feasible for the proton (if decoherence free energies do exist)
An obviously long way from an ideal ring to the real thing plagued by systematics
But there is an in situ RFB access to sytematics via the magnetic moment of the deuteron (proton)
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
Frank Rathmann 4619th International Spin Physics Symposium
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
polarized beam in ring
A
AS
one particle with magnetic moment
ldquospin tunerdquo
ldquospin closed orbit vectorrdquoCOn
s2AS
ring
makes one turn
if is simple fraction of periodic perturbing precession kick frequency
sresonances
stable polarizationS
if COn
Frank Rathmann 4819th International Spin Physics Symposium
EDM at COSY ndash COoler SYnchrotron Cooler and storage ring for (polarized) protons and deuterons
p = 03 ndash 37 GeVc
Phase space cooled internal amp extracted beams
Injector cyclotron
COSY
hellip the spin-physics machinefor hadron physics
frathmannfz-juelichde 49Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Electric dipole moment (EDM)
A permanent EDM of a fundamental particle violates both parity (P) and
time reversal symmetry (T)
Assuming CPT to hold the combined symmetry CP is violated as well
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
frathmannfz-juelichde 51Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 52Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
NEW EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
frathmannfz-juelichde 53Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
One machine with r ~ 30 m
An all-in-one machine Protons
E-field only
54Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
5 10 15 20 25 30 350
20
40
60
80
100
Proton EDM
E-field (MVm)
radi
us (
m)
r1 E( )
E
r2 250 md 048 Gd Zd 844
r2 280 m3He 00575 G3He Z3He 21959
An all-in-one machine Deuterons
E and B fields
55Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 50015
10
5
0
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
frathmannfz-juelichde 57Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
)(1052 29 yearonecmepd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 58
COSY Concept for Snake
bull Should allow for flexible use at two locations
bull Fast ramping (lt 30s)
bull Cryogen-free system
bull Should be available in 2012
Bdl (Tm)
pnrarrppsπ- at 353 MeV
3329
PAX at COSY 140 MeV
1994
PAX at AD 500 MeV 4090
Tmax at COSY 288 GeV
13887
ANKE
PAXPAX
ANKE
An all-in-one machine Helions
E and B fields
59Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
30
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 60
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
Snake
Snake only
Siberian snake turns spin closed orbit along longitudinal axis
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 61
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Snake + RF E-field odd turns
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
Snake + RF E-field even turns
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
frathmannfz-juelichde 62Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Snake + reversed RF E-fields depolarization
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde 63
Parameters of a proton EDM measurementbullTp=140 MeV
bullERF=1 MVm Lcavity=05 m
bullTime of store 24h 631010 turnsbull=1 10-7 radbullSensitivity
bull dp=10-17 ecm p=59 105 s
bull dp=10-18 ecm p=59 107 s
2 1010 4 10
10 6 1010
0
02
04
06
08
d=10^-18 e cmd=10^-17 e cm
n (number of turns)
P(n
)P
(n)
n (number of turns)
dp=10-18 ecmdp=10-17 ecm
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 64
PE 2 Dual Beam Method (equivalent to g-2 d)
It seems possible to store protons and deuterons in COSY simultaneously
bull Assume dp=10-24 ecmbull Determine invariant spin axis of protons using polarimeter
bull Not clear whether one can get away with radial components of P only
bull Determine invariant spin axis for deuterons using polarimeterbull Difference between the two invariant spin axes sensitive to dd
bull Sensitivity similar to g-2 d dd=10-19 ecm
Polarimeter(determines pp and dp elastic)
p and d at same momentum
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 65
PE 3 Resonance Method with RF E-fields (variation of PE1)
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E-fieldvertical
polarization
spin precession governed by ( rest frame)
Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
This way the Edm signal gets accumulated during the cycle Statistical improvement over PE 1 is about Brings us in the 10-24 ecm range for dd
51011000 ss
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 66
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Constant E-field
Number of turns
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 67
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Linear extrapolation of P=sqrt(Px2+Py
2) for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 68
PE 4 Resonance Method of EDM Measurements in SR
Orlov Morse Semertzidis PRL 96 (2006)
E
BBvddt
sd )(
Measurement using an all magnetic ring
bull Sideways P EDM produces growing Py
bull Using two sub-beams with different v andmodulating v allows one to isolate d
bull Sensitivity dd=10-29 ecmyr
bull Idea was no longer pursued because systematic error is much larger
bull Systematic error estimates for all PEs require reliable spin tracking tools
Top priority to make them available ASAP
bull Next step bull Scrutinize potential of different PEsbull Identify PE with best systematic limit on dpd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 69
Summary
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
ldquoMan muszlig etwas Neues machen um etwas Neues zu sehenrdquo
ldquoYou have to make (create) something new if you want to see something newrdquo
frathmannfz-juelichde 70Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
frathmannfz-juelichde 71Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spare transparencies
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
bull Lower energy particle
bull hellipjust right
bull Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
frathmannfz-juelichde 72Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Freezing Spin Precession with E-Fields
11
01
12
G
G
G gt 0 for γ gt 1 if only electric fields are applied
Magic momentum for protons p = 70074 MeVc
G
mp
G 1
1
μp μN = 2792 847 356 (23) Gp = 17928473565μd μN = 0857 438 2308 (72) Gd = -014298727202μHe-3 μN = -2127 497 718 (25) G3He= -41839627399
Nuclear magneton μN = eħ (2mpc) = 5050 783 24 (13) middot 10-27 J T-1
frathmannfz-juelichde 73Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
frathmannfz-juelichde 74Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Machine acceptance
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 75
lost
cooled
targetring acceptance
beam
In an ideal machine (like TSR-HD)rarr Single-Coulomb scattering at
the target dominates beam loss
K Grigoriev et al NIMA 599130 (2009)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 76
Future Time Reversal Invariance Test
COSY-TRIC P-even T-odd
Total polarization correlation coefficient Ayxz leads to relative difference of current slopes
Milestone Operation of Precision BCT with IIlt10-4
IBeam
time
COSY used as accelerator and detector
PAX
Need for a high precision BCT
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 77
Status TRI Test at COSY
bull Slow fluctuations in the measured BCT signal exceed the noise band at higher frequencies
Possible solutionCryogenic Current Comparator read out by low-temperature super-conducting quantum interference device
Highest resolution achieved 250 pAHz
A Steppke IEEE Trans Appl Superc (2009)
D Eversheim Hyperfine Interact 193 (2009)
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
Frank Rathmann 7819th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
Itacutes all about systematics ndash stupid
hellip and money
Summary 1
Summary 2 The deuteron EDM lt 1 E-24 e cm is within the
reach of COSY supplemented by RFE-flipper (in the single-particle approx)
Similar upper bound is feasible for the proton (if decoherence free energies do exist)
An obviously long way from an ideal ring to the real thing plagued by systematics
But there is an in situ RFB access to sytematics via the magnetic moment of the deuteron (proton)
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
Frank Rathmann 4619th International Spin Physics Symposium
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
polarized beam in ring
A
AS
one particle with magnetic moment
ldquospin tunerdquo
ldquospin closed orbit vectorrdquoCOn
s2AS
ring
makes one turn
if is simple fraction of periodic perturbing precession kick frequency
sresonances
stable polarizationS
if COn
Frank Rathmann 4819th International Spin Physics Symposium
EDM at COSY ndash COoler SYnchrotron Cooler and storage ring for (polarized) protons and deuterons
p = 03 ndash 37 GeVc
Phase space cooled internal amp extracted beams
Injector cyclotron
COSY
hellip the spin-physics machinefor hadron physics
frathmannfz-juelichde 49Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Electric dipole moment (EDM)
A permanent EDM of a fundamental particle violates both parity (P) and
time reversal symmetry (T)
Assuming CPT to hold the combined symmetry CP is violated as well
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
frathmannfz-juelichde 51Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 52Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
NEW EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
frathmannfz-juelichde 53Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
One machine with r ~ 30 m
An all-in-one machine Protons
E-field only
54Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
5 10 15 20 25 30 350
20
40
60
80
100
Proton EDM
E-field (MVm)
radi
us (
m)
r1 E( )
E
r2 250 md 048 Gd Zd 844
r2 280 m3He 00575 G3He Z3He 21959
An all-in-one machine Deuterons
E and B fields
55Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 50015
10
5
0
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
frathmannfz-juelichde 57Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
)(1052 29 yearonecmepd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 58
COSY Concept for Snake
bull Should allow for flexible use at two locations
bull Fast ramping (lt 30s)
bull Cryogen-free system
bull Should be available in 2012
Bdl (Tm)
pnrarrppsπ- at 353 MeV
3329
PAX at COSY 140 MeV
1994
PAX at AD 500 MeV 4090
Tmax at COSY 288 GeV
13887
ANKE
PAXPAX
ANKE
An all-in-one machine Helions
E and B fields
59Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
30
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 60
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
Snake
Snake only
Siberian snake turns spin closed orbit along longitudinal axis
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 61
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Snake + RF E-field odd turns
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
Snake + RF E-field even turns
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
frathmannfz-juelichde 62Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Snake + reversed RF E-fields depolarization
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde 63
Parameters of a proton EDM measurementbullTp=140 MeV
bullERF=1 MVm Lcavity=05 m
bullTime of store 24h 631010 turnsbull=1 10-7 radbullSensitivity
bull dp=10-17 ecm p=59 105 s
bull dp=10-18 ecm p=59 107 s
2 1010 4 10
10 6 1010
0
02
04
06
08
d=10^-18 e cmd=10^-17 e cm
n (number of turns)
P(n
)P
(n)
n (number of turns)
dp=10-18 ecmdp=10-17 ecm
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 64
PE 2 Dual Beam Method (equivalent to g-2 d)
It seems possible to store protons and deuterons in COSY simultaneously
bull Assume dp=10-24 ecmbull Determine invariant spin axis of protons using polarimeter
bull Not clear whether one can get away with radial components of P only
bull Determine invariant spin axis for deuterons using polarimeterbull Difference between the two invariant spin axes sensitive to dd
bull Sensitivity similar to g-2 d dd=10-19 ecm
Polarimeter(determines pp and dp elastic)
p and d at same momentum
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 65
PE 3 Resonance Method with RF E-fields (variation of PE1)
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E-fieldvertical
polarization
spin precession governed by ( rest frame)
Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
This way the Edm signal gets accumulated during the cycle Statistical improvement over PE 1 is about Brings us in the 10-24 ecm range for dd
51011000 ss
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 66
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Constant E-field
Number of turns
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 67
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Linear extrapolation of P=sqrt(Px2+Py
2) for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 68
PE 4 Resonance Method of EDM Measurements in SR
Orlov Morse Semertzidis PRL 96 (2006)
E
BBvddt
sd )(
Measurement using an all magnetic ring
bull Sideways P EDM produces growing Py
bull Using two sub-beams with different v andmodulating v allows one to isolate d
bull Sensitivity dd=10-29 ecmyr
bull Idea was no longer pursued because systematic error is much larger
bull Systematic error estimates for all PEs require reliable spin tracking tools
Top priority to make them available ASAP
bull Next step bull Scrutinize potential of different PEsbull Identify PE with best systematic limit on dpd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 69
Summary
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
ldquoMan muszlig etwas Neues machen um etwas Neues zu sehenrdquo
ldquoYou have to make (create) something new if you want to see something newrdquo
frathmannfz-juelichde 70Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
frathmannfz-juelichde 71Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spare transparencies
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
bull Lower energy particle
bull hellipjust right
bull Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
frathmannfz-juelichde 72Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Freezing Spin Precession with E-Fields
11
01
12
G
G
G gt 0 for γ gt 1 if only electric fields are applied
Magic momentum for protons p = 70074 MeVc
G
mp
G 1
1
μp μN = 2792 847 356 (23) Gp = 17928473565μd μN = 0857 438 2308 (72) Gd = -014298727202μHe-3 μN = -2127 497 718 (25) G3He= -41839627399
Nuclear magneton μN = eħ (2mpc) = 5050 783 24 (13) middot 10-27 J T-1
frathmannfz-juelichde 73Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
frathmannfz-juelichde 74Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Machine acceptance
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 75
lost
cooled
targetring acceptance
beam
In an ideal machine (like TSR-HD)rarr Single-Coulomb scattering at
the target dominates beam loss
K Grigoriev et al NIMA 599130 (2009)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 76
Future Time Reversal Invariance Test
COSY-TRIC P-even T-odd
Total polarization correlation coefficient Ayxz leads to relative difference of current slopes
Milestone Operation of Precision BCT with IIlt10-4
IBeam
time
COSY used as accelerator and detector
PAX
Need for a high precision BCT
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 77
Status TRI Test at COSY
bull Slow fluctuations in the measured BCT signal exceed the noise band at higher frequencies
Possible solutionCryogenic Current Comparator read out by low-temperature super-conducting quantum interference device
Highest resolution achieved 250 pAHz
A Steppke IEEE Trans Appl Superc (2009)
D Eversheim Hyperfine Interact 193 (2009)
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
Frank Rathmann 7819th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
Summary 2 The deuteron EDM lt 1 E-24 e cm is within the
reach of COSY supplemented by RFE-flipper (in the single-particle approx)
Similar upper bound is feasible for the proton (if decoherence free energies do exist)
An obviously long way from an ideal ring to the real thing plagued by systematics
But there is an in situ RFB access to sytematics via the magnetic moment of the deuteron (proton)
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
Frank Rathmann 4619th International Spin Physics Symposium
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
polarized beam in ring
A
AS
one particle with magnetic moment
ldquospin tunerdquo
ldquospin closed orbit vectorrdquoCOn
s2AS
ring
makes one turn
if is simple fraction of periodic perturbing precession kick frequency
sresonances
stable polarizationS
if COn
Frank Rathmann 4819th International Spin Physics Symposium
EDM at COSY ndash COoler SYnchrotron Cooler and storage ring for (polarized) protons and deuterons
p = 03 ndash 37 GeVc
Phase space cooled internal amp extracted beams
Injector cyclotron
COSY
hellip the spin-physics machinefor hadron physics
frathmannfz-juelichde 49Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Electric dipole moment (EDM)
A permanent EDM of a fundamental particle violates both parity (P) and
time reversal symmetry (T)
Assuming CPT to hold the combined symmetry CP is violated as well
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
frathmannfz-juelichde 51Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 52Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
NEW EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
frathmannfz-juelichde 53Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
One machine with r ~ 30 m
An all-in-one machine Protons
E-field only
54Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
5 10 15 20 25 30 350
20
40
60
80
100
Proton EDM
E-field (MVm)
radi
us (
m)
r1 E( )
E
r2 250 md 048 Gd Zd 844
r2 280 m3He 00575 G3He Z3He 21959
An all-in-one machine Deuterons
E and B fields
55Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 50015
10
5
0
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
frathmannfz-juelichde 57Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
)(1052 29 yearonecmepd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 58
COSY Concept for Snake
bull Should allow for flexible use at two locations
bull Fast ramping (lt 30s)
bull Cryogen-free system
bull Should be available in 2012
Bdl (Tm)
pnrarrppsπ- at 353 MeV
3329
PAX at COSY 140 MeV
1994
PAX at AD 500 MeV 4090
Tmax at COSY 288 GeV
13887
ANKE
PAXPAX
ANKE
An all-in-one machine Helions
E and B fields
59Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
30
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 60
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
Snake
Snake only
Siberian snake turns spin closed orbit along longitudinal axis
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 61
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Snake + RF E-field odd turns
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
Snake + RF E-field even turns
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
frathmannfz-juelichde 62Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Snake + reversed RF E-fields depolarization
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde 63
Parameters of a proton EDM measurementbullTp=140 MeV
bullERF=1 MVm Lcavity=05 m
bullTime of store 24h 631010 turnsbull=1 10-7 radbullSensitivity
bull dp=10-17 ecm p=59 105 s
bull dp=10-18 ecm p=59 107 s
2 1010 4 10
10 6 1010
0
02
04
06
08
d=10^-18 e cmd=10^-17 e cm
n (number of turns)
P(n
)P
(n)
n (number of turns)
dp=10-18 ecmdp=10-17 ecm
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 64
PE 2 Dual Beam Method (equivalent to g-2 d)
It seems possible to store protons and deuterons in COSY simultaneously
bull Assume dp=10-24 ecmbull Determine invariant spin axis of protons using polarimeter
bull Not clear whether one can get away with radial components of P only
bull Determine invariant spin axis for deuterons using polarimeterbull Difference between the two invariant spin axes sensitive to dd
bull Sensitivity similar to g-2 d dd=10-19 ecm
Polarimeter(determines pp and dp elastic)
p and d at same momentum
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 65
PE 3 Resonance Method with RF E-fields (variation of PE1)
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E-fieldvertical
polarization
spin precession governed by ( rest frame)
Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
This way the Edm signal gets accumulated during the cycle Statistical improvement over PE 1 is about Brings us in the 10-24 ecm range for dd
51011000 ss
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 66
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Constant E-field
Number of turns
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 67
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Linear extrapolation of P=sqrt(Px2+Py
2) for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 68
PE 4 Resonance Method of EDM Measurements in SR
Orlov Morse Semertzidis PRL 96 (2006)
E
BBvddt
sd )(
Measurement using an all magnetic ring
bull Sideways P EDM produces growing Py
bull Using two sub-beams with different v andmodulating v allows one to isolate d
bull Sensitivity dd=10-29 ecmyr
bull Idea was no longer pursued because systematic error is much larger
bull Systematic error estimates for all PEs require reliable spin tracking tools
Top priority to make them available ASAP
bull Next step bull Scrutinize potential of different PEsbull Identify PE with best systematic limit on dpd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 69
Summary
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
ldquoMan muszlig etwas Neues machen um etwas Neues zu sehenrdquo
ldquoYou have to make (create) something new if you want to see something newrdquo
frathmannfz-juelichde 70Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
frathmannfz-juelichde 71Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spare transparencies
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
bull Lower energy particle
bull hellipjust right
bull Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
frathmannfz-juelichde 72Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Freezing Spin Precession with E-Fields
11
01
12
G
G
G gt 0 for γ gt 1 if only electric fields are applied
Magic momentum for protons p = 70074 MeVc
G
mp
G 1
1
μp μN = 2792 847 356 (23) Gp = 17928473565μd μN = 0857 438 2308 (72) Gd = -014298727202μHe-3 μN = -2127 497 718 (25) G3He= -41839627399
Nuclear magneton μN = eħ (2mpc) = 5050 783 24 (13) middot 10-27 J T-1
frathmannfz-juelichde 73Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
frathmannfz-juelichde 74Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Machine acceptance
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 75
lost
cooled
targetring acceptance
beam
In an ideal machine (like TSR-HD)rarr Single-Coulomb scattering at
the target dominates beam loss
K Grigoriev et al NIMA 599130 (2009)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 76
Future Time Reversal Invariance Test
COSY-TRIC P-even T-odd
Total polarization correlation coefficient Ayxz leads to relative difference of current slopes
Milestone Operation of Precision BCT with IIlt10-4
IBeam
time
COSY used as accelerator and detector
PAX
Need for a high precision BCT
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 77
Status TRI Test at COSY
bull Slow fluctuations in the measured BCT signal exceed the noise band at higher frequencies
Possible solutionCryogenic Current Comparator read out by low-temperature super-conducting quantum interference device
Highest resolution achieved 250 pAHz
A Steppke IEEE Trans Appl Superc (2009)
D Eversheim Hyperfine Interact 193 (2009)
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
Frank Rathmann 7819th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
Frank Rathmann 4619th International Spin Physics Symposium
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
polarized beam in ring
A
AS
one particle with magnetic moment
ldquospin tunerdquo
ldquospin closed orbit vectorrdquoCOn
s2AS
ring
makes one turn
if is simple fraction of periodic perturbing precession kick frequency
sresonances
stable polarizationS
if COn
Frank Rathmann 4819th International Spin Physics Symposium
EDM at COSY ndash COoler SYnchrotron Cooler and storage ring for (polarized) protons and deuterons
p = 03 ndash 37 GeVc
Phase space cooled internal amp extracted beams
Injector cyclotron
COSY
hellip the spin-physics machinefor hadron physics
frathmannfz-juelichde 49Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Electric dipole moment (EDM)
A permanent EDM of a fundamental particle violates both parity (P) and
time reversal symmetry (T)
Assuming CPT to hold the combined symmetry CP is violated as well
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
frathmannfz-juelichde 51Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 52Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
NEW EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
frathmannfz-juelichde 53Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
One machine with r ~ 30 m
An all-in-one machine Protons
E-field only
54Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
5 10 15 20 25 30 350
20
40
60
80
100
Proton EDM
E-field (MVm)
radi
us (
m)
r1 E( )
E
r2 250 md 048 Gd Zd 844
r2 280 m3He 00575 G3He Z3He 21959
An all-in-one machine Deuterons
E and B fields
55Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 50015
10
5
0
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
frathmannfz-juelichde 57Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
)(1052 29 yearonecmepd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 58
COSY Concept for Snake
bull Should allow for flexible use at two locations
bull Fast ramping (lt 30s)
bull Cryogen-free system
bull Should be available in 2012
Bdl (Tm)
pnrarrppsπ- at 353 MeV
3329
PAX at COSY 140 MeV
1994
PAX at AD 500 MeV 4090
Tmax at COSY 288 GeV
13887
ANKE
PAXPAX
ANKE
An all-in-one machine Helions
E and B fields
59Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
30
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 60
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
Snake
Snake only
Siberian snake turns spin closed orbit along longitudinal axis
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 61
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Snake + RF E-field odd turns
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
Snake + RF E-field even turns
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
frathmannfz-juelichde 62Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Snake + reversed RF E-fields depolarization
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde 63
Parameters of a proton EDM measurementbullTp=140 MeV
bullERF=1 MVm Lcavity=05 m
bullTime of store 24h 631010 turnsbull=1 10-7 radbullSensitivity
bull dp=10-17 ecm p=59 105 s
bull dp=10-18 ecm p=59 107 s
2 1010 4 10
10 6 1010
0
02
04
06
08
d=10^-18 e cmd=10^-17 e cm
n (number of turns)
P(n
)P
(n)
n (number of turns)
dp=10-18 ecmdp=10-17 ecm
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 64
PE 2 Dual Beam Method (equivalent to g-2 d)
It seems possible to store protons and deuterons in COSY simultaneously
bull Assume dp=10-24 ecmbull Determine invariant spin axis of protons using polarimeter
bull Not clear whether one can get away with radial components of P only
bull Determine invariant spin axis for deuterons using polarimeterbull Difference between the two invariant spin axes sensitive to dd
bull Sensitivity similar to g-2 d dd=10-19 ecm
Polarimeter(determines pp and dp elastic)
p and d at same momentum
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 65
PE 3 Resonance Method with RF E-fields (variation of PE1)
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E-fieldvertical
polarization
spin precession governed by ( rest frame)
Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
This way the Edm signal gets accumulated during the cycle Statistical improvement over PE 1 is about Brings us in the 10-24 ecm range for dd
51011000 ss
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 66
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Constant E-field
Number of turns
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 67
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Linear extrapolation of P=sqrt(Px2+Py
2) for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 68
PE 4 Resonance Method of EDM Measurements in SR
Orlov Morse Semertzidis PRL 96 (2006)
E
BBvddt
sd )(
Measurement using an all magnetic ring
bull Sideways P EDM produces growing Py
bull Using two sub-beams with different v andmodulating v allows one to isolate d
bull Sensitivity dd=10-29 ecmyr
bull Idea was no longer pursued because systematic error is much larger
bull Systematic error estimates for all PEs require reliable spin tracking tools
Top priority to make them available ASAP
bull Next step bull Scrutinize potential of different PEsbull Identify PE with best systematic limit on dpd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 69
Summary
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
ldquoMan muszlig etwas Neues machen um etwas Neues zu sehenrdquo
ldquoYou have to make (create) something new if you want to see something newrdquo
frathmannfz-juelichde 70Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
frathmannfz-juelichde 71Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spare transparencies
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
bull Lower energy particle
bull hellipjust right
bull Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
frathmannfz-juelichde 72Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Freezing Spin Precession with E-Fields
11
01
12
G
G
G gt 0 for γ gt 1 if only electric fields are applied
Magic momentum for protons p = 70074 MeVc
G
mp
G 1
1
μp μN = 2792 847 356 (23) Gp = 17928473565μd μN = 0857 438 2308 (72) Gd = -014298727202μHe-3 μN = -2127 497 718 (25) G3He= -41839627399
Nuclear magneton μN = eħ (2mpc) = 5050 783 24 (13) middot 10-27 J T-1
frathmannfz-juelichde 73Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
frathmannfz-juelichde 74Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Machine acceptance
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 75
lost
cooled
targetring acceptance
beam
In an ideal machine (like TSR-HD)rarr Single-Coulomb scattering at
the target dominates beam loss
K Grigoriev et al NIMA 599130 (2009)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 76
Future Time Reversal Invariance Test
COSY-TRIC P-even T-odd
Total polarization correlation coefficient Ayxz leads to relative difference of current slopes
Milestone Operation of Precision BCT with IIlt10-4
IBeam
time
COSY used as accelerator and detector
PAX
Need for a high precision BCT
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 77
Status TRI Test at COSY
bull Slow fluctuations in the measured BCT signal exceed the noise band at higher frequencies
Possible solutionCryogenic Current Comparator read out by low-temperature super-conducting quantum interference device
Highest resolution achieved 250 pAHz
A Steppke IEEE Trans Appl Superc (2009)
D Eversheim Hyperfine Interact 193 (2009)
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
Frank Rathmann 7819th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
Frank Rathmann 4619th International Spin Physics Symposium
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
polarized beam in ring
A
AS
one particle with magnetic moment
ldquospin tunerdquo
ldquospin closed orbit vectorrdquoCOn
s2AS
ring
makes one turn
if is simple fraction of periodic perturbing precession kick frequency
sresonances
stable polarizationS
if COn
Frank Rathmann 4819th International Spin Physics Symposium
EDM at COSY ndash COoler SYnchrotron Cooler and storage ring for (polarized) protons and deuterons
p = 03 ndash 37 GeVc
Phase space cooled internal amp extracted beams
Injector cyclotron
COSY
hellip the spin-physics machinefor hadron physics
frathmannfz-juelichde 49Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Electric dipole moment (EDM)
A permanent EDM of a fundamental particle violates both parity (P) and
time reversal symmetry (T)
Assuming CPT to hold the combined symmetry CP is violated as well
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
frathmannfz-juelichde 51Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 52Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
NEW EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
frathmannfz-juelichde 53Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
One machine with r ~ 30 m
An all-in-one machine Protons
E-field only
54Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
5 10 15 20 25 30 350
20
40
60
80
100
Proton EDM
E-field (MVm)
radi
us (
m)
r1 E( )
E
r2 250 md 048 Gd Zd 844
r2 280 m3He 00575 G3He Z3He 21959
An all-in-one machine Deuterons
E and B fields
55Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 50015
10
5
0
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
frathmannfz-juelichde 57Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
)(1052 29 yearonecmepd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 58
COSY Concept for Snake
bull Should allow for flexible use at two locations
bull Fast ramping (lt 30s)
bull Cryogen-free system
bull Should be available in 2012
Bdl (Tm)
pnrarrppsπ- at 353 MeV
3329
PAX at COSY 140 MeV
1994
PAX at AD 500 MeV 4090
Tmax at COSY 288 GeV
13887
ANKE
PAXPAX
ANKE
An all-in-one machine Helions
E and B fields
59Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
30
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 60
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
Snake
Snake only
Siberian snake turns spin closed orbit along longitudinal axis
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 61
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Snake + RF E-field odd turns
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
Snake + RF E-field even turns
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
frathmannfz-juelichde 62Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Snake + reversed RF E-fields depolarization
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde 63
Parameters of a proton EDM measurementbullTp=140 MeV
bullERF=1 MVm Lcavity=05 m
bullTime of store 24h 631010 turnsbull=1 10-7 radbullSensitivity
bull dp=10-17 ecm p=59 105 s
bull dp=10-18 ecm p=59 107 s
2 1010 4 10
10 6 1010
0
02
04
06
08
d=10^-18 e cmd=10^-17 e cm
n (number of turns)
P(n
)P
(n)
n (number of turns)
dp=10-18 ecmdp=10-17 ecm
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 64
PE 2 Dual Beam Method (equivalent to g-2 d)
It seems possible to store protons and deuterons in COSY simultaneously
bull Assume dp=10-24 ecmbull Determine invariant spin axis of protons using polarimeter
bull Not clear whether one can get away with radial components of P only
bull Determine invariant spin axis for deuterons using polarimeterbull Difference between the two invariant spin axes sensitive to dd
bull Sensitivity similar to g-2 d dd=10-19 ecm
Polarimeter(determines pp and dp elastic)
p and d at same momentum
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 65
PE 3 Resonance Method with RF E-fields (variation of PE1)
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E-fieldvertical
polarization
spin precession governed by ( rest frame)
Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
This way the Edm signal gets accumulated during the cycle Statistical improvement over PE 1 is about Brings us in the 10-24 ecm range for dd
51011000 ss
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 66
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Constant E-field
Number of turns
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 67
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Linear extrapolation of P=sqrt(Px2+Py
2) for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 68
PE 4 Resonance Method of EDM Measurements in SR
Orlov Morse Semertzidis PRL 96 (2006)
E
BBvddt
sd )(
Measurement using an all magnetic ring
bull Sideways P EDM produces growing Py
bull Using two sub-beams with different v andmodulating v allows one to isolate d
bull Sensitivity dd=10-29 ecmyr
bull Idea was no longer pursued because systematic error is much larger
bull Systematic error estimates for all PEs require reliable spin tracking tools
Top priority to make them available ASAP
bull Next step bull Scrutinize potential of different PEsbull Identify PE with best systematic limit on dpd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 69
Summary
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
ldquoMan muszlig etwas Neues machen um etwas Neues zu sehenrdquo
ldquoYou have to make (create) something new if you want to see something newrdquo
frathmannfz-juelichde 70Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
frathmannfz-juelichde 71Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spare transparencies
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
bull Lower energy particle
bull hellipjust right
bull Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
frathmannfz-juelichde 72Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Freezing Spin Precession with E-Fields
11
01
12
G
G
G gt 0 for γ gt 1 if only electric fields are applied
Magic momentum for protons p = 70074 MeVc
G
mp
G 1
1
μp μN = 2792 847 356 (23) Gp = 17928473565μd μN = 0857 438 2308 (72) Gd = -014298727202μHe-3 μN = -2127 497 718 (25) G3He= -41839627399
Nuclear magneton μN = eħ (2mpc) = 5050 783 24 (13) middot 10-27 J T-1
frathmannfz-juelichde 73Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
frathmannfz-juelichde 74Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Machine acceptance
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 75
lost
cooled
targetring acceptance
beam
In an ideal machine (like TSR-HD)rarr Single-Coulomb scattering at
the target dominates beam loss
K Grigoriev et al NIMA 599130 (2009)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 76
Future Time Reversal Invariance Test
COSY-TRIC P-even T-odd
Total polarization correlation coefficient Ayxz leads to relative difference of current slopes
Milestone Operation of Precision BCT with IIlt10-4
IBeam
time
COSY used as accelerator and detector
PAX
Need for a high precision BCT
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 77
Status TRI Test at COSY
bull Slow fluctuations in the measured BCT signal exceed the noise band at higher frequencies
Possible solutionCryogenic Current Comparator read out by low-temperature super-conducting quantum interference device
Highest resolution achieved 250 pAHz
A Steppke IEEE Trans Appl Superc (2009)
D Eversheim Hyperfine Interact 193 (2009)
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
Frank Rathmann 7819th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
Frank Rathmann 4619th International Spin Physics Symposium
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
polarized beam in ring
A
AS
one particle with magnetic moment
ldquospin tunerdquo
ldquospin closed orbit vectorrdquoCOn
s2AS
ring
makes one turn
if is simple fraction of periodic perturbing precession kick frequency
sresonances
stable polarizationS
if COn
Frank Rathmann 4819th International Spin Physics Symposium
EDM at COSY ndash COoler SYnchrotron Cooler and storage ring for (polarized) protons and deuterons
p = 03 ndash 37 GeVc
Phase space cooled internal amp extracted beams
Injector cyclotron
COSY
hellip the spin-physics machinefor hadron physics
frathmannfz-juelichde 49Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Electric dipole moment (EDM)
A permanent EDM of a fundamental particle violates both parity (P) and
time reversal symmetry (T)
Assuming CPT to hold the combined symmetry CP is violated as well
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
frathmannfz-juelichde 51Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 52Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
NEW EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
frathmannfz-juelichde 53Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
One machine with r ~ 30 m
An all-in-one machine Protons
E-field only
54Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
5 10 15 20 25 30 350
20
40
60
80
100
Proton EDM
E-field (MVm)
radi
us (
m)
r1 E( )
E
r2 250 md 048 Gd Zd 844
r2 280 m3He 00575 G3He Z3He 21959
An all-in-one machine Deuterons
E and B fields
55Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 50015
10
5
0
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
frathmannfz-juelichde 57Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
)(1052 29 yearonecmepd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 58
COSY Concept for Snake
bull Should allow for flexible use at two locations
bull Fast ramping (lt 30s)
bull Cryogen-free system
bull Should be available in 2012
Bdl (Tm)
pnrarrppsπ- at 353 MeV
3329
PAX at COSY 140 MeV
1994
PAX at AD 500 MeV 4090
Tmax at COSY 288 GeV
13887
ANKE
PAXPAX
ANKE
An all-in-one machine Helions
E and B fields
59Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
30
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 60
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
Snake
Snake only
Siberian snake turns spin closed orbit along longitudinal axis
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 61
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Snake + RF E-field odd turns
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
Snake + RF E-field even turns
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
frathmannfz-juelichde 62Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Snake + reversed RF E-fields depolarization
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde 63
Parameters of a proton EDM measurementbullTp=140 MeV
bullERF=1 MVm Lcavity=05 m
bullTime of store 24h 631010 turnsbull=1 10-7 radbullSensitivity
bull dp=10-17 ecm p=59 105 s
bull dp=10-18 ecm p=59 107 s
2 1010 4 10
10 6 1010
0
02
04
06
08
d=10^-18 e cmd=10^-17 e cm
n (number of turns)
P(n
)P
(n)
n (number of turns)
dp=10-18 ecmdp=10-17 ecm
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 64
PE 2 Dual Beam Method (equivalent to g-2 d)
It seems possible to store protons and deuterons in COSY simultaneously
bull Assume dp=10-24 ecmbull Determine invariant spin axis of protons using polarimeter
bull Not clear whether one can get away with radial components of P only
bull Determine invariant spin axis for deuterons using polarimeterbull Difference between the two invariant spin axes sensitive to dd
bull Sensitivity similar to g-2 d dd=10-19 ecm
Polarimeter(determines pp and dp elastic)
p and d at same momentum
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 65
PE 3 Resonance Method with RF E-fields (variation of PE1)
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E-fieldvertical
polarization
spin precession governed by ( rest frame)
Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
This way the Edm signal gets accumulated during the cycle Statistical improvement over PE 1 is about Brings us in the 10-24 ecm range for dd
51011000 ss
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 66
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Constant E-field
Number of turns
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 67
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Linear extrapolation of P=sqrt(Px2+Py
2) for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 68
PE 4 Resonance Method of EDM Measurements in SR
Orlov Morse Semertzidis PRL 96 (2006)
E
BBvddt
sd )(
Measurement using an all magnetic ring
bull Sideways P EDM produces growing Py
bull Using two sub-beams with different v andmodulating v allows one to isolate d
bull Sensitivity dd=10-29 ecmyr
bull Idea was no longer pursued because systematic error is much larger
bull Systematic error estimates for all PEs require reliable spin tracking tools
Top priority to make them available ASAP
bull Next step bull Scrutinize potential of different PEsbull Identify PE with best systematic limit on dpd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 69
Summary
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
ldquoMan muszlig etwas Neues machen um etwas Neues zu sehenrdquo
ldquoYou have to make (create) something new if you want to see something newrdquo
frathmannfz-juelichde 70Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
frathmannfz-juelichde 71Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spare transparencies
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
bull Lower energy particle
bull hellipjust right
bull Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
frathmannfz-juelichde 72Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Freezing Spin Precession with E-Fields
11
01
12
G
G
G gt 0 for γ gt 1 if only electric fields are applied
Magic momentum for protons p = 70074 MeVc
G
mp
G 1
1
μp μN = 2792 847 356 (23) Gp = 17928473565μd μN = 0857 438 2308 (72) Gd = -014298727202μHe-3 μN = -2127 497 718 (25) G3He= -41839627399
Nuclear magneton μN = eħ (2mpc) = 5050 783 24 (13) middot 10-27 J T-1
frathmannfz-juelichde 73Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
frathmannfz-juelichde 74Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Machine acceptance
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 75
lost
cooled
targetring acceptance
beam
In an ideal machine (like TSR-HD)rarr Single-Coulomb scattering at
the target dominates beam loss
K Grigoriev et al NIMA 599130 (2009)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 76
Future Time Reversal Invariance Test
COSY-TRIC P-even T-odd
Total polarization correlation coefficient Ayxz leads to relative difference of current slopes
Milestone Operation of Precision BCT with IIlt10-4
IBeam
time
COSY used as accelerator and detector
PAX
Need for a high precision BCT
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 77
Status TRI Test at COSY
bull Slow fluctuations in the measured BCT signal exceed the noise band at higher frequencies
Possible solutionCryogenic Current Comparator read out by low-temperature super-conducting quantum interference device
Highest resolution achieved 250 pAHz
A Steppke IEEE Trans Appl Superc (2009)
D Eversheim Hyperfine Interact 193 (2009)
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
Frank Rathmann 7819th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
polarized beam in ring
A
AS
one particle with magnetic moment
ldquospin tunerdquo
ldquospin closed orbit vectorrdquoCOn
s2AS
ring
makes one turn
if is simple fraction of periodic perturbing precession kick frequency
sresonances
stable polarizationS
if COn
Frank Rathmann 4819th International Spin Physics Symposium
EDM at COSY ndash COoler SYnchrotron Cooler and storage ring for (polarized) protons and deuterons
p = 03 ndash 37 GeVc
Phase space cooled internal amp extracted beams
Injector cyclotron
COSY
hellip the spin-physics machinefor hadron physics
frathmannfz-juelichde 49Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Electric dipole moment (EDM)
A permanent EDM of a fundamental particle violates both parity (P) and
time reversal symmetry (T)
Assuming CPT to hold the combined symmetry CP is violated as well
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
frathmannfz-juelichde 51Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 52Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
NEW EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
frathmannfz-juelichde 53Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
One machine with r ~ 30 m
An all-in-one machine Protons
E-field only
54Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
5 10 15 20 25 30 350
20
40
60
80
100
Proton EDM
E-field (MVm)
radi
us (
m)
r1 E( )
E
r2 250 md 048 Gd Zd 844
r2 280 m3He 00575 G3He Z3He 21959
An all-in-one machine Deuterons
E and B fields
55Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 50015
10
5
0
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
frathmannfz-juelichde 57Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
)(1052 29 yearonecmepd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 58
COSY Concept for Snake
bull Should allow for flexible use at two locations
bull Fast ramping (lt 30s)
bull Cryogen-free system
bull Should be available in 2012
Bdl (Tm)
pnrarrppsπ- at 353 MeV
3329
PAX at COSY 140 MeV
1994
PAX at AD 500 MeV 4090
Tmax at COSY 288 GeV
13887
ANKE
PAXPAX
ANKE
An all-in-one machine Helions
E and B fields
59Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
30
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 60
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
Snake
Snake only
Siberian snake turns spin closed orbit along longitudinal axis
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 61
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Snake + RF E-field odd turns
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
Snake + RF E-field even turns
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
frathmannfz-juelichde 62Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Snake + reversed RF E-fields depolarization
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde 63
Parameters of a proton EDM measurementbullTp=140 MeV
bullERF=1 MVm Lcavity=05 m
bullTime of store 24h 631010 turnsbull=1 10-7 radbullSensitivity
bull dp=10-17 ecm p=59 105 s
bull dp=10-18 ecm p=59 107 s
2 1010 4 10
10 6 1010
0
02
04
06
08
d=10^-18 e cmd=10^-17 e cm
n (number of turns)
P(n
)P
(n)
n (number of turns)
dp=10-18 ecmdp=10-17 ecm
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 64
PE 2 Dual Beam Method (equivalent to g-2 d)
It seems possible to store protons and deuterons in COSY simultaneously
bull Assume dp=10-24 ecmbull Determine invariant spin axis of protons using polarimeter
bull Not clear whether one can get away with radial components of P only
bull Determine invariant spin axis for deuterons using polarimeterbull Difference between the two invariant spin axes sensitive to dd
bull Sensitivity similar to g-2 d dd=10-19 ecm
Polarimeter(determines pp and dp elastic)
p and d at same momentum
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 65
PE 3 Resonance Method with RF E-fields (variation of PE1)
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E-fieldvertical
polarization
spin precession governed by ( rest frame)
Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
This way the Edm signal gets accumulated during the cycle Statistical improvement over PE 1 is about Brings us in the 10-24 ecm range for dd
51011000 ss
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 66
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Constant E-field
Number of turns
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 67
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Linear extrapolation of P=sqrt(Px2+Py
2) for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 68
PE 4 Resonance Method of EDM Measurements in SR
Orlov Morse Semertzidis PRL 96 (2006)
E
BBvddt
sd )(
Measurement using an all magnetic ring
bull Sideways P EDM produces growing Py
bull Using two sub-beams with different v andmodulating v allows one to isolate d
bull Sensitivity dd=10-29 ecmyr
bull Idea was no longer pursued because systematic error is much larger
bull Systematic error estimates for all PEs require reliable spin tracking tools
Top priority to make them available ASAP
bull Next step bull Scrutinize potential of different PEsbull Identify PE with best systematic limit on dpd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 69
Summary
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
ldquoMan muszlig etwas Neues machen um etwas Neues zu sehenrdquo
ldquoYou have to make (create) something new if you want to see something newrdquo
frathmannfz-juelichde 70Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
frathmannfz-juelichde 71Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spare transparencies
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
bull Lower energy particle
bull hellipjust right
bull Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
frathmannfz-juelichde 72Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Freezing Spin Precession with E-Fields
11
01
12
G
G
G gt 0 for γ gt 1 if only electric fields are applied
Magic momentum for protons p = 70074 MeVc
G
mp
G 1
1
μp μN = 2792 847 356 (23) Gp = 17928473565μd μN = 0857 438 2308 (72) Gd = -014298727202μHe-3 μN = -2127 497 718 (25) G3He= -41839627399
Nuclear magneton μN = eħ (2mpc) = 5050 783 24 (13) middot 10-27 J T-1
frathmannfz-juelichde 73Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
frathmannfz-juelichde 74Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Machine acceptance
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 75
lost
cooled
targetring acceptance
beam
In an ideal machine (like TSR-HD)rarr Single-Coulomb scattering at
the target dominates beam loss
K Grigoriev et al NIMA 599130 (2009)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 76
Future Time Reversal Invariance Test
COSY-TRIC P-even T-odd
Total polarization correlation coefficient Ayxz leads to relative difference of current slopes
Milestone Operation of Precision BCT with IIlt10-4
IBeam
time
COSY used as accelerator and detector
PAX
Need for a high precision BCT
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 77
Status TRI Test at COSY
bull Slow fluctuations in the measured BCT signal exceed the noise band at higher frequencies
Possible solutionCryogenic Current Comparator read out by low-temperature super-conducting quantum interference device
Highest resolution achieved 250 pAHz
A Steppke IEEE Trans Appl Superc (2009)
D Eversheim Hyperfine Interact 193 (2009)
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
Frank Rathmann 7819th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
polarized beam in ring
A
AS
one particle with magnetic moment
ldquospin tunerdquo
ldquospin closed orbit vectorrdquoCOn
s2AS
ring
makes one turn
if is simple fraction of periodic perturbing precession kick frequency
sresonances
stable polarizationS
if COn
Frank Rathmann 4819th International Spin Physics Symposium
EDM at COSY ndash COoler SYnchrotron Cooler and storage ring for (polarized) protons and deuterons
p = 03 ndash 37 GeVc
Phase space cooled internal amp extracted beams
Injector cyclotron
COSY
hellip the spin-physics machinefor hadron physics
frathmannfz-juelichde 49Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Electric dipole moment (EDM)
A permanent EDM of a fundamental particle violates both parity (P) and
time reversal symmetry (T)
Assuming CPT to hold the combined symmetry CP is violated as well
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
frathmannfz-juelichde 51Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 52Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
NEW EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
frathmannfz-juelichde 53Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
One machine with r ~ 30 m
An all-in-one machine Protons
E-field only
54Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
5 10 15 20 25 30 350
20
40
60
80
100
Proton EDM
E-field (MVm)
radi
us (
m)
r1 E( )
E
r2 250 md 048 Gd Zd 844
r2 280 m3He 00575 G3He Z3He 21959
An all-in-one machine Deuterons
E and B fields
55Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 50015
10
5
0
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
frathmannfz-juelichde 57Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
)(1052 29 yearonecmepd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 58
COSY Concept for Snake
bull Should allow for flexible use at two locations
bull Fast ramping (lt 30s)
bull Cryogen-free system
bull Should be available in 2012
Bdl (Tm)
pnrarrppsπ- at 353 MeV
3329
PAX at COSY 140 MeV
1994
PAX at AD 500 MeV 4090
Tmax at COSY 288 GeV
13887
ANKE
PAXPAX
ANKE
An all-in-one machine Helions
E and B fields
59Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
30
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 60
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
Snake
Snake only
Siberian snake turns spin closed orbit along longitudinal axis
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 61
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Snake + RF E-field odd turns
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
Snake + RF E-field even turns
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
frathmannfz-juelichde 62Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Snake + reversed RF E-fields depolarization
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde 63
Parameters of a proton EDM measurementbullTp=140 MeV
bullERF=1 MVm Lcavity=05 m
bullTime of store 24h 631010 turnsbull=1 10-7 radbullSensitivity
bull dp=10-17 ecm p=59 105 s
bull dp=10-18 ecm p=59 107 s
2 1010 4 10
10 6 1010
0
02
04
06
08
d=10^-18 e cmd=10^-17 e cm
n (number of turns)
P(n
)P
(n)
n (number of turns)
dp=10-18 ecmdp=10-17 ecm
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 64
PE 2 Dual Beam Method (equivalent to g-2 d)
It seems possible to store protons and deuterons in COSY simultaneously
bull Assume dp=10-24 ecmbull Determine invariant spin axis of protons using polarimeter
bull Not clear whether one can get away with radial components of P only
bull Determine invariant spin axis for deuterons using polarimeterbull Difference between the two invariant spin axes sensitive to dd
bull Sensitivity similar to g-2 d dd=10-19 ecm
Polarimeter(determines pp and dp elastic)
p and d at same momentum
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 65
PE 3 Resonance Method with RF E-fields (variation of PE1)
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E-fieldvertical
polarization
spin precession governed by ( rest frame)
Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
This way the Edm signal gets accumulated during the cycle Statistical improvement over PE 1 is about Brings us in the 10-24 ecm range for dd
51011000 ss
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 66
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Constant E-field
Number of turns
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 67
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Linear extrapolation of P=sqrt(Px2+Py
2) for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 68
PE 4 Resonance Method of EDM Measurements in SR
Orlov Morse Semertzidis PRL 96 (2006)
E
BBvddt
sd )(
Measurement using an all magnetic ring
bull Sideways P EDM produces growing Py
bull Using two sub-beams with different v andmodulating v allows one to isolate d
bull Sensitivity dd=10-29 ecmyr
bull Idea was no longer pursued because systematic error is much larger
bull Systematic error estimates for all PEs require reliable spin tracking tools
Top priority to make them available ASAP
bull Next step bull Scrutinize potential of different PEsbull Identify PE with best systematic limit on dpd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 69
Summary
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
ldquoMan muszlig etwas Neues machen um etwas Neues zu sehenrdquo
ldquoYou have to make (create) something new if you want to see something newrdquo
frathmannfz-juelichde 70Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
frathmannfz-juelichde 71Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spare transparencies
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
bull Lower energy particle
bull hellipjust right
bull Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
frathmannfz-juelichde 72Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Freezing Spin Precession with E-Fields
11
01
12
G
G
G gt 0 for γ gt 1 if only electric fields are applied
Magic momentum for protons p = 70074 MeVc
G
mp
G 1
1
μp μN = 2792 847 356 (23) Gp = 17928473565μd μN = 0857 438 2308 (72) Gd = -014298727202μHe-3 μN = -2127 497 718 (25) G3He= -41839627399
Nuclear magneton μN = eħ (2mpc) = 5050 783 24 (13) middot 10-27 J T-1
frathmannfz-juelichde 73Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
frathmannfz-juelichde 74Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Machine acceptance
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 75
lost
cooled
targetring acceptance
beam
In an ideal machine (like TSR-HD)rarr Single-Coulomb scattering at
the target dominates beam loss
K Grigoriev et al NIMA 599130 (2009)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 76
Future Time Reversal Invariance Test
COSY-TRIC P-even T-odd
Total polarization correlation coefficient Ayxz leads to relative difference of current slopes
Milestone Operation of Precision BCT with IIlt10-4
IBeam
time
COSY used as accelerator and detector
PAX
Need for a high precision BCT
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 77
Status TRI Test at COSY
bull Slow fluctuations in the measured BCT signal exceed the noise band at higher frequencies
Possible solutionCryogenic Current Comparator read out by low-temperature super-conducting quantum interference device
Highest resolution achieved 250 pAHz
A Steppke IEEE Trans Appl Superc (2009)
D Eversheim Hyperfine Interact 193 (2009)
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
Frank Rathmann 7819th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
EDM at COSY ndash COoler SYnchrotron Cooler and storage ring for (polarized) protons and deuterons
p = 03 ndash 37 GeVc
Phase space cooled internal amp extracted beams
Injector cyclotron
COSY
hellip the spin-physics machinefor hadron physics
frathmannfz-juelichde 49Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Electric dipole moment (EDM)
A permanent EDM of a fundamental particle violates both parity (P) and
time reversal symmetry (T)
Assuming CPT to hold the combined symmetry CP is violated as well
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
frathmannfz-juelichde 51Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 52Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
NEW EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
frathmannfz-juelichde 53Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
One machine with r ~ 30 m
An all-in-one machine Protons
E-field only
54Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
5 10 15 20 25 30 350
20
40
60
80
100
Proton EDM
E-field (MVm)
radi
us (
m)
r1 E( )
E
r2 250 md 048 Gd Zd 844
r2 280 m3He 00575 G3He Z3He 21959
An all-in-one machine Deuterons
E and B fields
55Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 50015
10
5
0
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
frathmannfz-juelichde 57Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
)(1052 29 yearonecmepd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 58
COSY Concept for Snake
bull Should allow for flexible use at two locations
bull Fast ramping (lt 30s)
bull Cryogen-free system
bull Should be available in 2012
Bdl (Tm)
pnrarrppsπ- at 353 MeV
3329
PAX at COSY 140 MeV
1994
PAX at AD 500 MeV 4090
Tmax at COSY 288 GeV
13887
ANKE
PAXPAX
ANKE
An all-in-one machine Helions
E and B fields
59Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
30
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 60
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
Snake
Snake only
Siberian snake turns spin closed orbit along longitudinal axis
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 61
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Snake + RF E-field odd turns
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
Snake + RF E-field even turns
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
frathmannfz-juelichde 62Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Snake + reversed RF E-fields depolarization
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde 63
Parameters of a proton EDM measurementbullTp=140 MeV
bullERF=1 MVm Lcavity=05 m
bullTime of store 24h 631010 turnsbull=1 10-7 radbullSensitivity
bull dp=10-17 ecm p=59 105 s
bull dp=10-18 ecm p=59 107 s
2 1010 4 10
10 6 1010
0
02
04
06
08
d=10^-18 e cmd=10^-17 e cm
n (number of turns)
P(n
)P
(n)
n (number of turns)
dp=10-18 ecmdp=10-17 ecm
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 64
PE 2 Dual Beam Method (equivalent to g-2 d)
It seems possible to store protons and deuterons in COSY simultaneously
bull Assume dp=10-24 ecmbull Determine invariant spin axis of protons using polarimeter
bull Not clear whether one can get away with radial components of P only
bull Determine invariant spin axis for deuterons using polarimeterbull Difference between the two invariant spin axes sensitive to dd
bull Sensitivity similar to g-2 d dd=10-19 ecm
Polarimeter(determines pp and dp elastic)
p and d at same momentum
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 65
PE 3 Resonance Method with RF E-fields (variation of PE1)
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E-fieldvertical
polarization
spin precession governed by ( rest frame)
Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
This way the Edm signal gets accumulated during the cycle Statistical improvement over PE 1 is about Brings us in the 10-24 ecm range for dd
51011000 ss
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 66
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Constant E-field
Number of turns
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 67
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Linear extrapolation of P=sqrt(Px2+Py
2) for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 68
PE 4 Resonance Method of EDM Measurements in SR
Orlov Morse Semertzidis PRL 96 (2006)
E
BBvddt
sd )(
Measurement using an all magnetic ring
bull Sideways P EDM produces growing Py
bull Using two sub-beams with different v andmodulating v allows one to isolate d
bull Sensitivity dd=10-29 ecmyr
bull Idea was no longer pursued because systematic error is much larger
bull Systematic error estimates for all PEs require reliable spin tracking tools
Top priority to make them available ASAP
bull Next step bull Scrutinize potential of different PEsbull Identify PE with best systematic limit on dpd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 69
Summary
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
ldquoMan muszlig etwas Neues machen um etwas Neues zu sehenrdquo
ldquoYou have to make (create) something new if you want to see something newrdquo
frathmannfz-juelichde 70Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
frathmannfz-juelichde 71Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spare transparencies
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
bull Lower energy particle
bull hellipjust right
bull Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
frathmannfz-juelichde 72Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Freezing Spin Precession with E-Fields
11
01
12
G
G
G gt 0 for γ gt 1 if only electric fields are applied
Magic momentum for protons p = 70074 MeVc
G
mp
G 1
1
μp μN = 2792 847 356 (23) Gp = 17928473565μd μN = 0857 438 2308 (72) Gd = -014298727202μHe-3 μN = -2127 497 718 (25) G3He= -41839627399
Nuclear magneton μN = eħ (2mpc) = 5050 783 24 (13) middot 10-27 J T-1
frathmannfz-juelichde 73Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
frathmannfz-juelichde 74Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Machine acceptance
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 75
lost
cooled
targetring acceptance
beam
In an ideal machine (like TSR-HD)rarr Single-Coulomb scattering at
the target dominates beam loss
K Grigoriev et al NIMA 599130 (2009)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 76
Future Time Reversal Invariance Test
COSY-TRIC P-even T-odd
Total polarization correlation coefficient Ayxz leads to relative difference of current slopes
Milestone Operation of Precision BCT with IIlt10-4
IBeam
time
COSY used as accelerator and detector
PAX
Need for a high precision BCT
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 77
Status TRI Test at COSY
bull Slow fluctuations in the measured BCT signal exceed the noise band at higher frequencies
Possible solutionCryogenic Current Comparator read out by low-temperature super-conducting quantum interference device
Highest resolution achieved 250 pAHz
A Steppke IEEE Trans Appl Superc (2009)
D Eversheim Hyperfine Interact 193 (2009)
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
Frank Rathmann 7819th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Electric dipole moment (EDM)
A permanent EDM of a fundamental particle violates both parity (P) and
time reversal symmetry (T)
Assuming CPT to hold the combined symmetry CP is violated as well
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
frathmannfz-juelichde 51Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 52Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
NEW EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
frathmannfz-juelichde 53Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
One machine with r ~ 30 m
An all-in-one machine Protons
E-field only
54Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
5 10 15 20 25 30 350
20
40
60
80
100
Proton EDM
E-field (MVm)
radi
us (
m)
r1 E( )
E
r2 250 md 048 Gd Zd 844
r2 280 m3He 00575 G3He Z3He 21959
An all-in-one machine Deuterons
E and B fields
55Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 50015
10
5
0
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
frathmannfz-juelichde 57Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
)(1052 29 yearonecmepd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 58
COSY Concept for Snake
bull Should allow for flexible use at two locations
bull Fast ramping (lt 30s)
bull Cryogen-free system
bull Should be available in 2012
Bdl (Tm)
pnrarrppsπ- at 353 MeV
3329
PAX at COSY 140 MeV
1994
PAX at AD 500 MeV 4090
Tmax at COSY 288 GeV
13887
ANKE
PAXPAX
ANKE
An all-in-one machine Helions
E and B fields
59Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
30
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 60
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
Snake
Snake only
Siberian snake turns spin closed orbit along longitudinal axis
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 61
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Snake + RF E-field odd turns
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
Snake + RF E-field even turns
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
frathmannfz-juelichde 62Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Snake + reversed RF E-fields depolarization
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde 63
Parameters of a proton EDM measurementbullTp=140 MeV
bullERF=1 MVm Lcavity=05 m
bullTime of store 24h 631010 turnsbull=1 10-7 radbullSensitivity
bull dp=10-17 ecm p=59 105 s
bull dp=10-18 ecm p=59 107 s
2 1010 4 10
10 6 1010
0
02
04
06
08
d=10^-18 e cmd=10^-17 e cm
n (number of turns)
P(n
)P
(n)
n (number of turns)
dp=10-18 ecmdp=10-17 ecm
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 64
PE 2 Dual Beam Method (equivalent to g-2 d)
It seems possible to store protons and deuterons in COSY simultaneously
bull Assume dp=10-24 ecmbull Determine invariant spin axis of protons using polarimeter
bull Not clear whether one can get away with radial components of P only
bull Determine invariant spin axis for deuterons using polarimeterbull Difference between the two invariant spin axes sensitive to dd
bull Sensitivity similar to g-2 d dd=10-19 ecm
Polarimeter(determines pp and dp elastic)
p and d at same momentum
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 65
PE 3 Resonance Method with RF E-fields (variation of PE1)
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E-fieldvertical
polarization
spin precession governed by ( rest frame)
Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
This way the Edm signal gets accumulated during the cycle Statistical improvement over PE 1 is about Brings us in the 10-24 ecm range for dd
51011000 ss
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 66
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Constant E-field
Number of turns
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 67
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Linear extrapolation of P=sqrt(Px2+Py
2) for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 68
PE 4 Resonance Method of EDM Measurements in SR
Orlov Morse Semertzidis PRL 96 (2006)
E
BBvddt
sd )(
Measurement using an all magnetic ring
bull Sideways P EDM produces growing Py
bull Using two sub-beams with different v andmodulating v allows one to isolate d
bull Sensitivity dd=10-29 ecmyr
bull Idea was no longer pursued because systematic error is much larger
bull Systematic error estimates for all PEs require reliable spin tracking tools
Top priority to make them available ASAP
bull Next step bull Scrutinize potential of different PEsbull Identify PE with best systematic limit on dpd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 69
Summary
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
ldquoMan muszlig etwas Neues machen um etwas Neues zu sehenrdquo
ldquoYou have to make (create) something new if you want to see something newrdquo
frathmannfz-juelichde 70Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
frathmannfz-juelichde 71Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spare transparencies
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
bull Lower energy particle
bull hellipjust right
bull Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
frathmannfz-juelichde 72Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Freezing Spin Precession with E-Fields
11
01
12
G
G
G gt 0 for γ gt 1 if only electric fields are applied
Magic momentum for protons p = 70074 MeVc
G
mp
G 1
1
μp μN = 2792 847 356 (23) Gp = 17928473565μd μN = 0857 438 2308 (72) Gd = -014298727202μHe-3 μN = -2127 497 718 (25) G3He= -41839627399
Nuclear magneton μN = eħ (2mpc) = 5050 783 24 (13) middot 10-27 J T-1
frathmannfz-juelichde 73Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
frathmannfz-juelichde 74Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Machine acceptance
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 75
lost
cooled
targetring acceptance
beam
In an ideal machine (like TSR-HD)rarr Single-Coulomb scattering at
the target dominates beam loss
K Grigoriev et al NIMA 599130 (2009)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 76
Future Time Reversal Invariance Test
COSY-TRIC P-even T-odd
Total polarization correlation coefficient Ayxz leads to relative difference of current slopes
Milestone Operation of Precision BCT with IIlt10-4
IBeam
time
COSY used as accelerator and detector
PAX
Need for a high precision BCT
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 77
Status TRI Test at COSY
bull Slow fluctuations in the measured BCT signal exceed the noise band at higher frequencies
Possible solutionCryogenic Current Comparator read out by low-temperature super-conducting quantum interference device
Highest resolution achieved 250 pAHz
A Steppke IEEE Trans Appl Superc (2009)
D Eversheim Hyperfine Interact 193 (2009)
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
Frank Rathmann 7819th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Electric dipole moment (EDM)
A permanent EDM of a fundamental particle violates both parity (P) and
time reversal symmetry (T)
Assuming CPT to hold the combined symmetry CP is violated as well
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
frathmannfz-juelichde 51Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 52Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
NEW EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
frathmannfz-juelichde 53Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
One machine with r ~ 30 m
An all-in-one machine Protons
E-field only
54Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
5 10 15 20 25 30 350
20
40
60
80
100
Proton EDM
E-field (MVm)
radi
us (
m)
r1 E( )
E
r2 250 md 048 Gd Zd 844
r2 280 m3He 00575 G3He Z3He 21959
An all-in-one machine Deuterons
E and B fields
55Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 50015
10
5
0
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
frathmannfz-juelichde 57Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
)(1052 29 yearonecmepd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 58
COSY Concept for Snake
bull Should allow for flexible use at two locations
bull Fast ramping (lt 30s)
bull Cryogen-free system
bull Should be available in 2012
Bdl (Tm)
pnrarrppsπ- at 353 MeV
3329
PAX at COSY 140 MeV
1994
PAX at AD 500 MeV 4090
Tmax at COSY 288 GeV
13887
ANKE
PAXPAX
ANKE
An all-in-one machine Helions
E and B fields
59Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
30
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 60
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
Snake
Snake only
Siberian snake turns spin closed orbit along longitudinal axis
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 61
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Snake + RF E-field odd turns
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
Snake + RF E-field even turns
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
frathmannfz-juelichde 62Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Snake + reversed RF E-fields depolarization
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde 63
Parameters of a proton EDM measurementbullTp=140 MeV
bullERF=1 MVm Lcavity=05 m
bullTime of store 24h 631010 turnsbull=1 10-7 radbullSensitivity
bull dp=10-17 ecm p=59 105 s
bull dp=10-18 ecm p=59 107 s
2 1010 4 10
10 6 1010
0
02
04
06
08
d=10^-18 e cmd=10^-17 e cm
n (number of turns)
P(n
)P
(n)
n (number of turns)
dp=10-18 ecmdp=10-17 ecm
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 64
PE 2 Dual Beam Method (equivalent to g-2 d)
It seems possible to store protons and deuterons in COSY simultaneously
bull Assume dp=10-24 ecmbull Determine invariant spin axis of protons using polarimeter
bull Not clear whether one can get away with radial components of P only
bull Determine invariant spin axis for deuterons using polarimeterbull Difference between the two invariant spin axes sensitive to dd
bull Sensitivity similar to g-2 d dd=10-19 ecm
Polarimeter(determines pp and dp elastic)
p and d at same momentum
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 65
PE 3 Resonance Method with RF E-fields (variation of PE1)
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E-fieldvertical
polarization
spin precession governed by ( rest frame)
Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
This way the Edm signal gets accumulated during the cycle Statistical improvement over PE 1 is about Brings us in the 10-24 ecm range for dd
51011000 ss
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 66
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Constant E-field
Number of turns
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 67
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Linear extrapolation of P=sqrt(Px2+Py
2) for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 68
PE 4 Resonance Method of EDM Measurements in SR
Orlov Morse Semertzidis PRL 96 (2006)
E
BBvddt
sd )(
Measurement using an all magnetic ring
bull Sideways P EDM produces growing Py
bull Using two sub-beams with different v andmodulating v allows one to isolate d
bull Sensitivity dd=10-29 ecmyr
bull Idea was no longer pursued because systematic error is much larger
bull Systematic error estimates for all PEs require reliable spin tracking tools
Top priority to make them available ASAP
bull Next step bull Scrutinize potential of different PEsbull Identify PE with best systematic limit on dpd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 69
Summary
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
ldquoMan muszlig etwas Neues machen um etwas Neues zu sehenrdquo
ldquoYou have to make (create) something new if you want to see something newrdquo
frathmannfz-juelichde 70Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
frathmannfz-juelichde 71Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spare transparencies
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
bull Lower energy particle
bull hellipjust right
bull Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
frathmannfz-juelichde 72Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Freezing Spin Precession with E-Fields
11
01
12
G
G
G gt 0 for γ gt 1 if only electric fields are applied
Magic momentum for protons p = 70074 MeVc
G
mp
G 1
1
μp μN = 2792 847 356 (23) Gp = 17928473565μd μN = 0857 438 2308 (72) Gd = -014298727202μHe-3 μN = -2127 497 718 (25) G3He= -41839627399
Nuclear magneton μN = eħ (2mpc) = 5050 783 24 (13) middot 10-27 J T-1
frathmannfz-juelichde 73Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
frathmannfz-juelichde 74Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Machine acceptance
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 75
lost
cooled
targetring acceptance
beam
In an ideal machine (like TSR-HD)rarr Single-Coulomb scattering at
the target dominates beam loss
K Grigoriev et al NIMA 599130 (2009)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 76
Future Time Reversal Invariance Test
COSY-TRIC P-even T-odd
Total polarization correlation coefficient Ayxz leads to relative difference of current slopes
Milestone Operation of Precision BCT with IIlt10-4
IBeam
time
COSY used as accelerator and detector
PAX
Need for a high precision BCT
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 77
Status TRI Test at COSY
bull Slow fluctuations in the measured BCT signal exceed the noise band at higher frequencies
Possible solutionCryogenic Current Comparator read out by low-temperature super-conducting quantum interference device
Highest resolution achieved 250 pAHz
A Steppke IEEE Trans Appl Superc (2009)
D Eversheim Hyperfine Interact 193 (2009)
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
Frank Rathmann 7819th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 52Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
NEW EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
frathmannfz-juelichde 53Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
One machine with r ~ 30 m
An all-in-one machine Protons
E-field only
54Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
5 10 15 20 25 30 350
20
40
60
80
100
Proton EDM
E-field (MVm)
radi
us (
m)
r1 E( )
E
r2 250 md 048 Gd Zd 844
r2 280 m3He 00575 G3He Z3He 21959
An all-in-one machine Deuterons
E and B fields
55Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 50015
10
5
0
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
frathmannfz-juelichde 57Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
)(1052 29 yearonecmepd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 58
COSY Concept for Snake
bull Should allow for flexible use at two locations
bull Fast ramping (lt 30s)
bull Cryogen-free system
bull Should be available in 2012
Bdl (Tm)
pnrarrppsπ- at 353 MeV
3329
PAX at COSY 140 MeV
1994
PAX at AD 500 MeV 4090
Tmax at COSY 288 GeV
13887
ANKE
PAXPAX
ANKE
An all-in-one machine Helions
E and B fields
59Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
30
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 60
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
Snake
Snake only
Siberian snake turns spin closed orbit along longitudinal axis
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 61
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Snake + RF E-field odd turns
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
Snake + RF E-field even turns
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
frathmannfz-juelichde 62Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Snake + reversed RF E-fields depolarization
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde 63
Parameters of a proton EDM measurementbullTp=140 MeV
bullERF=1 MVm Lcavity=05 m
bullTime of store 24h 631010 turnsbull=1 10-7 radbullSensitivity
bull dp=10-17 ecm p=59 105 s
bull dp=10-18 ecm p=59 107 s
2 1010 4 10
10 6 1010
0
02
04
06
08
d=10^-18 e cmd=10^-17 e cm
n (number of turns)
P(n
)P
(n)
n (number of turns)
dp=10-18 ecmdp=10-17 ecm
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 64
PE 2 Dual Beam Method (equivalent to g-2 d)
It seems possible to store protons and deuterons in COSY simultaneously
bull Assume dp=10-24 ecmbull Determine invariant spin axis of protons using polarimeter
bull Not clear whether one can get away with radial components of P only
bull Determine invariant spin axis for deuterons using polarimeterbull Difference between the two invariant spin axes sensitive to dd
bull Sensitivity similar to g-2 d dd=10-19 ecm
Polarimeter(determines pp and dp elastic)
p and d at same momentum
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 65
PE 3 Resonance Method with RF E-fields (variation of PE1)
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E-fieldvertical
polarization
spin precession governed by ( rest frame)
Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
This way the Edm signal gets accumulated during the cycle Statistical improvement over PE 1 is about Brings us in the 10-24 ecm range for dd
51011000 ss
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 66
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Constant E-field
Number of turns
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 67
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Linear extrapolation of P=sqrt(Px2+Py
2) for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 68
PE 4 Resonance Method of EDM Measurements in SR
Orlov Morse Semertzidis PRL 96 (2006)
E
BBvddt
sd )(
Measurement using an all magnetic ring
bull Sideways P EDM produces growing Py
bull Using two sub-beams with different v andmodulating v allows one to isolate d
bull Sensitivity dd=10-29 ecmyr
bull Idea was no longer pursued because systematic error is much larger
bull Systematic error estimates for all PEs require reliable spin tracking tools
Top priority to make them available ASAP
bull Next step bull Scrutinize potential of different PEsbull Identify PE with best systematic limit on dpd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 69
Summary
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
ldquoMan muszlig etwas Neues machen um etwas Neues zu sehenrdquo
ldquoYou have to make (create) something new if you want to see something newrdquo
frathmannfz-juelichde 70Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
frathmannfz-juelichde 71Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spare transparencies
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
bull Lower energy particle
bull hellipjust right
bull Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
frathmannfz-juelichde 72Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Freezing Spin Precession with E-Fields
11
01
12
G
G
G gt 0 for γ gt 1 if only electric fields are applied
Magic momentum for protons p = 70074 MeVc
G
mp
G 1
1
μp μN = 2792 847 356 (23) Gp = 17928473565μd μN = 0857 438 2308 (72) Gd = -014298727202μHe-3 μN = -2127 497 718 (25) G3He= -41839627399
Nuclear magneton μN = eħ (2mpc) = 5050 783 24 (13) middot 10-27 J T-1
frathmannfz-juelichde 73Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
frathmannfz-juelichde 74Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Machine acceptance
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 75
lost
cooled
targetring acceptance
beam
In an ideal machine (like TSR-HD)rarr Single-Coulomb scattering at
the target dominates beam loss
K Grigoriev et al NIMA 599130 (2009)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 76
Future Time Reversal Invariance Test
COSY-TRIC P-even T-odd
Total polarization correlation coefficient Ayxz leads to relative difference of current slopes
Milestone Operation of Precision BCT with IIlt10-4
IBeam
time
COSY used as accelerator and detector
PAX
Need for a high precision BCT
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 77
Status TRI Test at COSY
bull Slow fluctuations in the measured BCT signal exceed the noise band at higher frequencies
Possible solutionCryogenic Current Comparator read out by low-temperature super-conducting quantum interference device
Highest resolution achieved 250 pAHz
A Steppke IEEE Trans Appl Superc (2009)
D Eversheim Hyperfine Interact 193 (2009)
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
Frank Rathmann 7819th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
NEW EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
frathmannfz-juelichde 53Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
One machine with r ~ 30 m
An all-in-one machine Protons
E-field only
54Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
5 10 15 20 25 30 350
20
40
60
80
100
Proton EDM
E-field (MVm)
radi
us (
m)
r1 E( )
E
r2 250 md 048 Gd Zd 844
r2 280 m3He 00575 G3He Z3He 21959
An all-in-one machine Deuterons
E and B fields
55Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 50015
10
5
0
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
frathmannfz-juelichde 57Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
)(1052 29 yearonecmepd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 58
COSY Concept for Snake
bull Should allow for flexible use at two locations
bull Fast ramping (lt 30s)
bull Cryogen-free system
bull Should be available in 2012
Bdl (Tm)
pnrarrppsπ- at 353 MeV
3329
PAX at COSY 140 MeV
1994
PAX at AD 500 MeV 4090
Tmax at COSY 288 GeV
13887
ANKE
PAXPAX
ANKE
An all-in-one machine Helions
E and B fields
59Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
30
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 60
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
Snake
Snake only
Siberian snake turns spin closed orbit along longitudinal axis
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 61
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Snake + RF E-field odd turns
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
Snake + RF E-field even turns
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
frathmannfz-juelichde 62Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Snake + reversed RF E-fields depolarization
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde 63
Parameters of a proton EDM measurementbullTp=140 MeV
bullERF=1 MVm Lcavity=05 m
bullTime of store 24h 631010 turnsbull=1 10-7 radbullSensitivity
bull dp=10-17 ecm p=59 105 s
bull dp=10-18 ecm p=59 107 s
2 1010 4 10
10 6 1010
0
02
04
06
08
d=10^-18 e cmd=10^-17 e cm
n (number of turns)
P(n
)P
(n)
n (number of turns)
dp=10-18 ecmdp=10-17 ecm
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 64
PE 2 Dual Beam Method (equivalent to g-2 d)
It seems possible to store protons and deuterons in COSY simultaneously
bull Assume dp=10-24 ecmbull Determine invariant spin axis of protons using polarimeter
bull Not clear whether one can get away with radial components of P only
bull Determine invariant spin axis for deuterons using polarimeterbull Difference between the two invariant spin axes sensitive to dd
bull Sensitivity similar to g-2 d dd=10-19 ecm
Polarimeter(determines pp and dp elastic)
p and d at same momentum
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 65
PE 3 Resonance Method with RF E-fields (variation of PE1)
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E-fieldvertical
polarization
spin precession governed by ( rest frame)
Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
This way the Edm signal gets accumulated during the cycle Statistical improvement over PE 1 is about Brings us in the 10-24 ecm range for dd
51011000 ss
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 66
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Constant E-field
Number of turns
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 67
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Linear extrapolation of P=sqrt(Px2+Py
2) for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 68
PE 4 Resonance Method of EDM Measurements in SR
Orlov Morse Semertzidis PRL 96 (2006)
E
BBvddt
sd )(
Measurement using an all magnetic ring
bull Sideways P EDM produces growing Py
bull Using two sub-beams with different v andmodulating v allows one to isolate d
bull Sensitivity dd=10-29 ecmyr
bull Idea was no longer pursued because systematic error is much larger
bull Systematic error estimates for all PEs require reliable spin tracking tools
Top priority to make them available ASAP
bull Next step bull Scrutinize potential of different PEsbull Identify PE with best systematic limit on dpd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 69
Summary
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
ldquoMan muszlig etwas Neues machen um etwas Neues zu sehenrdquo
ldquoYou have to make (create) something new if you want to see something newrdquo
frathmannfz-juelichde 70Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
frathmannfz-juelichde 71Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spare transparencies
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
bull Lower energy particle
bull hellipjust right
bull Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
frathmannfz-juelichde 72Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Freezing Spin Precession with E-Fields
11
01
12
G
G
G gt 0 for γ gt 1 if only electric fields are applied
Magic momentum for protons p = 70074 MeVc
G
mp
G 1
1
μp μN = 2792 847 356 (23) Gp = 17928473565μd μN = 0857 438 2308 (72) Gd = -014298727202μHe-3 μN = -2127 497 718 (25) G3He= -41839627399
Nuclear magneton μN = eħ (2mpc) = 5050 783 24 (13) middot 10-27 J T-1
frathmannfz-juelichde 73Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
frathmannfz-juelichde 74Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Machine acceptance
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 75
lost
cooled
targetring acceptance
beam
In an ideal machine (like TSR-HD)rarr Single-Coulomb scattering at
the target dominates beam loss
K Grigoriev et al NIMA 599130 (2009)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 76
Future Time Reversal Invariance Test
COSY-TRIC P-even T-odd
Total polarization correlation coefficient Ayxz leads to relative difference of current slopes
Milestone Operation of Precision BCT with IIlt10-4
IBeam
time
COSY used as accelerator and detector
PAX
Need for a high precision BCT
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 77
Status TRI Test at COSY
bull Slow fluctuations in the measured BCT signal exceed the noise band at higher frequencies
Possible solutionCryogenic Current Comparator read out by low-temperature super-conducting quantum interference device
Highest resolution achieved 250 pAHz
A Steppke IEEE Trans Appl Superc (2009)
D Eversheim Hyperfine Interact 193 (2009)
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
Frank Rathmann 7819th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
An all-in-one machine Protons
E-field only
54Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
5 10 15 20 25 30 350
20
40
60
80
100
Proton EDM
E-field (MVm)
radi
us (
m)
r1 E( )
E
r2 250 md 048 Gd Zd 844
r2 280 m3He 00575 G3He Z3He 21959
An all-in-one machine Deuterons
E and B fields
55Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 50015
10
5
0
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
frathmannfz-juelichde 57Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
)(1052 29 yearonecmepd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 58
COSY Concept for Snake
bull Should allow for flexible use at two locations
bull Fast ramping (lt 30s)
bull Cryogen-free system
bull Should be available in 2012
Bdl (Tm)
pnrarrppsπ- at 353 MeV
3329
PAX at COSY 140 MeV
1994
PAX at AD 500 MeV 4090
Tmax at COSY 288 GeV
13887
ANKE
PAXPAX
ANKE
An all-in-one machine Helions
E and B fields
59Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
30
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 60
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
Snake
Snake only
Siberian snake turns spin closed orbit along longitudinal axis
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 61
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Snake + RF E-field odd turns
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
Snake + RF E-field even turns
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
frathmannfz-juelichde 62Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Snake + reversed RF E-fields depolarization
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde 63
Parameters of a proton EDM measurementbullTp=140 MeV
bullERF=1 MVm Lcavity=05 m
bullTime of store 24h 631010 turnsbull=1 10-7 radbullSensitivity
bull dp=10-17 ecm p=59 105 s
bull dp=10-18 ecm p=59 107 s
2 1010 4 10
10 6 1010
0
02
04
06
08
d=10^-18 e cmd=10^-17 e cm
n (number of turns)
P(n
)P
(n)
n (number of turns)
dp=10-18 ecmdp=10-17 ecm
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 64
PE 2 Dual Beam Method (equivalent to g-2 d)
It seems possible to store protons and deuterons in COSY simultaneously
bull Assume dp=10-24 ecmbull Determine invariant spin axis of protons using polarimeter
bull Not clear whether one can get away with radial components of P only
bull Determine invariant spin axis for deuterons using polarimeterbull Difference between the two invariant spin axes sensitive to dd
bull Sensitivity similar to g-2 d dd=10-19 ecm
Polarimeter(determines pp and dp elastic)
p and d at same momentum
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 65
PE 3 Resonance Method with RF E-fields (variation of PE1)
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E-fieldvertical
polarization
spin precession governed by ( rest frame)
Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
This way the Edm signal gets accumulated during the cycle Statistical improvement over PE 1 is about Brings us in the 10-24 ecm range for dd
51011000 ss
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 66
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Constant E-field
Number of turns
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 67
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Linear extrapolation of P=sqrt(Px2+Py
2) for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 68
PE 4 Resonance Method of EDM Measurements in SR
Orlov Morse Semertzidis PRL 96 (2006)
E
BBvddt
sd )(
Measurement using an all magnetic ring
bull Sideways P EDM produces growing Py
bull Using two sub-beams with different v andmodulating v allows one to isolate d
bull Sensitivity dd=10-29 ecmyr
bull Idea was no longer pursued because systematic error is much larger
bull Systematic error estimates for all PEs require reliable spin tracking tools
Top priority to make them available ASAP
bull Next step bull Scrutinize potential of different PEsbull Identify PE with best systematic limit on dpd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 69
Summary
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
ldquoMan muszlig etwas Neues machen um etwas Neues zu sehenrdquo
ldquoYou have to make (create) something new if you want to see something newrdquo
frathmannfz-juelichde 70Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
frathmannfz-juelichde 71Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spare transparencies
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
bull Lower energy particle
bull hellipjust right
bull Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
frathmannfz-juelichde 72Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Freezing Spin Precession with E-Fields
11
01
12
G
G
G gt 0 for γ gt 1 if only electric fields are applied
Magic momentum for protons p = 70074 MeVc
G
mp
G 1
1
μp μN = 2792 847 356 (23) Gp = 17928473565μd μN = 0857 438 2308 (72) Gd = -014298727202μHe-3 μN = -2127 497 718 (25) G3He= -41839627399
Nuclear magneton μN = eħ (2mpc) = 5050 783 24 (13) middot 10-27 J T-1
frathmannfz-juelichde 73Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
frathmannfz-juelichde 74Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Machine acceptance
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 75
lost
cooled
targetring acceptance
beam
In an ideal machine (like TSR-HD)rarr Single-Coulomb scattering at
the target dominates beam loss
K Grigoriev et al NIMA 599130 (2009)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 76
Future Time Reversal Invariance Test
COSY-TRIC P-even T-odd
Total polarization correlation coefficient Ayxz leads to relative difference of current slopes
Milestone Operation of Precision BCT with IIlt10-4
IBeam
time
COSY used as accelerator and detector
PAX
Need for a high precision BCT
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 77
Status TRI Test at COSY
bull Slow fluctuations in the measured BCT signal exceed the noise band at higher frequencies
Possible solutionCryogenic Current Comparator read out by low-temperature super-conducting quantum interference device
Highest resolution achieved 250 pAHz
A Steppke IEEE Trans Appl Superc (2009)
D Eversheim Hyperfine Interact 193 (2009)
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
Frank Rathmann 7819th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
An all-in-one machine Deuterons
E and B fields
55Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 50015
10
5
0
B=01 TB=02 TB=03 T
Deuteron EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
frathmannfz-juelichde 57Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
)(1052 29 yearonecmepd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 58
COSY Concept for Snake
bull Should allow for flexible use at two locations
bull Fast ramping (lt 30s)
bull Cryogen-free system
bull Should be available in 2012
Bdl (Tm)
pnrarrppsπ- at 353 MeV
3329
PAX at COSY 140 MeV
1994
PAX at AD 500 MeV 4090
Tmax at COSY 288 GeV
13887
ANKE
PAXPAX
ANKE
An all-in-one machine Helions
E and B fields
59Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
30
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 60
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
Snake
Snake only
Siberian snake turns spin closed orbit along longitudinal axis
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 61
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Snake + RF E-field odd turns
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
Snake + RF E-field even turns
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
frathmannfz-juelichde 62Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Snake + reversed RF E-fields depolarization
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde 63
Parameters of a proton EDM measurementbullTp=140 MeV
bullERF=1 MVm Lcavity=05 m
bullTime of store 24h 631010 turnsbull=1 10-7 radbullSensitivity
bull dp=10-17 ecm p=59 105 s
bull dp=10-18 ecm p=59 107 s
2 1010 4 10
10 6 1010
0
02
04
06
08
d=10^-18 e cmd=10^-17 e cm
n (number of turns)
P(n
)P
(n)
n (number of turns)
dp=10-18 ecmdp=10-17 ecm
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 64
PE 2 Dual Beam Method (equivalent to g-2 d)
It seems possible to store protons and deuterons in COSY simultaneously
bull Assume dp=10-24 ecmbull Determine invariant spin axis of protons using polarimeter
bull Not clear whether one can get away with radial components of P only
bull Determine invariant spin axis for deuterons using polarimeterbull Difference between the two invariant spin axes sensitive to dd
bull Sensitivity similar to g-2 d dd=10-19 ecm
Polarimeter(determines pp and dp elastic)
p and d at same momentum
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 65
PE 3 Resonance Method with RF E-fields (variation of PE1)
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E-fieldvertical
polarization
spin precession governed by ( rest frame)
Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
This way the Edm signal gets accumulated during the cycle Statistical improvement over PE 1 is about Brings us in the 10-24 ecm range for dd
51011000 ss
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 66
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Constant E-field
Number of turns
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 67
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Linear extrapolation of P=sqrt(Px2+Py
2) for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 68
PE 4 Resonance Method of EDM Measurements in SR
Orlov Morse Semertzidis PRL 96 (2006)
E
BBvddt
sd )(
Measurement using an all magnetic ring
bull Sideways P EDM produces growing Py
bull Using two sub-beams with different v andmodulating v allows one to isolate d
bull Sensitivity dd=10-29 ecmyr
bull Idea was no longer pursued because systematic error is much larger
bull Systematic error estimates for all PEs require reliable spin tracking tools
Top priority to make them available ASAP
bull Next step bull Scrutinize potential of different PEsbull Identify PE with best systematic limit on dpd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 69
Summary
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
ldquoMan muszlig etwas Neues machen um etwas Neues zu sehenrdquo
ldquoYou have to make (create) something new if you want to see something newrdquo
frathmannfz-juelichde 70Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
frathmannfz-juelichde 71Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spare transparencies
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
bull Lower energy particle
bull hellipjust right
bull Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
frathmannfz-juelichde 72Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Freezing Spin Precession with E-Fields
11
01
12
G
G
G gt 0 for γ gt 1 if only electric fields are applied
Magic momentum for protons p = 70074 MeVc
G
mp
G 1
1
μp μN = 2792 847 356 (23) Gp = 17928473565μd μN = 0857 438 2308 (72) Gd = -014298727202μHe-3 μN = -2127 497 718 (25) G3He= -41839627399
Nuclear magneton μN = eħ (2mpc) = 5050 783 24 (13) middot 10-27 J T-1
frathmannfz-juelichde 73Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
frathmannfz-juelichde 74Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Machine acceptance
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 75
lost
cooled
targetring acceptance
beam
In an ideal machine (like TSR-HD)rarr Single-Coulomb scattering at
the target dominates beam loss
K Grigoriev et al NIMA 599130 (2009)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 76
Future Time Reversal Invariance Test
COSY-TRIC P-even T-odd
Total polarization correlation coefficient Ayxz leads to relative difference of current slopes
Milestone Operation of Precision BCT with IIlt10-4
IBeam
time
COSY used as accelerator and detector
PAX
Need for a high precision BCT
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 77
Status TRI Test at COSY
bull Slow fluctuations in the measured BCT signal exceed the noise band at higher frequencies
Possible solutionCryogenic Current Comparator read out by low-temperature super-conducting quantum interference device
Highest resolution achieved 250 pAHz
A Steppke IEEE Trans Appl Superc (2009)
D Eversheim Hyperfine Interact 193 (2009)
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
Frank Rathmann 7819th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
frathmannfz-juelichde 57Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
)(1052 29 yearonecmepd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 58
COSY Concept for Snake
bull Should allow for flexible use at two locations
bull Fast ramping (lt 30s)
bull Cryogen-free system
bull Should be available in 2012
Bdl (Tm)
pnrarrppsπ- at 353 MeV
3329
PAX at COSY 140 MeV
1994
PAX at AD 500 MeV 4090
Tmax at COSY 288 GeV
13887
ANKE
PAXPAX
ANKE
An all-in-one machine Helions
E and B fields
59Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
30
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 60
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
Snake
Snake only
Siberian snake turns spin closed orbit along longitudinal axis
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 61
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Snake + RF E-field odd turns
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
Snake + RF E-field even turns
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
frathmannfz-juelichde 62Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Snake + reversed RF E-fields depolarization
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde 63
Parameters of a proton EDM measurementbullTp=140 MeV
bullERF=1 MVm Lcavity=05 m
bullTime of store 24h 631010 turnsbull=1 10-7 radbullSensitivity
bull dp=10-17 ecm p=59 105 s
bull dp=10-18 ecm p=59 107 s
2 1010 4 10
10 6 1010
0
02
04
06
08
d=10^-18 e cmd=10^-17 e cm
n (number of turns)
P(n
)P
(n)
n (number of turns)
dp=10-18 ecmdp=10-17 ecm
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 64
PE 2 Dual Beam Method (equivalent to g-2 d)
It seems possible to store protons and deuterons in COSY simultaneously
bull Assume dp=10-24 ecmbull Determine invariant spin axis of protons using polarimeter
bull Not clear whether one can get away with radial components of P only
bull Determine invariant spin axis for deuterons using polarimeterbull Difference between the two invariant spin axes sensitive to dd
bull Sensitivity similar to g-2 d dd=10-19 ecm
Polarimeter(determines pp and dp elastic)
p and d at same momentum
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 65
PE 3 Resonance Method with RF E-fields (variation of PE1)
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E-fieldvertical
polarization
spin precession governed by ( rest frame)
Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
This way the Edm signal gets accumulated during the cycle Statistical improvement over PE 1 is about Brings us in the 10-24 ecm range for dd
51011000 ss
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 66
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Constant E-field
Number of turns
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 67
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Linear extrapolation of P=sqrt(Px2+Py
2) for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 68
PE 4 Resonance Method of EDM Measurements in SR
Orlov Morse Semertzidis PRL 96 (2006)
E
BBvddt
sd )(
Measurement using an all magnetic ring
bull Sideways P EDM produces growing Py
bull Using two sub-beams with different v andmodulating v allows one to isolate d
bull Sensitivity dd=10-29 ecmyr
bull Idea was no longer pursued because systematic error is much larger
bull Systematic error estimates for all PEs require reliable spin tracking tools
Top priority to make them available ASAP
bull Next step bull Scrutinize potential of different PEsbull Identify PE with best systematic limit on dpd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 69
Summary
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
ldquoMan muszlig etwas Neues machen um etwas Neues zu sehenrdquo
ldquoYou have to make (create) something new if you want to see something newrdquo
frathmannfz-juelichde 70Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
frathmannfz-juelichde 71Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spare transparencies
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
bull Lower energy particle
bull hellipjust right
bull Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
frathmannfz-juelichde 72Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Freezing Spin Precession with E-Fields
11
01
12
G
G
G gt 0 for γ gt 1 if only electric fields are applied
Magic momentum for protons p = 70074 MeVc
G
mp
G 1
1
μp μN = 2792 847 356 (23) Gp = 17928473565μd μN = 0857 438 2308 (72) Gd = -014298727202μHe-3 μN = -2127 497 718 (25) G3He= -41839627399
Nuclear magneton μN = eħ (2mpc) = 5050 783 24 (13) middot 10-27 J T-1
frathmannfz-juelichde 73Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
frathmannfz-juelichde 74Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Machine acceptance
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 75
lost
cooled
targetring acceptance
beam
In an ideal machine (like TSR-HD)rarr Single-Coulomb scattering at
the target dominates beam loss
K Grigoriev et al NIMA 599130 (2009)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 76
Future Time Reversal Invariance Test
COSY-TRIC P-even T-odd
Total polarization correlation coefficient Ayxz leads to relative difference of current slopes
Milestone Operation of Precision BCT with IIlt10-4
IBeam
time
COSY used as accelerator and detector
PAX
Need for a high precision BCT
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 77
Status TRI Test at COSY
bull Slow fluctuations in the measured BCT signal exceed the noise band at higher frequencies
Possible solutionCryogenic Current Comparator read out by low-temperature super-conducting quantum interference device
Highest resolution achieved 250 pAHz
A Steppke IEEE Trans Appl Superc (2009)
D Eversheim Hyperfine Interact 193 (2009)
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
Frank Rathmann 7819th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
frathmannfz-juelichde 57Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
)(1052 29 yearonecmepd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 58
COSY Concept for Snake
bull Should allow for flexible use at two locations
bull Fast ramping (lt 30s)
bull Cryogen-free system
bull Should be available in 2012
Bdl (Tm)
pnrarrppsπ- at 353 MeV
3329
PAX at COSY 140 MeV
1994
PAX at AD 500 MeV 4090
Tmax at COSY 288 GeV
13887
ANKE
PAXPAX
ANKE
An all-in-one machine Helions
E and B fields
59Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
30
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 60
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
Snake
Snake only
Siberian snake turns spin closed orbit along longitudinal axis
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 61
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Snake + RF E-field odd turns
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
Snake + RF E-field even turns
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
frathmannfz-juelichde 62Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Snake + reversed RF E-fields depolarization
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde 63
Parameters of a proton EDM measurementbullTp=140 MeV
bullERF=1 MVm Lcavity=05 m
bullTime of store 24h 631010 turnsbull=1 10-7 radbullSensitivity
bull dp=10-17 ecm p=59 105 s
bull dp=10-18 ecm p=59 107 s
2 1010 4 10
10 6 1010
0
02
04
06
08
d=10^-18 e cmd=10^-17 e cm
n (number of turns)
P(n
)P
(n)
n (number of turns)
dp=10-18 ecmdp=10-17 ecm
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 64
PE 2 Dual Beam Method (equivalent to g-2 d)
It seems possible to store protons and deuterons in COSY simultaneously
bull Assume dp=10-24 ecmbull Determine invariant spin axis of protons using polarimeter
bull Not clear whether one can get away with radial components of P only
bull Determine invariant spin axis for deuterons using polarimeterbull Difference between the two invariant spin axes sensitive to dd
bull Sensitivity similar to g-2 d dd=10-19 ecm
Polarimeter(determines pp and dp elastic)
p and d at same momentum
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 65
PE 3 Resonance Method with RF E-fields (variation of PE1)
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E-fieldvertical
polarization
spin precession governed by ( rest frame)
Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
This way the Edm signal gets accumulated during the cycle Statistical improvement over PE 1 is about Brings us in the 10-24 ecm range for dd
51011000 ss
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 66
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Constant E-field
Number of turns
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 67
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Linear extrapolation of P=sqrt(Px2+Py
2) for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 68
PE 4 Resonance Method of EDM Measurements in SR
Orlov Morse Semertzidis PRL 96 (2006)
E
BBvddt
sd )(
Measurement using an all magnetic ring
bull Sideways P EDM produces growing Py
bull Using two sub-beams with different v andmodulating v allows one to isolate d
bull Sensitivity dd=10-29 ecmyr
bull Idea was no longer pursued because systematic error is much larger
bull Systematic error estimates for all PEs require reliable spin tracking tools
Top priority to make them available ASAP
bull Next step bull Scrutinize potential of different PEsbull Identify PE with best systematic limit on dpd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 69
Summary
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
ldquoMan muszlig etwas Neues machen um etwas Neues zu sehenrdquo
ldquoYou have to make (create) something new if you want to see something newrdquo
frathmannfz-juelichde 70Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
frathmannfz-juelichde 71Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spare transparencies
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
bull Lower energy particle
bull hellipjust right
bull Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
frathmannfz-juelichde 72Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Freezing Spin Precession with E-Fields
11
01
12
G
G
G gt 0 for γ gt 1 if only electric fields are applied
Magic momentum for protons p = 70074 MeVc
G
mp
G 1
1
μp μN = 2792 847 356 (23) Gp = 17928473565μd μN = 0857 438 2308 (72) Gd = -014298727202μHe-3 μN = -2127 497 718 (25) G3He= -41839627399
Nuclear magneton μN = eħ (2mpc) = 5050 783 24 (13) middot 10-27 J T-1
frathmannfz-juelichde 73Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
frathmannfz-juelichde 74Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Machine acceptance
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 75
lost
cooled
targetring acceptance
beam
In an ideal machine (like TSR-HD)rarr Single-Coulomb scattering at
the target dominates beam loss
K Grigoriev et al NIMA 599130 (2009)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 76
Future Time Reversal Invariance Test
COSY-TRIC P-even T-odd
Total polarization correlation coefficient Ayxz leads to relative difference of current slopes
Milestone Operation of Precision BCT with IIlt10-4
IBeam
time
COSY used as accelerator and detector
PAX
Need for a high precision BCT
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 77
Status TRI Test at COSY
bull Slow fluctuations in the measured BCT signal exceed the noise band at higher frequencies
Possible solutionCryogenic Current Comparator read out by low-temperature super-conducting quantum interference device
Highest resolution achieved 250 pAHz
A Steppke IEEE Trans Appl Superc (2009)
D Eversheim Hyperfine Interact 193 (2009)
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
Frank Rathmann 7819th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 58
COSY Concept for Snake
bull Should allow for flexible use at two locations
bull Fast ramping (lt 30s)
bull Cryogen-free system
bull Should be available in 2012
Bdl (Tm)
pnrarrppsπ- at 353 MeV
3329
PAX at COSY 140 MeV
1994
PAX at AD 500 MeV 4090
Tmax at COSY 288 GeV
13887
ANKE
PAXPAX
ANKE
An all-in-one machine Helions
E and B fields
59Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
30
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 60
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
Snake
Snake only
Siberian snake turns spin closed orbit along longitudinal axis
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 61
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Snake + RF E-field odd turns
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
Snake + RF E-field even turns
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
frathmannfz-juelichde 62Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Snake + reversed RF E-fields depolarization
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde 63
Parameters of a proton EDM measurementbullTp=140 MeV
bullERF=1 MVm Lcavity=05 m
bullTime of store 24h 631010 turnsbull=1 10-7 radbullSensitivity
bull dp=10-17 ecm p=59 105 s
bull dp=10-18 ecm p=59 107 s
2 1010 4 10
10 6 1010
0
02
04
06
08
d=10^-18 e cmd=10^-17 e cm
n (number of turns)
P(n
)P
(n)
n (number of turns)
dp=10-18 ecmdp=10-17 ecm
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 64
PE 2 Dual Beam Method (equivalent to g-2 d)
It seems possible to store protons and deuterons in COSY simultaneously
bull Assume dp=10-24 ecmbull Determine invariant spin axis of protons using polarimeter
bull Not clear whether one can get away with radial components of P only
bull Determine invariant spin axis for deuterons using polarimeterbull Difference between the two invariant spin axes sensitive to dd
bull Sensitivity similar to g-2 d dd=10-19 ecm
Polarimeter(determines pp and dp elastic)
p and d at same momentum
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 65
PE 3 Resonance Method with RF E-fields (variation of PE1)
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E-fieldvertical
polarization
spin precession governed by ( rest frame)
Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
This way the Edm signal gets accumulated during the cycle Statistical improvement over PE 1 is about Brings us in the 10-24 ecm range for dd
51011000 ss
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 66
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Constant E-field
Number of turns
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 67
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Linear extrapolation of P=sqrt(Px2+Py
2) for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 68
PE 4 Resonance Method of EDM Measurements in SR
Orlov Morse Semertzidis PRL 96 (2006)
E
BBvddt
sd )(
Measurement using an all magnetic ring
bull Sideways P EDM produces growing Py
bull Using two sub-beams with different v andmodulating v allows one to isolate d
bull Sensitivity dd=10-29 ecmyr
bull Idea was no longer pursued because systematic error is much larger
bull Systematic error estimates for all PEs require reliable spin tracking tools
Top priority to make them available ASAP
bull Next step bull Scrutinize potential of different PEsbull Identify PE with best systematic limit on dpd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 69
Summary
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
ldquoMan muszlig etwas Neues machen um etwas Neues zu sehenrdquo
ldquoYou have to make (create) something new if you want to see something newrdquo
frathmannfz-juelichde 70Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
frathmannfz-juelichde 71Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spare transparencies
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
bull Lower energy particle
bull hellipjust right
bull Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
frathmannfz-juelichde 72Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Freezing Spin Precession with E-Fields
11
01
12
G
G
G gt 0 for γ gt 1 if only electric fields are applied
Magic momentum for protons p = 70074 MeVc
G
mp
G 1
1
μp μN = 2792 847 356 (23) Gp = 17928473565μd μN = 0857 438 2308 (72) Gd = -014298727202μHe-3 μN = -2127 497 718 (25) G3He= -41839627399
Nuclear magneton μN = eħ (2mpc) = 5050 783 24 (13) middot 10-27 J T-1
frathmannfz-juelichde 73Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
frathmannfz-juelichde 74Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Machine acceptance
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 75
lost
cooled
targetring acceptance
beam
In an ideal machine (like TSR-HD)rarr Single-Coulomb scattering at
the target dominates beam loss
K Grigoriev et al NIMA 599130 (2009)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 76
Future Time Reversal Invariance Test
COSY-TRIC P-even T-odd
Total polarization correlation coefficient Ayxz leads to relative difference of current slopes
Milestone Operation of Precision BCT with IIlt10-4
IBeam
time
COSY used as accelerator and detector
PAX
Need for a high precision BCT
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 77
Status TRI Test at COSY
bull Slow fluctuations in the measured BCT signal exceed the noise band at higher frequencies
Possible solutionCryogenic Current Comparator read out by low-temperature super-conducting quantum interference device
Highest resolution achieved 250 pAHz
A Steppke IEEE Trans Appl Superc (2009)
D Eversheim Hyperfine Interact 193 (2009)
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
Frank Rathmann 7819th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
An all-in-one machine Helions
E and B fields
59Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSYfrathmannfz-juelichde
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
us (
m)
100 200 300 400 5000
10
20
30
B=005 TB=01 TB=015 T
Helion EDM
kinetic energy (MeV)
radi
al E
-fie
ld (
MV
m)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 60
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
Snake
Snake only
Siberian snake turns spin closed orbit along longitudinal axis
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 61
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Snake + RF E-field odd turns
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
Snake + RF E-field even turns
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
frathmannfz-juelichde 62Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Snake + reversed RF E-fields depolarization
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde 63
Parameters of a proton EDM measurementbullTp=140 MeV
bullERF=1 MVm Lcavity=05 m
bullTime of store 24h 631010 turnsbull=1 10-7 radbullSensitivity
bull dp=10-17 ecm p=59 105 s
bull dp=10-18 ecm p=59 107 s
2 1010 4 10
10 6 1010
0
02
04
06
08
d=10^-18 e cmd=10^-17 e cm
n (number of turns)
P(n
)P
(n)
n (number of turns)
dp=10-18 ecmdp=10-17 ecm
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 64
PE 2 Dual Beam Method (equivalent to g-2 d)
It seems possible to store protons and deuterons in COSY simultaneously
bull Assume dp=10-24 ecmbull Determine invariant spin axis of protons using polarimeter
bull Not clear whether one can get away with radial components of P only
bull Determine invariant spin axis for deuterons using polarimeterbull Difference between the two invariant spin axes sensitive to dd
bull Sensitivity similar to g-2 d dd=10-19 ecm
Polarimeter(determines pp and dp elastic)
p and d at same momentum
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 65
PE 3 Resonance Method with RF E-fields (variation of PE1)
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E-fieldvertical
polarization
spin precession governed by ( rest frame)
Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
This way the Edm signal gets accumulated during the cycle Statistical improvement over PE 1 is about Brings us in the 10-24 ecm range for dd
51011000 ss
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 66
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Constant E-field
Number of turns
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 67
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Linear extrapolation of P=sqrt(Px2+Py
2) for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 68
PE 4 Resonance Method of EDM Measurements in SR
Orlov Morse Semertzidis PRL 96 (2006)
E
BBvddt
sd )(
Measurement using an all magnetic ring
bull Sideways P EDM produces growing Py
bull Using two sub-beams with different v andmodulating v allows one to isolate d
bull Sensitivity dd=10-29 ecmyr
bull Idea was no longer pursued because systematic error is much larger
bull Systematic error estimates for all PEs require reliable spin tracking tools
Top priority to make them available ASAP
bull Next step bull Scrutinize potential of different PEsbull Identify PE with best systematic limit on dpd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 69
Summary
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
ldquoMan muszlig etwas Neues machen um etwas Neues zu sehenrdquo
ldquoYou have to make (create) something new if you want to see something newrdquo
frathmannfz-juelichde 70Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
frathmannfz-juelichde 71Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spare transparencies
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
bull Lower energy particle
bull hellipjust right
bull Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
frathmannfz-juelichde 72Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Freezing Spin Precession with E-Fields
11
01
12
G
G
G gt 0 for γ gt 1 if only electric fields are applied
Magic momentum for protons p = 70074 MeVc
G
mp
G 1
1
μp μN = 2792 847 356 (23) Gp = 17928473565μd μN = 0857 438 2308 (72) Gd = -014298727202μHe-3 μN = -2127 497 718 (25) G3He= -41839627399
Nuclear magneton μN = eħ (2mpc) = 5050 783 24 (13) middot 10-27 J T-1
frathmannfz-juelichde 73Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
frathmannfz-juelichde 74Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Machine acceptance
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 75
lost
cooled
targetring acceptance
beam
In an ideal machine (like TSR-HD)rarr Single-Coulomb scattering at
the target dominates beam loss
K Grigoriev et al NIMA 599130 (2009)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 76
Future Time Reversal Invariance Test
COSY-TRIC P-even T-odd
Total polarization correlation coefficient Ayxz leads to relative difference of current slopes
Milestone Operation of Precision BCT with IIlt10-4
IBeam
time
COSY used as accelerator and detector
PAX
Need for a high precision BCT
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 77
Status TRI Test at COSY
bull Slow fluctuations in the measured BCT signal exceed the noise band at higher frequencies
Possible solutionCryogenic Current Comparator read out by low-temperature super-conducting quantum interference device
Highest resolution achieved 250 pAHz
A Steppke IEEE Trans Appl Superc (2009)
D Eversheim Hyperfine Interact 193 (2009)
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
Frank Rathmann 7819th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 60
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
Snake
Snake only
Siberian snake turns spin closed orbit along longitudinal axis
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 61
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Snake + RF E-field odd turns
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
Snake + RF E-field even turns
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
frathmannfz-juelichde 62Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Snake + reversed RF E-fields depolarization
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde 63
Parameters of a proton EDM measurementbullTp=140 MeV
bullERF=1 MVm Lcavity=05 m
bullTime of store 24h 631010 turnsbull=1 10-7 radbullSensitivity
bull dp=10-17 ecm p=59 105 s
bull dp=10-18 ecm p=59 107 s
2 1010 4 10
10 6 1010
0
02
04
06
08
d=10^-18 e cmd=10^-17 e cm
n (number of turns)
P(n
)P
(n)
n (number of turns)
dp=10-18 ecmdp=10-17 ecm
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 64
PE 2 Dual Beam Method (equivalent to g-2 d)
It seems possible to store protons and deuterons in COSY simultaneously
bull Assume dp=10-24 ecmbull Determine invariant spin axis of protons using polarimeter
bull Not clear whether one can get away with radial components of P only
bull Determine invariant spin axis for deuterons using polarimeterbull Difference between the two invariant spin axes sensitive to dd
bull Sensitivity similar to g-2 d dd=10-19 ecm
Polarimeter(determines pp and dp elastic)
p and d at same momentum
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 65
PE 3 Resonance Method with RF E-fields (variation of PE1)
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E-fieldvertical
polarization
spin precession governed by ( rest frame)
Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
This way the Edm signal gets accumulated during the cycle Statistical improvement over PE 1 is about Brings us in the 10-24 ecm range for dd
51011000 ss
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 66
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Constant E-field
Number of turns
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 67
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Linear extrapolation of P=sqrt(Px2+Py
2) for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 68
PE 4 Resonance Method of EDM Measurements in SR
Orlov Morse Semertzidis PRL 96 (2006)
E
BBvddt
sd )(
Measurement using an all magnetic ring
bull Sideways P EDM produces growing Py
bull Using two sub-beams with different v andmodulating v allows one to isolate d
bull Sensitivity dd=10-29 ecmyr
bull Idea was no longer pursued because systematic error is much larger
bull Systematic error estimates for all PEs require reliable spin tracking tools
Top priority to make them available ASAP
bull Next step bull Scrutinize potential of different PEsbull Identify PE with best systematic limit on dpd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 69
Summary
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
ldquoMan muszlig etwas Neues machen um etwas Neues zu sehenrdquo
ldquoYou have to make (create) something new if you want to see something newrdquo
frathmannfz-juelichde 70Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
frathmannfz-juelichde 71Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spare transparencies
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
bull Lower energy particle
bull hellipjust right
bull Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
frathmannfz-juelichde 72Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Freezing Spin Precession with E-Fields
11
01
12
G
G
G gt 0 for γ gt 1 if only electric fields are applied
Magic momentum for protons p = 70074 MeVc
G
mp
G 1
1
μp μN = 2792 847 356 (23) Gp = 17928473565μd μN = 0857 438 2308 (72) Gd = -014298727202μHe-3 μN = -2127 497 718 (25) G3He= -41839627399
Nuclear magneton μN = eħ (2mpc) = 5050 783 24 (13) middot 10-27 J T-1
frathmannfz-juelichde 73Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
frathmannfz-juelichde 74Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Machine acceptance
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 75
lost
cooled
targetring acceptance
beam
In an ideal machine (like TSR-HD)rarr Single-Coulomb scattering at
the target dominates beam loss
K Grigoriev et al NIMA 599130 (2009)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 76
Future Time Reversal Invariance Test
COSY-TRIC P-even T-odd
Total polarization correlation coefficient Ayxz leads to relative difference of current slopes
Milestone Operation of Precision BCT with IIlt10-4
IBeam
time
COSY used as accelerator and detector
PAX
Need for a high precision BCT
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 77
Status TRI Test at COSY
bull Slow fluctuations in the measured BCT signal exceed the noise band at higher frequencies
Possible solutionCryogenic Current Comparator read out by low-temperature super-conducting quantum interference device
Highest resolution achieved 250 pAHz
A Steppke IEEE Trans Appl Superc (2009)
D Eversheim Hyperfine Interact 193 (2009)
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
Frank Rathmann 7819th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 61
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Snake + RF E-field odd turns
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
Snake + RF E-field even turns
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
frathmannfz-juelichde 62Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Snake + reversed RF E-fields depolarization
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde 63
Parameters of a proton EDM measurementbullTp=140 MeV
bullERF=1 MVm Lcavity=05 m
bullTime of store 24h 631010 turnsbull=1 10-7 radbullSensitivity
bull dp=10-17 ecm p=59 105 s
bull dp=10-18 ecm p=59 107 s
2 1010 4 10
10 6 1010
0
02
04
06
08
d=10^-18 e cmd=10^-17 e cm
n (number of turns)
P(n
)P
(n)
n (number of turns)
dp=10-18 ecmdp=10-17 ecm
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 64
PE 2 Dual Beam Method (equivalent to g-2 d)
It seems possible to store protons and deuterons in COSY simultaneously
bull Assume dp=10-24 ecmbull Determine invariant spin axis of protons using polarimeter
bull Not clear whether one can get away with radial components of P only
bull Determine invariant spin axis for deuterons using polarimeterbull Difference between the two invariant spin axes sensitive to dd
bull Sensitivity similar to g-2 d dd=10-19 ecm
Polarimeter(determines pp and dp elastic)
p and d at same momentum
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 65
PE 3 Resonance Method with RF E-fields (variation of PE1)
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E-fieldvertical
polarization
spin precession governed by ( rest frame)
Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
This way the Edm signal gets accumulated during the cycle Statistical improvement over PE 1 is about Brings us in the 10-24 ecm range for dd
51011000 ss
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 66
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Constant E-field
Number of turns
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 67
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Linear extrapolation of P=sqrt(Px2+Py
2) for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 68
PE 4 Resonance Method of EDM Measurements in SR
Orlov Morse Semertzidis PRL 96 (2006)
E
BBvddt
sd )(
Measurement using an all magnetic ring
bull Sideways P EDM produces growing Py
bull Using two sub-beams with different v andmodulating v allows one to isolate d
bull Sensitivity dd=10-29 ecmyr
bull Idea was no longer pursued because systematic error is much larger
bull Systematic error estimates for all PEs require reliable spin tracking tools
Top priority to make them available ASAP
bull Next step bull Scrutinize potential of different PEsbull Identify PE with best systematic limit on dpd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 69
Summary
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
ldquoMan muszlig etwas Neues machen um etwas Neues zu sehenrdquo
ldquoYou have to make (create) something new if you want to see something newrdquo
frathmannfz-juelichde 70Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
frathmannfz-juelichde 71Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spare transparencies
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
bull Lower energy particle
bull hellipjust right
bull Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
frathmannfz-juelichde 72Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Freezing Spin Precession with E-Fields
11
01
12
G
G
G gt 0 for γ gt 1 if only electric fields are applied
Magic momentum for protons p = 70074 MeVc
G
mp
G 1
1
μp μN = 2792 847 356 (23) Gp = 17928473565μd μN = 0857 438 2308 (72) Gd = -014298727202μHe-3 μN = -2127 497 718 (25) G3He= -41839627399
Nuclear magneton μN = eħ (2mpc) = 5050 783 24 (13) middot 10-27 J T-1
frathmannfz-juelichde 73Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
frathmannfz-juelichde 74Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Machine acceptance
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 75
lost
cooled
targetring acceptance
beam
In an ideal machine (like TSR-HD)rarr Single-Coulomb scattering at
the target dominates beam loss
K Grigoriev et al NIMA 599130 (2009)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 76
Future Time Reversal Invariance Test
COSY-TRIC P-even T-odd
Total polarization correlation coefficient Ayxz leads to relative difference of current slopes
Milestone Operation of Precision BCT with IIlt10-4
IBeam
time
COSY used as accelerator and detector
PAX
Need for a high precision BCT
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 77
Status TRI Test at COSY
bull Slow fluctuations in the measured BCT signal exceed the noise band at higher frequencies
Possible solutionCryogenic Current Comparator read out by low-temperature super-conducting quantum interference device
Highest resolution achieved 250 pAHz
A Steppke IEEE Trans Appl Superc (2009)
D Eversheim Hyperfine Interact 193 (2009)
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
Frank Rathmann 7819th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
Snake + RF E-field even turns
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
frathmannfz-juelichde 62Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Snake + reversed RF E-fields depolarization
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde 63
Parameters of a proton EDM measurementbullTp=140 MeV
bullERF=1 MVm Lcavity=05 m
bullTime of store 24h 631010 turnsbull=1 10-7 radbullSensitivity
bull dp=10-17 ecm p=59 105 s
bull dp=10-18 ecm p=59 107 s
2 1010 4 10
10 6 1010
0
02
04
06
08
d=10^-18 e cmd=10^-17 e cm
n (number of turns)
P(n
)P
(n)
n (number of turns)
dp=10-18 ecmdp=10-17 ecm
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 64
PE 2 Dual Beam Method (equivalent to g-2 d)
It seems possible to store protons and deuterons in COSY simultaneously
bull Assume dp=10-24 ecmbull Determine invariant spin axis of protons using polarimeter
bull Not clear whether one can get away with radial components of P only
bull Determine invariant spin axis for deuterons using polarimeterbull Difference between the two invariant spin axes sensitive to dd
bull Sensitivity similar to g-2 d dd=10-19 ecm
Polarimeter(determines pp and dp elastic)
p and d at same momentum
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 65
PE 3 Resonance Method with RF E-fields (variation of PE1)
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E-fieldvertical
polarization
spin precession governed by ( rest frame)
Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
This way the Edm signal gets accumulated during the cycle Statistical improvement over PE 1 is about Brings us in the 10-24 ecm range for dd
51011000 ss
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 66
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Constant E-field
Number of turns
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 67
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Linear extrapolation of P=sqrt(Px2+Py
2) for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 68
PE 4 Resonance Method of EDM Measurements in SR
Orlov Morse Semertzidis PRL 96 (2006)
E
BBvddt
sd )(
Measurement using an all magnetic ring
bull Sideways P EDM produces growing Py
bull Using two sub-beams with different v andmodulating v allows one to isolate d
bull Sensitivity dd=10-29 ecmyr
bull Idea was no longer pursued because systematic error is much larger
bull Systematic error estimates for all PEs require reliable spin tracking tools
Top priority to make them available ASAP
bull Next step bull Scrutinize potential of different PEsbull Identify PE with best systematic limit on dpd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 69
Summary
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
ldquoMan muszlig etwas Neues machen um etwas Neues zu sehenrdquo
ldquoYou have to make (create) something new if you want to see something newrdquo
frathmannfz-juelichde 70Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
frathmannfz-juelichde 71Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spare transparencies
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
bull Lower energy particle
bull hellipjust right
bull Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
frathmannfz-juelichde 72Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Freezing Spin Precession with E-Fields
11
01
12
G
G
G gt 0 for γ gt 1 if only electric fields are applied
Magic momentum for protons p = 70074 MeVc
G
mp
G 1
1
μp μN = 2792 847 356 (23) Gp = 17928473565μd μN = 0857 438 2308 (72) Gd = -014298727202μHe-3 μN = -2127 497 718 (25) G3He= -41839627399
Nuclear magneton μN = eħ (2mpc) = 5050 783 24 (13) middot 10-27 J T-1
frathmannfz-juelichde 73Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
frathmannfz-juelichde 74Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Machine acceptance
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 75
lost
cooled
targetring acceptance
beam
In an ideal machine (like TSR-HD)rarr Single-Coulomb scattering at
the target dominates beam loss
K Grigoriev et al NIMA 599130 (2009)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 76
Future Time Reversal Invariance Test
COSY-TRIC P-even T-odd
Total polarization correlation coefficient Ayxz leads to relative difference of current slopes
Milestone Operation of Precision BCT with IIlt10-4
IBeam
time
COSY used as accelerator and detector
PAX
Need for a high precision BCT
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 77
Status TRI Test at COSY
bull Slow fluctuations in the measured BCT signal exceed the noise band at higher frequencies
Possible solutionCryogenic Current Comparator read out by low-temperature super-conducting quantum interference device
Highest resolution achieved 250 pAHz
A Steppke IEEE Trans Appl Superc (2009)
D Eversheim Hyperfine Interact 193 (2009)
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
Frank Rathmann 7819th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
frathmannfz-juelichde 63
Parameters of a proton EDM measurementbullTp=140 MeV
bullERF=1 MVm Lcavity=05 m
bullTime of store 24h 631010 turnsbull=1 10-7 radbullSensitivity
bull dp=10-17 ecm p=59 105 s
bull dp=10-18 ecm p=59 107 s
2 1010 4 10
10 6 1010
0
02
04
06
08
d=10^-18 e cmd=10^-17 e cm
n (number of turns)
P(n
)P
(n)
n (number of turns)
dp=10-18 ecmdp=10-17 ecm
2
nPnP )2cos()( 0
SnakeRF E-field RF E-field
Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
PE 1 Use a combination of a snake and RF fields
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 64
PE 2 Dual Beam Method (equivalent to g-2 d)
It seems possible to store protons and deuterons in COSY simultaneously
bull Assume dp=10-24 ecmbull Determine invariant spin axis of protons using polarimeter
bull Not clear whether one can get away with radial components of P only
bull Determine invariant spin axis for deuterons using polarimeterbull Difference between the two invariant spin axes sensitive to dd
bull Sensitivity similar to g-2 d dd=10-19 ecm
Polarimeter(determines pp and dp elastic)
p and d at same momentum
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 65
PE 3 Resonance Method with RF E-fields (variation of PE1)
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E-fieldvertical
polarization
spin precession governed by ( rest frame)
Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
This way the Edm signal gets accumulated during the cycle Statistical improvement over PE 1 is about Brings us in the 10-24 ecm range for dd
51011000 ss
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 66
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Constant E-field
Number of turns
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 67
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Linear extrapolation of P=sqrt(Px2+Py
2) for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 68
PE 4 Resonance Method of EDM Measurements in SR
Orlov Morse Semertzidis PRL 96 (2006)
E
BBvddt
sd )(
Measurement using an all magnetic ring
bull Sideways P EDM produces growing Py
bull Using two sub-beams with different v andmodulating v allows one to isolate d
bull Sensitivity dd=10-29 ecmyr
bull Idea was no longer pursued because systematic error is much larger
bull Systematic error estimates for all PEs require reliable spin tracking tools
Top priority to make them available ASAP
bull Next step bull Scrutinize potential of different PEsbull Identify PE with best systematic limit on dpd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 69
Summary
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
ldquoMan muszlig etwas Neues machen um etwas Neues zu sehenrdquo
ldquoYou have to make (create) something new if you want to see something newrdquo
frathmannfz-juelichde 70Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
frathmannfz-juelichde 71Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spare transparencies
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
bull Lower energy particle
bull hellipjust right
bull Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
frathmannfz-juelichde 72Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Freezing Spin Precession with E-Fields
11
01
12
G
G
G gt 0 for γ gt 1 if only electric fields are applied
Magic momentum for protons p = 70074 MeVc
G
mp
G 1
1
μp μN = 2792 847 356 (23) Gp = 17928473565μd μN = 0857 438 2308 (72) Gd = -014298727202μHe-3 μN = -2127 497 718 (25) G3He= -41839627399
Nuclear magneton μN = eħ (2mpc) = 5050 783 24 (13) middot 10-27 J T-1
frathmannfz-juelichde 73Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
frathmannfz-juelichde 74Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Machine acceptance
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 75
lost
cooled
targetring acceptance
beam
In an ideal machine (like TSR-HD)rarr Single-Coulomb scattering at
the target dominates beam loss
K Grigoriev et al NIMA 599130 (2009)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 76
Future Time Reversal Invariance Test
COSY-TRIC P-even T-odd
Total polarization correlation coefficient Ayxz leads to relative difference of current slopes
Milestone Operation of Precision BCT with IIlt10-4
IBeam
time
COSY used as accelerator and detector
PAX
Need for a high precision BCT
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 77
Status TRI Test at COSY
bull Slow fluctuations in the measured BCT signal exceed the noise band at higher frequencies
Possible solutionCryogenic Current Comparator read out by low-temperature super-conducting quantum interference device
Highest resolution achieved 250 pAHz
A Steppke IEEE Trans Appl Superc (2009)
D Eversheim Hyperfine Interact 193 (2009)
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
Frank Rathmann 7819th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 64
PE 2 Dual Beam Method (equivalent to g-2 d)
It seems possible to store protons and deuterons in COSY simultaneously
bull Assume dp=10-24 ecmbull Determine invariant spin axis of protons using polarimeter
bull Not clear whether one can get away with radial components of P only
bull Determine invariant spin axis for deuterons using polarimeterbull Difference between the two invariant spin axes sensitive to dd
bull Sensitivity similar to g-2 d dd=10-19 ecm
Polarimeter(determines pp and dp elastic)
p and d at same momentum
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 65
PE 3 Resonance Method with RF E-fields (variation of PE1)
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E-fieldvertical
polarization
spin precession governed by ( rest frame)
Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
This way the Edm signal gets accumulated during the cycle Statistical improvement over PE 1 is about Brings us in the 10-24 ecm range for dd
51011000 ss
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 66
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Constant E-field
Number of turns
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 67
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Linear extrapolation of P=sqrt(Px2+Py
2) for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 68
PE 4 Resonance Method of EDM Measurements in SR
Orlov Morse Semertzidis PRL 96 (2006)
E
BBvddt
sd )(
Measurement using an all magnetic ring
bull Sideways P EDM produces growing Py
bull Using two sub-beams with different v andmodulating v allows one to isolate d
bull Sensitivity dd=10-29 ecmyr
bull Idea was no longer pursued because systematic error is much larger
bull Systematic error estimates for all PEs require reliable spin tracking tools
Top priority to make them available ASAP
bull Next step bull Scrutinize potential of different PEsbull Identify PE with best systematic limit on dpd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 69
Summary
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
ldquoMan muszlig etwas Neues machen um etwas Neues zu sehenrdquo
ldquoYou have to make (create) something new if you want to see something newrdquo
frathmannfz-juelichde 70Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
frathmannfz-juelichde 71Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spare transparencies
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
bull Lower energy particle
bull hellipjust right
bull Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
frathmannfz-juelichde 72Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Freezing Spin Precession with E-Fields
11
01
12
G
G
G gt 0 for γ gt 1 if only electric fields are applied
Magic momentum for protons p = 70074 MeVc
G
mp
G 1
1
μp μN = 2792 847 356 (23) Gp = 17928473565μd μN = 0857 438 2308 (72) Gd = -014298727202μHe-3 μN = -2127 497 718 (25) G3He= -41839627399
Nuclear magneton μN = eħ (2mpc) = 5050 783 24 (13) middot 10-27 J T-1
frathmannfz-juelichde 73Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
frathmannfz-juelichde 74Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Machine acceptance
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 75
lost
cooled
targetring acceptance
beam
In an ideal machine (like TSR-HD)rarr Single-Coulomb scattering at
the target dominates beam loss
K Grigoriev et al NIMA 599130 (2009)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 76
Future Time Reversal Invariance Test
COSY-TRIC P-even T-odd
Total polarization correlation coefficient Ayxz leads to relative difference of current slopes
Milestone Operation of Precision BCT with IIlt10-4
IBeam
time
COSY used as accelerator and detector
PAX
Need for a high precision BCT
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 77
Status TRI Test at COSY
bull Slow fluctuations in the measured BCT signal exceed the noise band at higher frequencies
Possible solutionCryogenic Current Comparator read out by low-temperature super-conducting quantum interference device
Highest resolution achieved 250 pAHz
A Steppke IEEE Trans Appl Superc (2009)
D Eversheim Hyperfine Interact 193 (2009)
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
Frank Rathmann 7819th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 65
PE 3 Resonance Method with RF E-fields (variation of PE1)
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E-fieldvertical
polarization
spin precession governed by ( rest frame)
Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
This way the Edm signal gets accumulated during the cycle Statistical improvement over PE 1 is about Brings us in the 10-24 ecm range for dd
51011000 ss
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 66
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Constant E-field
Number of turns
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 67
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Linear extrapolation of P=sqrt(Px2+Py
2) for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 68
PE 4 Resonance Method of EDM Measurements in SR
Orlov Morse Semertzidis PRL 96 (2006)
E
BBvddt
sd )(
Measurement using an all magnetic ring
bull Sideways P EDM produces growing Py
bull Using two sub-beams with different v andmodulating v allows one to isolate d
bull Sensitivity dd=10-29 ecmyr
bull Idea was no longer pursued because systematic error is much larger
bull Systematic error estimates for all PEs require reliable spin tracking tools
Top priority to make them available ASAP
bull Next step bull Scrutinize potential of different PEsbull Identify PE with best systematic limit on dpd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 69
Summary
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
ldquoMan muszlig etwas Neues machen um etwas Neues zu sehenrdquo
ldquoYou have to make (create) something new if you want to see something newrdquo
frathmannfz-juelichde 70Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
frathmannfz-juelichde 71Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spare transparencies
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
bull Lower energy particle
bull hellipjust right
bull Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
frathmannfz-juelichde 72Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Freezing Spin Precession with E-Fields
11
01
12
G
G
G gt 0 for γ gt 1 if only electric fields are applied
Magic momentum for protons p = 70074 MeVc
G
mp
G 1
1
μp μN = 2792 847 356 (23) Gp = 17928473565μd μN = 0857 438 2308 (72) Gd = -014298727202μHe-3 μN = -2127 497 718 (25) G3He= -41839627399
Nuclear magneton μN = eħ (2mpc) = 5050 783 24 (13) middot 10-27 J T-1
frathmannfz-juelichde 73Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
frathmannfz-juelichde 74Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Machine acceptance
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 75
lost
cooled
targetring acceptance
beam
In an ideal machine (like TSR-HD)rarr Single-Coulomb scattering at
the target dominates beam loss
K Grigoriev et al NIMA 599130 (2009)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 76
Future Time Reversal Invariance Test
COSY-TRIC P-even T-odd
Total polarization correlation coefficient Ayxz leads to relative difference of current slopes
Milestone Operation of Precision BCT with IIlt10-4
IBeam
time
COSY used as accelerator and detector
PAX
Need for a high precision BCT
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 77
Status TRI Test at COSY
bull Slow fluctuations in the measured BCT signal exceed the noise band at higher frequencies
Possible solutionCryogenic Current Comparator read out by low-temperature super-conducting quantum interference device
Highest resolution achieved 250 pAHz
A Steppke IEEE Trans Appl Superc (2009)
D Eversheim Hyperfine Interact 193 (2009)
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
Frank Rathmann 7819th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 66
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Constant E-field
Number of turns
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 67
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Linear extrapolation of P=sqrt(Px2+Py
2) for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 68
PE 4 Resonance Method of EDM Measurements in SR
Orlov Morse Semertzidis PRL 96 (2006)
E
BBvddt
sd )(
Measurement using an all magnetic ring
bull Sideways P EDM produces growing Py
bull Using two sub-beams with different v andmodulating v allows one to isolate d
bull Sensitivity dd=10-29 ecmyr
bull Idea was no longer pursued because systematic error is much larger
bull Systematic error estimates for all PEs require reliable spin tracking tools
Top priority to make them available ASAP
bull Next step bull Scrutinize potential of different PEsbull Identify PE with best systematic limit on dpd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 69
Summary
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
ldquoMan muszlig etwas Neues machen um etwas Neues zu sehenrdquo
ldquoYou have to make (create) something new if you want to see something newrdquo
frathmannfz-juelichde 70Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
frathmannfz-juelichde 71Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spare transparencies
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
bull Lower energy particle
bull hellipjust right
bull Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
frathmannfz-juelichde 72Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Freezing Spin Precession with E-Fields
11
01
12
G
G
G gt 0 for γ gt 1 if only electric fields are applied
Magic momentum for protons p = 70074 MeVc
G
mp
G 1
1
μp μN = 2792 847 356 (23) Gp = 17928473565μd μN = 0857 438 2308 (72) Gd = -014298727202μHe-3 μN = -2127 497 718 (25) G3He= -41839627399
Nuclear magneton μN = eħ (2mpc) = 5050 783 24 (13) middot 10-27 J T-1
frathmannfz-juelichde 73Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
frathmannfz-juelichde 74Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Machine acceptance
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 75
lost
cooled
targetring acceptance
beam
In an ideal machine (like TSR-HD)rarr Single-Coulomb scattering at
the target dominates beam loss
K Grigoriev et al NIMA 599130 (2009)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 76
Future Time Reversal Invariance Test
COSY-TRIC P-even T-odd
Total polarization correlation coefficient Ayxz leads to relative difference of current slopes
Milestone Operation of Precision BCT with IIlt10-4
IBeam
time
COSY used as accelerator and detector
PAX
Need for a high precision BCT
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 77
Status TRI Test at COSY
bull Slow fluctuations in the measured BCT signal exceed the noise band at higher frequencies
Possible solutionCryogenic Current Comparator read out by low-temperature super-conducting quantum interference device
Highest resolution achieved 250 pAHz
A Steppke IEEE Trans Appl Superc (2009)
D Eversheim Hyperfine Interact 193 (2009)
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
Frank Rathmann 7819th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 67
PE 3 Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields and deuterons at COSY
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
Linear extrapolation of P=sqrt(Px2+Py
2) for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 68
PE 4 Resonance Method of EDM Measurements in SR
Orlov Morse Semertzidis PRL 96 (2006)
E
BBvddt
sd )(
Measurement using an all magnetic ring
bull Sideways P EDM produces growing Py
bull Using two sub-beams with different v andmodulating v allows one to isolate d
bull Sensitivity dd=10-29 ecmyr
bull Idea was no longer pursued because systematic error is much larger
bull Systematic error estimates for all PEs require reliable spin tracking tools
Top priority to make them available ASAP
bull Next step bull Scrutinize potential of different PEsbull Identify PE with best systematic limit on dpd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 69
Summary
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
ldquoMan muszlig etwas Neues machen um etwas Neues zu sehenrdquo
ldquoYou have to make (create) something new if you want to see something newrdquo
frathmannfz-juelichde 70Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
frathmannfz-juelichde 71Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spare transparencies
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
bull Lower energy particle
bull hellipjust right
bull Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
frathmannfz-juelichde 72Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Freezing Spin Precession with E-Fields
11
01
12
G
G
G gt 0 for γ gt 1 if only electric fields are applied
Magic momentum for protons p = 70074 MeVc
G
mp
G 1
1
μp μN = 2792 847 356 (23) Gp = 17928473565μd μN = 0857 438 2308 (72) Gd = -014298727202μHe-3 μN = -2127 497 718 (25) G3He= -41839627399
Nuclear magneton μN = eħ (2mpc) = 5050 783 24 (13) middot 10-27 J T-1
frathmannfz-juelichde 73Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
frathmannfz-juelichde 74Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Machine acceptance
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 75
lost
cooled
targetring acceptance
beam
In an ideal machine (like TSR-HD)rarr Single-Coulomb scattering at
the target dominates beam loss
K Grigoriev et al NIMA 599130 (2009)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 76
Future Time Reversal Invariance Test
COSY-TRIC P-even T-odd
Total polarization correlation coefficient Ayxz leads to relative difference of current slopes
Milestone Operation of Precision BCT with IIlt10-4
IBeam
time
COSY used as accelerator and detector
PAX
Need for a high precision BCT
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 77
Status TRI Test at COSY
bull Slow fluctuations in the measured BCT signal exceed the noise band at higher frequencies
Possible solutionCryogenic Current Comparator read out by low-temperature super-conducting quantum interference device
Highest resolution achieved 250 pAHz
A Steppke IEEE Trans Appl Superc (2009)
D Eversheim Hyperfine Interact 193 (2009)
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
Frank Rathmann 7819th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 68
PE 4 Resonance Method of EDM Measurements in SR
Orlov Morse Semertzidis PRL 96 (2006)
E
BBvddt
sd )(
Measurement using an all magnetic ring
bull Sideways P EDM produces growing Py
bull Using two sub-beams with different v andmodulating v allows one to isolate d
bull Sensitivity dd=10-29 ecmyr
bull Idea was no longer pursued because systematic error is much larger
bull Systematic error estimates for all PEs require reliable spin tracking tools
Top priority to make them available ASAP
bull Next step bull Scrutinize potential of different PEsbull Identify PE with best systematic limit on dpd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 69
Summary
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
ldquoMan muszlig etwas Neues machen um etwas Neues zu sehenrdquo
ldquoYou have to make (create) something new if you want to see something newrdquo
frathmannfz-juelichde 70Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
frathmannfz-juelichde 71Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spare transparencies
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
bull Lower energy particle
bull hellipjust right
bull Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
frathmannfz-juelichde 72Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Freezing Spin Precession with E-Fields
11
01
12
G
G
G gt 0 for γ gt 1 if only electric fields are applied
Magic momentum for protons p = 70074 MeVc
G
mp
G 1
1
μp μN = 2792 847 356 (23) Gp = 17928473565μd μN = 0857 438 2308 (72) Gd = -014298727202μHe-3 μN = -2127 497 718 (25) G3He= -41839627399
Nuclear magneton μN = eħ (2mpc) = 5050 783 24 (13) middot 10-27 J T-1
frathmannfz-juelichde 73Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
frathmannfz-juelichde 74Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Machine acceptance
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 75
lost
cooled
targetring acceptance
beam
In an ideal machine (like TSR-HD)rarr Single-Coulomb scattering at
the target dominates beam loss
K Grigoriev et al NIMA 599130 (2009)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 76
Future Time Reversal Invariance Test
COSY-TRIC P-even T-odd
Total polarization correlation coefficient Ayxz leads to relative difference of current slopes
Milestone Operation of Precision BCT with IIlt10-4
IBeam
time
COSY used as accelerator and detector
PAX
Need for a high precision BCT
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 77
Status TRI Test at COSY
bull Slow fluctuations in the measured BCT signal exceed the noise band at higher frequencies
Possible solutionCryogenic Current Comparator read out by low-temperature super-conducting quantum interference device
Highest resolution achieved 250 pAHz
A Steppke IEEE Trans Appl Superc (2009)
D Eversheim Hyperfine Interact 193 (2009)
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
Frank Rathmann 7819th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
bull Systematic error estimates for all PEs require reliable spin tracking tools
Top priority to make them available ASAP
bull Next step bull Scrutinize potential of different PEsbull Identify PE with best systematic limit on dpd
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 69
Summary
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
ldquoMan muszlig etwas Neues machen um etwas Neues zu sehenrdquo
ldquoYou have to make (create) something new if you want to see something newrdquo
frathmannfz-juelichde 70Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
frathmannfz-juelichde 71Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spare transparencies
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
bull Lower energy particle
bull hellipjust right
bull Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
frathmannfz-juelichde 72Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Freezing Spin Precession with E-Fields
11
01
12
G
G
G gt 0 for γ gt 1 if only electric fields are applied
Magic momentum for protons p = 70074 MeVc
G
mp
G 1
1
μp μN = 2792 847 356 (23) Gp = 17928473565μd μN = 0857 438 2308 (72) Gd = -014298727202μHe-3 μN = -2127 497 718 (25) G3He= -41839627399
Nuclear magneton μN = eħ (2mpc) = 5050 783 24 (13) middot 10-27 J T-1
frathmannfz-juelichde 73Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
frathmannfz-juelichde 74Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Machine acceptance
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 75
lost
cooled
targetring acceptance
beam
In an ideal machine (like TSR-HD)rarr Single-Coulomb scattering at
the target dominates beam loss
K Grigoriev et al NIMA 599130 (2009)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 76
Future Time Reversal Invariance Test
COSY-TRIC P-even T-odd
Total polarization correlation coefficient Ayxz leads to relative difference of current slopes
Milestone Operation of Precision BCT with IIlt10-4
IBeam
time
COSY used as accelerator and detector
PAX
Need for a high precision BCT
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 77
Status TRI Test at COSY
bull Slow fluctuations in the measured BCT signal exceed the noise band at higher frequencies
Possible solutionCryogenic Current Comparator read out by low-temperature super-conducting quantum interference device
Highest resolution achieved 250 pAHz
A Steppke IEEE Trans Appl Superc (2009)
D Eversheim Hyperfine Interact 193 (2009)
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
Frank Rathmann 7819th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
ldquoMan muszlig etwas Neues machen um etwas Neues zu sehenrdquo
ldquoYou have to make (create) something new if you want to see something newrdquo
frathmannfz-juelichde 70Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
frathmannfz-juelichde 71Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spare transparencies
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
bull Lower energy particle
bull hellipjust right
bull Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
frathmannfz-juelichde 72Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Freezing Spin Precession with E-Fields
11
01
12
G
G
G gt 0 for γ gt 1 if only electric fields are applied
Magic momentum for protons p = 70074 MeVc
G
mp
G 1
1
μp μN = 2792 847 356 (23) Gp = 17928473565μd μN = 0857 438 2308 (72) Gd = -014298727202μHe-3 μN = -2127 497 718 (25) G3He= -41839627399
Nuclear magneton μN = eħ (2mpc) = 5050 783 24 (13) middot 10-27 J T-1
frathmannfz-juelichde 73Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
frathmannfz-juelichde 74Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Machine acceptance
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 75
lost
cooled
targetring acceptance
beam
In an ideal machine (like TSR-HD)rarr Single-Coulomb scattering at
the target dominates beam loss
K Grigoriev et al NIMA 599130 (2009)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 76
Future Time Reversal Invariance Test
COSY-TRIC P-even T-odd
Total polarization correlation coefficient Ayxz leads to relative difference of current slopes
Milestone Operation of Precision BCT with IIlt10-4
IBeam
time
COSY used as accelerator and detector
PAX
Need for a high precision BCT
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 77
Status TRI Test at COSY
bull Slow fluctuations in the measured BCT signal exceed the noise band at higher frequencies
Possible solutionCryogenic Current Comparator read out by low-temperature super-conducting quantum interference device
Highest resolution achieved 250 pAHz
A Steppke IEEE Trans Appl Superc (2009)
D Eversheim Hyperfine Interact 193 (2009)
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
Frank Rathmann 7819th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
frathmannfz-juelichde 71Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Spare transparencies
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
bull Lower energy particle
bull hellipjust right
bull Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
frathmannfz-juelichde 72Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Freezing Spin Precession with E-Fields
11
01
12
G
G
G gt 0 for γ gt 1 if only electric fields are applied
Magic momentum for protons p = 70074 MeVc
G
mp
G 1
1
μp μN = 2792 847 356 (23) Gp = 17928473565μd μN = 0857 438 2308 (72) Gd = -014298727202μHe-3 μN = -2127 497 718 (25) G3He= -41839627399
Nuclear magneton μN = eħ (2mpc) = 5050 783 24 (13) middot 10-27 J T-1
frathmannfz-juelichde 73Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
frathmannfz-juelichde 74Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Machine acceptance
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 75
lost
cooled
targetring acceptance
beam
In an ideal machine (like TSR-HD)rarr Single-Coulomb scattering at
the target dominates beam loss
K Grigoriev et al NIMA 599130 (2009)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 76
Future Time Reversal Invariance Test
COSY-TRIC P-even T-odd
Total polarization correlation coefficient Ayxz leads to relative difference of current slopes
Milestone Operation of Precision BCT with IIlt10-4
IBeam
time
COSY used as accelerator and detector
PAX
Need for a high precision BCT
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 77
Status TRI Test at COSY
bull Slow fluctuations in the measured BCT signal exceed the noise band at higher frequencies
Possible solutionCryogenic Current Comparator read out by low-temperature super-conducting quantum interference device
Highest resolution achieved 250 pAHz
A Steppke IEEE Trans Appl Superc (2009)
D Eversheim Hyperfine Interact 193 (2009)
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
Frank Rathmann 7819th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
bull Lower energy particle
bull hellipjust right
bull Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
frathmannfz-juelichde 72Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Freezing Spin Precession with E-Fields
11
01
12
G
G
G gt 0 for γ gt 1 if only electric fields are applied
Magic momentum for protons p = 70074 MeVc
G
mp
G 1
1
μp μN = 2792 847 356 (23) Gp = 17928473565μd μN = 0857 438 2308 (72) Gd = -014298727202μHe-3 μN = -2127 497 718 (25) G3He= -41839627399
Nuclear magneton μN = eħ (2mpc) = 5050 783 24 (13) middot 10-27 J T-1
frathmannfz-juelichde 73Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
frathmannfz-juelichde 74Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Machine acceptance
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 75
lost
cooled
targetring acceptance
beam
In an ideal machine (like TSR-HD)rarr Single-Coulomb scattering at
the target dominates beam loss
K Grigoriev et al NIMA 599130 (2009)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 76
Future Time Reversal Invariance Test
COSY-TRIC P-even T-odd
Total polarization correlation coefficient Ayxz leads to relative difference of current slopes
Milestone Operation of Precision BCT with IIlt10-4
IBeam
time
COSY used as accelerator and detector
PAX
Need for a high precision BCT
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 77
Status TRI Test at COSY
bull Slow fluctuations in the measured BCT signal exceed the noise band at higher frequencies
Possible solutionCryogenic Current Comparator read out by low-temperature super-conducting quantum interference device
Highest resolution achieved 250 pAHz
A Steppke IEEE Trans Appl Superc (2009)
D Eversheim Hyperfine Interact 193 (2009)
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
Frank Rathmann 7819th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
Freezing Spin Precession with E-Fields
11
01
12
G
G
G gt 0 for γ gt 1 if only electric fields are applied
Magic momentum for protons p = 70074 MeVc
G
mp
G 1
1
μp μN = 2792 847 356 (23) Gp = 17928473565μd μN = 0857 438 2308 (72) Gd = -014298727202μHe-3 μN = -2127 497 718 (25) G3He= -41839627399
Nuclear magneton μN = eħ (2mpc) = 5050 783 24 (13) middot 10-27 J T-1
frathmannfz-juelichde 73Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
frathmannfz-juelichde 74Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Machine acceptance
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 75
lost
cooled
targetring acceptance
beam
In an ideal machine (like TSR-HD)rarr Single-Coulomb scattering at
the target dominates beam loss
K Grigoriev et al NIMA 599130 (2009)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 76
Future Time Reversal Invariance Test
COSY-TRIC P-even T-odd
Total polarization correlation coefficient Ayxz leads to relative difference of current slopes
Milestone Operation of Precision BCT with IIlt10-4
IBeam
time
COSY used as accelerator and detector
PAX
Need for a high precision BCT
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 77
Status TRI Test at COSY
bull Slow fluctuations in the measured BCT signal exceed the noise band at higher frequencies
Possible solutionCryogenic Current Comparator read out by low-temperature super-conducting quantum interference device
Highest resolution achieved 250 pAHz
A Steppke IEEE Trans Appl Superc (2009)
D Eversheim Hyperfine Interact 193 (2009)
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
Frank Rathmann 7819th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
spin manipulation
there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect
snakesCOn
COn
flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn
spin closed orbit
180o
frathmannfz-juelichde 74Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Machine acceptance
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 75
lost
cooled
targetring acceptance
beam
In an ideal machine (like TSR-HD)rarr Single-Coulomb scattering at
the target dominates beam loss
K Grigoriev et al NIMA 599130 (2009)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 76
Future Time Reversal Invariance Test
COSY-TRIC P-even T-odd
Total polarization correlation coefficient Ayxz leads to relative difference of current slopes
Milestone Operation of Precision BCT with IIlt10-4
IBeam
time
COSY used as accelerator and detector
PAX
Need for a high precision BCT
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 77
Status TRI Test at COSY
bull Slow fluctuations in the measured BCT signal exceed the noise band at higher frequencies
Possible solutionCryogenic Current Comparator read out by low-temperature super-conducting quantum interference device
Highest resolution achieved 250 pAHz
A Steppke IEEE Trans Appl Superc (2009)
D Eversheim Hyperfine Interact 193 (2009)
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
Frank Rathmann 7819th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
Machine acceptance
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 75
lost
cooled
targetring acceptance
beam
In an ideal machine (like TSR-HD)rarr Single-Coulomb scattering at
the target dominates beam loss
K Grigoriev et al NIMA 599130 (2009)
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 76
Future Time Reversal Invariance Test
COSY-TRIC P-even T-odd
Total polarization correlation coefficient Ayxz leads to relative difference of current slopes
Milestone Operation of Precision BCT with IIlt10-4
IBeam
time
COSY used as accelerator and detector
PAX
Need for a high precision BCT
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 77
Status TRI Test at COSY
bull Slow fluctuations in the measured BCT signal exceed the noise band at higher frequencies
Possible solutionCryogenic Current Comparator read out by low-temperature super-conducting quantum interference device
Highest resolution achieved 250 pAHz
A Steppke IEEE Trans Appl Superc (2009)
D Eversheim Hyperfine Interact 193 (2009)
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
Frank Rathmann 7819th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 76
Future Time Reversal Invariance Test
COSY-TRIC P-even T-odd
Total polarization correlation coefficient Ayxz leads to relative difference of current slopes
Milestone Operation of Precision BCT with IIlt10-4
IBeam
time
COSY used as accelerator and detector
PAX
Need for a high precision BCT
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 77
Status TRI Test at COSY
bull Slow fluctuations in the measured BCT signal exceed the noise band at higher frequencies
Possible solutionCryogenic Current Comparator read out by low-temperature super-conducting quantum interference device
Highest resolution achieved 250 pAHz
A Steppke IEEE Trans Appl Superc (2009)
D Eversheim Hyperfine Interact 193 (2009)
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
Frank Rathmann 7819th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
Need for a high precision BCT
frathmannfz-juelichde Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY 77
Status TRI Test at COSY
bull Slow fluctuations in the measured BCT signal exceed the noise band at higher frequencies
Possible solutionCryogenic Current Comparator read out by low-temperature super-conducting quantum interference device
Highest resolution achieved 250 pAHz
A Steppke IEEE Trans Appl Superc (2009)
D Eversheim Hyperfine Interact 193 (2009)
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
Frank Rathmann 7819th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW CCW)
Approved BNL-ProposalGoal for protons
Technological challenges
Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY
bull Spin coherence time (1000 s)bull Beam positioning (10 nm)bull Continuous polarimetry (lt 1ppm)bull E - field gradients (~ 17MVm at 2 cm)
Circumference~ 200 m
Frank Rathmann 7819th International Spin Physics Symposium
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm)
Huge efforts underway to improve limits find EDMs
Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
ParticleAtom
Current EDM Limit
Future Goal
dn equivalent
Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28
199Hg 31 10-29 10-29 10-26
129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 ndash 10-33 10-26 ndash 10-29
Proton 79 10-25 10-29 10-29
Deuteron 10-29 3 10-29 ndash 5 10-33
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
Spin Precession
In a real neutral particle EDM experiment for non-relativistic particles the spin precession is given by
)()(dt
dEvBBvEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin precession for particles at rest in electric and magnetic fields
dt
dBEd
S
Systematic errorEDM signal
Ideal vertical B-Fields and horizontal E-Fields
Equation for spin motion of relativistic particles in storage rings much more complicated
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
NEW approach EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring
A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic) deuterons hellip
ldquoFreezeldquo horizontal spin precession watchfor development of a vertical component
Search for Electric Dipole Moments
particle p (GeVc) E (MVm) B (T)
proton 0701 16789 0000
deuteron 1000 -3983 01603He 1285 17158 -0051
0G
Edt
s
d
d
One machine with r ~ 30 m
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
Spin coherenceWe usually donlsquot worry about coherence of spins along the rotation axis
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected
Situation very different when you deal with S
COn
COn
At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes
In an EDM machine with frozen spin observation time is limited
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
Spin Coherence Measurements at COSY
Spokesperson E Stephenson (IUCF)
Simple model
5 s 25 s 5 s
referenceoscillation
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
RF Solenoidwater-cooled copper coil in a ferrite boxbull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 04 to 12 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 1 Tmm
RF solenoid on off on
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-fieldvertical
polarization
Spin precession governed by Two situations
1 B=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kVcm) EDM effect2 E=0 ER = - By no EDM effect
bull EDM signal is increased during the cyclebull Statistical sensitivity for dd in the 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possible bull Simulations of spin dynamics including field errors needed (COSY-Infinity)bull Alignment and field quality of RF E(B)-flipper crucial
growsPP
dropsP
zx
y
22
Resonance Method with RF E(B) Fields
Conclusion from simple model
First direct measurement in COSY developed by the Juumllich study group
dt
dBEd
S
( rest frame)
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
Spin Coherence Time with RF FlipperExciting result of the Juumllich Study Group
bull Possibility to increase spin coherence time by 3 to 5 orders of magnitudebull Experiment with polarized COSY beam soon
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
EDM Cooperation
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons hellip) Cooperation Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL) srEDM Collaboration (FZJ)
Common R amp DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (hellip) Spin Coherence Time
Beam Cooling Spin Tracking (hellip)
DOE-Proposal
Study Group
Precursor Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0 1 hellip
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
A measurement of n p d 3He EDMs is necessary to understand the underlying physics (ChH)
Storage ring experiments offer to measure unscreened EDMs
Copied from K Jungmann
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
History of neutron EDM limits
Adopted from K Kirch
bull Smith Purcell Ramsey PR 108 120 (1957)
bull RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 29 10-26 ecm) PRL 97131801 (2006)
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
Why also EDMs of protons and deuteronsProton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons
Consensus in the theoretical communityEssential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p d 3He) with similar sensitivity to unfold the underlying physics and to explain the baryogenesis
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
Frozen Spin Method (FSM)Spin vector
Momentum vector
Lower energy particle
hellipjust right
Higher energy particle
Spin coherence time 103 s for measurement on 10-29 emiddotcm level
2
2
1
1
2
gG
c
EGBG
m
eG
For the spin precession (magnetic moment)
relative to the momentum direction is given by
0 EB
G
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
Spin Motion in Storage Rings
For the case of the spin precession relative to The momentum direction is given by where
is the rotation about the vertical B-field direction that arises because there is an anomalous part to the magnetic moment The frequency about the radial direction (for Spin-1 particles S=1) is
c
EGBG
m
eG
1
1
2
edmG
0 EB
B
c
E
S
cdedm
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
Systematic Effects
The ratio of the spin precession (due to the vertical electric field) to the EDM spin precession
Most serious systematic effect non-zero average value for the vertical component of the electric field 0 BBEEV
2
c
EVsys
R
V
E
E
d
GR
If for example we already know that the dEDM lt 3 middot 10minus25 e middot cm
the vertical electric field needs to cancel up to the level
ltEvgt ER le 10minus10 in every fill
Field stability ground motion temperature stability
Radial precession
Needs to be minimized
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
Two EDM Storage Ring Projects
Copied from R Talman Copied from A Lehrach
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
EDM Projects
RampD Activity Goal Test
Internal Polarimeter
spin as a function of time
Systematic errors lt 1 ppm
EDM at COSY
Full-scale polarimeter EDM at COSY
Spin Coherence Time
gt103 s EDM at COSY
Beam Position Monitor
resolution 10 nm1 Hz BW64 BPMs 107 s measurement time 1 pm (stat) relative position (CW-CCW)
BNLRHIC IP
EB-field Deflector 17 MVm 2 cm plate separation 015-05T
Juumllich
Proton EDMBNL
Light-Ion EDMJuumllich
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
List of Activities (Accelerator)Prototype E-B Deflectors
ARD (Accelerator Research and Development) proposal to the HGF
Layout Field calculations to optimize the coil and conductor plateDesign Mechanical design of the deflectorPrototype Development of a deflector prototypeTest bench Study field quality and stability
Prototype BPM (BNL for CW-CCW beams)
Beam and Spin Simulations
COSY Infinity Code Beam simulation for COSY ring started
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
Parameters beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kVcm
E-field reversed every -(G) 21 turns
Number of turns
Simulation of Spin Rotations
Courtesy F Rathmann
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=37108 turns)
Number of turns
22zx PPP
EDM effect accumulates
Polarimeter determines Px Py and Pz
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
17
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data ldquoNo latticerdquo model in which betatronoscillation effects included by apath lengthening mechanism scaledto match the measured emittanceBand represents Monte Carlo errorsfor 1000 particles in model
Using a Gaussian shape ldquohalf liferdquorepresented by this point is 75 s
We could not have seen this effectfor uncooled beam as synchrotronoscillations inside beam bunchdamped reference oscillation patternCurve is ldquono latticerdquo model
Expected half life 5-10 s
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
18
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
WE-Heraeus Seminar Search for EDMs at Storage RingsPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef July 4-6 2011
19
3 ON-OFF-ON runs had usable data Distribution of synchrotron amplitudes
Cooled
Uncooled
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
t t=Lv
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model
EDM searches - only upper limits up to now
Huge efforts under way to improve limits find EDMs
frathmannfz-juelichde 109Precursor experiments to search for EDMs at COSY
Mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry
Future Search for Electric Dipole Moments
485 WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings
httpwww2fz-juelichdeikpedmen
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
P = 08 Beam polarizationA = 06 Analyzing power of polarimeterER = 17 MVm Radial electric field strengthNBeam = 2middot1010 pfill Total number of stored particles per fillf = 055 Useful event rate fraction (polarimeter efficiency)TTot = 107 s Total running time per yearSpin = 103 s Polarization lifetime (Spin Coherence Time)
Sensitivity of an EDM Experiment
for one year measurement
SpinTotBeamRpd fTNPAE
3
Systematic error due to vertical electric fields and horizontal magnetic fields
cme1052 29 pd
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
Spin Dynamics for EDMat COSY
ALehrach (FZJ) B Lorentz (FZJBWMorse (BNL)
NNikolaev (FZJ amp Landau Inst) FRathmann (FZJ)
PNPI Winter School Rajvola 0102 2012
![N VG [ U{FZJ VG]EJLV[ KLV[P - Gujarat · N VG [ U{FZJ VG]EJLV[ KLV[P - Gujarat ... s], - - - - 5](https://static.documents.pub/doc/80x56/5e13200df3ca9032df67634a/n-vg-ufzj-vgejlv-klvp-gujarat-n-vg-ufzj-vgejlv-klvp-gujarat-.jpg)
