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Just What the Doctor Ordered: Strategies to Create Healthier Design a framework for designers to better understand the health implications of their design decisions
Leann Andrews, RLA, SEEDUniversity of Washingtonlandscape architecture + global health graduate [email protected]
Thesis Chair: Daniel Winterbottom, RLA, ASLAThesis Committee: Nancy Rottle, RLA, ASLA
In collaboration with: Jordan Bell, Tera Hatfield + David Tomlinson
Questions:
Could the built environment act as a form of preventive medicine?
How can landscape designers better understand the health implications of their designs?
‘unhealth’ emerges from the landscape
19th Century
miasmatic theory
[New York Public Library]
could the reverse be possible?
designing the landscape so that it heals
(Szcaygiel & Hewitt, 1974)
[Catton, Bruce. The Civil War. Boston: Houghton Miffin Company. March 3, 2010.]
Design for the World Trade Center Ground Zero Memorial [Michael Arad, Peter Walker]
today: niche landscape architecture fields
Tabor Hills Healthcare Facility[http://www.worldhealthdesign.com/]
Registered Landscape Architects:health, safety and welfare (aka don’t get sued)
what about improving health?what about ‘healing’ all people?
desire... but training?
who defines health?
free from injury, illness or pain (Webster)
state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO)
a dynamic state of wellbeing characterized by a physical, mental and social potential, which satisfies the demands of a life commensurate with age, culture and personal responsibility (Johannes Bircher)
holistic health for
landscapes, people,
ecologies
economic health
environmental health
ecological health
physical health
mental health
spiritual health
social health
civic health
holistic health entanglement
communitydesign
professionals regulatory client / operations
EXISTING CONDITIONS
ANALYSIS
PARTICIPATORY PUBLIC
MEETINGS + OUTREACH
SITELOCATION,
FINANCING + OPERATIONS
DESIGNMEETINGS
AGENCY REPORTS + ANALYSIS
LAWS + POLICY
project partners to define ‘health’ for a project
communitydesign
professionals regulatory client / operations
EXISTING CONDITIONS
ANALYSIS
PARTICIPATORY PUBLIC
MEETINGS + OUTREACH
SITELOCATION,
FINANCING + OPERATIONS
DESIGNMEETINGS
3RD PARTYINTERPRETS // CONSOLIDATES // CATEGORIZES
GOALS
AGENCY REPORTS + ANALYSIS
LAWS + POLICY
need for a 3rd party mediator?
communitydesign
professionals regulatory client / operations
EXISTING CONDITIONS
ANALYSIS
PARTICIPATORY PUBLIC
MEETINGS + OUTREACH
SITELOCATION,
FINANCING + OPERATIONS
DESIGNMEETINGS
3RD PARTYINTERPRETS // CONSOLIDATES // CATEGORIZES
GOALS
AGENCY REPORTS + ANALYSIS
LAWS + POLICY
need for a 3rd party mediator?
health champion!
health champion!
(would lead project partners through a health-design
framework)
establishing a design-health
framework
DESIGN
POSSIBLE RESULTANTS POTENTIAL OUTCOMESECOLOGICAL
DESIGN IDEAS
SOCIAL
ECONOMIC
HEALTH
WELLNESS
COMMUNITY REVITALIZATION
Framework Strategy 1: Design to Outcomes
DESIGN
POSSIBLE RESULTANTS POTENTIAL OUTCOMESECOLOGICAL
DESIGN IDEAS
SOCIAL
ECONOMIC
HEALTH
WELLNESS
COMMUNITY REVITALIZATION
Framework Strategy 1Design to Outcomes
Pros:• straightforward and easy to add into current design
process• designers began thinking about health
Cons:• beginning with design doesn’t influence outcomes• more validation than education• categorization of resultants unhelpful and tedious• categorization of outcomes subjective and unhelpful• categorizations difficult since many spanned
multiple categories • uninspiring, did not influence design or change
outcomes
FAIL
Framework Strategy 1: Design to Outcomes
Framework Strategy 2: Goals to OutcomesPROJECT
GOALS
CRITERIATO MEET GOALS
DESIGNSCRIPTS
DESIGNRESULTANTS
INDIVIDUALHEALTH
OUTCOMES
COMMUNITYHEALTH
OUTCOMES
DEGREE OFOUTCOMES
Framework Strategy 2: Goals to OutcomesPROJECT
GOALS
CRITERIATO MEET GOALS
DESIGNSCRIPTS
DESIGNRESULTANTS
INDIVIDUALHEALTH
OUTCOMES
COMMUNITYHEALTH
OUTCOMES
DEGREE OFOUTCOMES
Framework Strategy 2Goals to Outcomes
Pros:• in-depth process• considering health from the beginning in goals• grouping health and wellness together• considering how one would evaluate results
Cons:• too linear• inhibited creative design process• unnatural and painful for designers• uninspiring, did not influence design or change
outcomes
FAIL
EXISTINGISSUES
PROJECTGOALS
DESIGNSCRIPTS
INDIVIDUALHEALING
COMMUNITYHEALING
POTENTIALUNHEALTH
EVALUATIONDATA
DATARESOURCES
Framework Strategy 3: Organic Flow
EXISTINGISSUES
PROJECTGOALS
DESIGNSCRIPTS
INDIVIDUALHEALING
COMMUNITYHEALING
POTENTIALUNHEALTH
EVALUATIONDATA
DATARESOURCES
Framework Strategy 3Organic Flow
Pros:• flexibility of framework embeds health dialogue
within the creative design process• conversational and freeflowing• health outcomes open to being determined by
published literature, modelling, professional opinion, or merely identifying positive correlations
Cons:• unclear how helpful the framework is in creating
more healthful outcomes• data collection potentially cumbersome (i.e.
literature, modelling etc) to determine health outcomes
Framework Strategy 3: Organic Flow
not fail
testing the framework
on a [theoretical] project
EXISTINGISSUES
PROJECTGOALS
DESIGNSCRIPTS
INDIVIDUALHEALING
COMMUNITYHEALING
POTENTIALUNHEALTH
EVALUATIONDATA
DATARESOURCES
existing conditions research
predicting design-health outcomes using EBD principles
evaluation of outcomes
The Health-Design Framework
{ EXISTING ISSUES } contamination of soil + water
PAH, arsenic, copper, lead
existing cap function + failure
fallow, unused site
no people + fear issues
no current function
overly controlled shoreline
fenced + inaccessible
access + wayfinding difficult
perception of homeless
{{{{{{{
{{{{{{{
{{
{{
{ PROJECT GOALS } ecotones + edge conditions
biodiversity
functioning ecosystem services
multiple overlapping complementary systems
reconnected fragmented landscapes
economic draw / creative capital
learning lab
accessibility
walkable destination / attraction
neighborhood amenity / value
curiosity about site
touch points
sensory stimulation + excitement
secure (crime)
positive perception
social engagement
safe (injury)
{{{{{{{
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{ DESIGN SCRIPTS } controlled breaking of cap to release toxic
plumes + remediate with plant plumes
dimples along shoreline that punch + treat contaminated soil below cap
sheet piling revealed with natural erosion over time creating occupiable vs visual spaces
bicycle access + connection to west side of river
reusing barges as glass bottom underwater observatories
nanotube remediation + monitoring cleanses, with interpretive light-up barometer
nano particles inserted in river sediment, creates jetty, plant plume colonizes + breaks down
floating islands become free floating river cleanup tool, + create new remediating land
grading breaks up site monotony
ADA accessibility
removal of fence, no trespassing signs
access to water recreation, recreational beach
continued rail line
plant phasing to biodiversity (starts out with monoculture poplar cleanup, insert species after)
indeterminate game fields
connection to university, physically + with programming elements
open to neighborhood (dog walking, running, biking etc.)
create attractive amenities
testing lab that educates, explores, creates jobs
{{{{{{{
{{{{{{{
{{
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{{{{{{{
{{{{{{{
{{
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{ {
{ INDIVIDUALHEALING } exercise (sports, walking, running,
biking, crew launch platform)
less chronic diseases
less contaminants- less humanvector pathways
education
individual jobs
income, business revenue
inspiration
stimulation
less injuries
opportunities for play
less mental disease, depression
{{{{{{{
{{{{{{{
{{
{{
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{{
{ COMMUNITYHEALING } less crime
community access
home values increase
university draw (research money, publicity, prospective students)
social justice for neighborhood
environmental stewardship
community education
increased opportunities forrelationships with neighbors,families
community + university partnerships + programs
healthier habitats
reduced carbon emissions
connecting community to west sideof river
increase in community pride, visitors
{{{{{{{
{{{{{{{
{{
{{
{{
{{
{{
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{ POTENTIALUNHEALTH } islands could get stuck in
undesirable places, habitat issues
island conflicts with boats
people running into nanotubes
lighting + safety not addressed yet
monoculture of poplars wouldreduce habitat at first
wet areas undesirable for walking(need to elevate boardwalk)
erosion - sediments may at first destroy aquatic habitat
rail conflicts with safety
erosion- safety with mudslides
shore edge safety
poplars may agitate asthma/allergies
limited emergency access
spreading of bacteria / mycorrhizal contamination of neighborhood
{{{{{{{
{{{{{{{
{{
{{
{{
{{
{{
{{
{ EVALUATION DATA } on-site people, action, location
+ quality counts
on-site flora, fauna, soil, water air + quality counts
grade, attendance + education reports
crime + injury reports
property + business revenue reports
demographic + income GIS data
insurance company data
neighbor observations + opinions
user observations + opinions
current + historic aerial + on-ground photos + video
current news, magazine, blog articles + social networking sites
regulatory reports
{{{{{{{
{{{{{{{
{{
{{
{{
{{
{ {{ DATA RESOURCES }
interviews
in-field questionaires
mailed questionnaires
site observations
video surveillance
online blog + social networking sites
automatic on-site monitoringequipment
expert on-site measurements + data collection
insurance companies
census + city data
university + nearby schools
police and emergency services
local + county auditor
published literature
historic + archival records online + in local library
local, state, federal agencies
{{{{{{{
{{{{{{{
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existing conditions research predicting design-health outcomes potential evaluation of outcomes
Outline of Health-Design Framework Tested on Capstone Project
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PATHWAYREVEALED
EROSIONTURBIDITYAQUATICUNHEALTH
EROSIONACCUMULATIONNEARSHOREHABITAT
Design Interventions and Potential Health + Unhealth Outcomes
+ p WALKABILITY +
q CHRONIC ILLNESSES
+ p MENTAL WELLBEING
~ p INJURIES+
q CRIME
+ p PEOPLE
ON SITE
+ p SOCIAL COHESION
+ p COMMUNITY
PRIDE
+ p TOURISM +
p ECONOMIC DRAW
+ p ACCESSIBLE
+ p TOUCH POINTS
+ p SOCIAL
JUSTICE
+ p NEIGHBORHOOD
AMENITY
+ p PROPERTY
VALUES
~ p GENTRIFICATION
+ p RECONNECT FRAGMENTED LANDSCAPES
+ p EDUCATION
+ p SENSORY
STIMULATION~ p INJURIES
+ p RESILIENCY TO ADVERSITY
+ q STRESS
+ p MENTAL WELLBEING
~ p HUMAN VECTOR
PATHWAYS
~ q ECOTONES AND
EDGECONDITIONS
~ q BIODIVERSITY
~ q TOUCH POINTS
~ q FUNCTIONING
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
~ p HUMAN VECTOR
PATHWAYS
~ p MENTAL WELLBEING
~ p CHRONIC ILLNESSES
+ p REGULATORY
ATTENTION
~ qFUNCTIONINGCAP
GA
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McC
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+ p FUNCTIONING
ECOSYSTEMSERVICES
+ p HABITAT
+ p BIODIVERSITY
+ p LEARNING
LAB
+ p JOBS
+ p ENVIRON.
STEWARDSHIP
+ p TOUCH POINTS
+ p CURIOSITY ABOUT SITE
+ p SENSORY
STIMULATION
+ pNEIGHBORHOOD
AMENITY
+ p PROPERTY
VALUES
+ q STRESS
+ p MENTAL WELLBEING
~ q SOCIALENGAGEMENT
~
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FALLOW SCORE B
INSERTION: PLUME; FLEX PLAN
SUBSET INTRUCTIONS:B. PLANT PLUME NODES 1. SURVEY EVERY 12 MONTHS FOR EDGE DELINEATION (PLANT HEIGHT & CONCENTRATION ) 2. INSTALL ELEVATED MODULAR GRATE PATH AT EDGE 3. @1 YEAR: REMOVE & REINSTALL PATH AT NEW SURVEYED EDGEREPEAT STEPS 1-3 EVERY 12 MONTHS
PLUME X
SURVEYED EDGE SURVEYED EDGE
X1YR Y1YR
PLUME Y
X Y
Z
FALLOW SCORE B
INSERTION: PLUME; FLEX PATH
SUBSET INTRUCTIONS:REPEAT STEPS 1-3 EVERY 12 MONTHS REPEAT.REPEAT.REPEAT
PLUME X
SURVEYED EDGE SURVEYED EDGE
X3YR Y3YR
PLUME Y
2
X Y
Z
FALLOW SCORE B
INSERTION: PLUME; FLEX PATH
SUBSET INTRUCTIONS:REPEAT STEPS 1-3 EVERY 12 MONTHS REPEAT X 5YR. PLUME X OVERTAKES PLUME Y
PLUME X
SURVEYED EDGE
X5YR
3
X Y
Z
FALLOW SCORE A
INSERTION: PLUME; RIGID PLAN
TREE X
TREE Y
GRASS Z
GRASS Q
FALLOW SCORE A
INSERTION: PLUME; RIGID PATH
1
FALLOW SCORE A
INSERTION: PLUME; RIGID PATH
2 FALLOW SCORE RIPARIAN FLOOD PLAIN
2-1
FALLOW PATCH MCORMICK & BAXTER, ARKEMA
FALLOW SCORE A
INSERTION: PLUME; RIGID PLAN
TREE X
TREE Y
GRASS Z
GRASS Q
FALLOW SCORE A
INSERTION: PLUME; RIGID PATH
1
FALLOW SCORE A
INSERTION: PLUME; RIGID PATH
2 FALLOW SCORE RIPARIAN FLOOD PLAIN
2-1
FALLOW SCORE A
INSERTION: PLUME; RIGID PLAN
TREE X
TREE Y
GRASS Z
GRASS Q
FALLOW SCORE A
INSERTION: PLUME; RIGID PATH
1
FALLOW SCORE A
INSERTION: PLUME; RIGID PATH
2 FALLOW SCORE RIPARIAN FLOOD PLAIN
2-1
FALLOW SCORE A
INSERTION: PLUME; RIGID PLAN
TREE X
TREE Y
GRASS Z
GRASS Q
FALLOW SCORE A
INSERTION: PLUME; RIGID PATH
1
FALLOW SCORE A
INSERTION: PLUME; RIGID PATH
2 FALLOW SCORE RIPARIAN FLOOD PLAIN
2-1
RIVER SCORE A
INSERTION: NANOBUCKS> JETTY
RIVER SCORE CONDITION: CONTAMINATED RIVER SEDIMENT
XXXXXXXXX
XXX
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EXISTING RIVER SEDIMENTWILLAMETTE RIVER
RIVER SCORE A
1
RIVER SCORE A
2
WETLANDCOLONIZATION
FALLOW SCORE B
INSERTION: PLUME; FLEX PLAN
SUBSET INTRUCTIONS:B. PLANT PLUME NODES 1. SURVEY EVERY 12 MONTHS FOR EDGE DELINEATION (PLANT HEIGHT & CONCENTRATION ) 2. INSTALL ELEVATED MODULAR GRATE PATH AT EDGE 3. @1 YEAR: REMOVE & REINSTALL PATH AT NEW SURVEYED EDGEREPEAT STEPS 1-3 EVERY 12 MONTHS
PLUME X
SURVEYED EDGE SURVEYED EDGE
X1YR Y1YR
PLUME Y
X Y
Z
FALLOW SCORE B
INSERTION: PLUME; FLEX PATH
SUBSET INTRUCTIONS:REPEAT STEPS 1-3 EVERY 12 MONTHS REPEAT.REPEAT.REPEAT
PLUME X
SURVEYED EDGE SURVEYED EDGE
X3YR Y3YR
PLUME Y
2
X Y
Z
FALLOW SCORE B
INSERTION: PLUME; FLEX PATH
SUBSET INTRUCTIONS:REPEAT STEPS 1-3 EVERY 12 MONTHS REPEAT X 5YR. PLUME X OVERTAKES PLUME Y
PLUME X
SURVEYED EDGE
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3
X Y
Z
FALLOW SCORE B
INSERTION: PLUME; FLEX PLAN
SUBSET INTRUCTIONS:B. PLANT PLUME NODES 1. SURVEY EVERY 12 MONTHS FOR EDGE DELINEATION (PLANT HEIGHT & CONCENTRATION ) 2. INSTALL ELEVATED MODULAR GRATE PATH AT EDGE 3. @1 YEAR: REMOVE & REINSTALL PATH AT NEW SURVEYED EDGEREPEAT STEPS 1-3 EVERY 12 MONTHS
PLUME X
SURVEYED EDGE SURVEYED EDGE
X1YR Y1YR
PLUME Y
X Y
Z
FALLOW SCORE B
INSERTION: PLUME; FLEX PATH
SUBSET INTRUCTIONS:REPEAT STEPS 1-3 EVERY 12 MONTHS REPEAT.REPEAT.REPEAT
PLUME X
SURVEYED EDGE SURVEYED EDGE
X3YR Y3YR
PLUME Y
2
X Y
Z
FALLOW SCORE B
INSERTION: PLUME; FLEX PATH
SUBSET INTRUCTIONS:REPEAT STEPS 1-3 EVERY 12 MONTHS REPEAT X 5YR. PLUME X OVERTAKES PLUME Y
PLUME X
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BARGE INSERTED INTO BLUFF> BLUFF PIER
WILLAMETTEWATER
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DERELICT BARGES ARE USED AS MARKERS FOR CHANGE, AND SUPPORTS FOR NEW PED/BIKE INFRASTURCE
BARGE ON END
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POTENTIAL FOR HEALTHFUL OUTCOME
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Design Interventions and Potential Health + Unhealth Outcomes
+ p WALKABILITY +
q CHRONIC ILLNESSES
+ p MENTAL WELLBEING
~ p INJURIES+
q CRIME
+ p PEOPLE
ON SITE
+ p SOCIAL COHESION
+ p COMMUNITY
PRIDE
+ p TOURISM +
p ECONOMIC DRAW
+ p ACCESSIBLE
+ p TOUCH POINTS
+ p SOCIAL
JUSTICE
+ p NEIGHBORHOOD
AMENITY
+ p PROPERTY
VALUES
~ p GENTRIFICATION
+ p RECONNECT FRAGMENTED LANDSCAPES
+ p EDUCATION
+ p SENSORY
STIMULATION~ p INJURIES
+ p RESILIENCY TO ADVERSITY
+ q STRESS
+ p MENTAL WELLBEING
~ p HUMAN VECTOR
PATHWAYS
WILLAMETTEWATER
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DERELICT BARGES ARE USED AS MARKERS FOR CHANGE, AND SUPPORTS FOR NEW PED/BIKE INFRASTURCE
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EXISTING R A I L B R I D G E
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BARGE FOLL
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HH
Cl
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&
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ACCESSIBLE
=REFORESTATION
HABITAT
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TION
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=
RESEARCH JOBS
+$
+$
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-$
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PH
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-$
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+$
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PHYSICALHEALTHCHRONICILLNESSES
MEN
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-$
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-$
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TALWELLBEING
+$
+$
PROPERTYVALUES
NEIGHBORHOODAMENITY
WILLOW
BIRCH
ECOSYSTEMSERVICES
CLEANWATERFLOATINGHABITAT
provide greenspace
toxic cleanup
ecosystem functions
provide greenspace
toxic cleanup
ecosystem functions
provide
greenspacetoxic
cleanupecosystem
functions
active tran
sport +
recreation
provid
e green
space
active transport +
recreation ecosystem
functions
provide greenspace
active
transport +
recreation
provide
greenspace
toxic cleanup
ecosystem functions
toxic cle
anup
active
transp
ort +
recrea
tion
provide
greensp
ace
toxi
c
clea
nup pr
ovid
e
gree
nspa
ce
pro
vide
gre
ensp
ace
toxi
c cl
eanup
ecos
yste
m
funct
ions
prov
ide
gree
nspa
ce
toxi
c cl
eanu
p
ecos
yste
m
func
tions
activ
e tr
ansp
ort +
recr
eatio
n
provide
greenspace
toxic
cleanup
ecosystem
functionstoxic
cleanup
pot. unhealth
: injurie
s
pot
. unhea
lth:
ecol
ogy
pot.
unhe
alth
: ec
olog
y
pot. unhealth: injuries
pot. unhealth:
economy
p SENSE OF COMMUNITY
p SOCIAL TIESq CRIME + FEAR
p SENSORY STIMULATION
q MENTAL FATIGUEq
STRESS
p CHILD DEVELOPMENT
q CRISIS EFFECTS
p COPING WITH LIFE ADVERSITY
p HEALTHY RELATIONSHIPS
p PHYSICAL ILLNESS RECOVERY
q MENTAL ILLNESS
q BEHAVIORAL SYMPTOMS
p PUBLIC PERCEPTION p PROPERTY VALUES
kuo + sullivan 2001b
sall is, mil lstein + carlson 2
01
1
l ou
v 2
00
5
coley, kuo + depooter 1997
sullivan, kuo + depooter 2004
kuo + sullivan 2001a
prof. experience
prof. experienc
e
taylor + kuo 2006, kahn 2001louv 2005
o t t o s o n + g r a h n 2 0 0 8
pope + pope 2012
faber + kuo, 2009, kuo + taylor 2004
kuo 2001, kuo + sullivan 2001d
prof. experience prof. experience
taylor + stanton 2007 and mil ler 2007 and sachser, durschla
g + h
ir
zel 199
8
taylor + stanton 2006
q CHRONIC ILLNESSESk u o 2 0 0 1
p
SENSE OF
COMMUNITYp
SOCIAL TIES
q
CRIME + FEAR
p
SENSORY
STIMULATION
q
MENTAL
FATIGUE
q STRESS
p CHILD
DEVELOPMENTq CRISIS
EFFECTS p COPING
WITH LIFE
ADVERSITY
p
HEALTHY
RELATIONSHIPS
p
PHYSICAL
ILLNESS
RECOVERY
q
MENTAL
ILLNESS
q
BEHAVIORAL
SYMPTOMS
p PUBLIC
PERCEPTION
p
PROPERTY
VALUES
kuo + sullivan 2001b
sallis, mil lste
in +
ca
rlso
n 2
01
1
louv 2
00
5
coley, kuo + depooter 1997
sullivan, kuo + depooter 2004
kuo + sullivan 2001a
prof. exp
erienceprof. experience
taylor + kuo 2006, kahn 2001
louv 2005
ot t o
son +
gr a
hn 2
00
8
pope + pope 2012
fab
er +
kuo, 2
009, ku
o +
taylor 2004
kuo 2001, kuo +
sullivan 2001d
prof. experience prof. experience
taylo
r + sta
nton
2007 and m
il ler 2007 and sachser, durschlag + hirzel 1998
taylor + stanton 2006
q
CHRONIC
ILLNESSES
k u o 20
01
p
SENSE OF
COMMUNITYp
SOCIAL TIES
q
CRIME +
FEAR
p
SENSORY
STIMULATION
q
MENTAL
FATIGUE
q
STRESS
p CHILD
DEVELOPMENT
q
CRISIS
EFFECTS
p
COPING
WITH LIFE
ADVERSITY
p
HEALTHY
RELATIONSHIPS
p
PHYSICAL
ILLNESS
RECOVERY
q
MENTAL
ILLNESS
q
BEHAVIORAL
SYMPTOMS
p
PUBLIC
PERCEPTION
p
PROPERTY
VALUES
kuo + sullivan 2001b
sallis, m
illste
in +
ca
rl so
n 2
01
1lo
uv 2
00
5
coley, kuo + depooter 1997
sullivan, kuo + depooter 2004
kuo + sullivan 2001a
prof. experience
prof. experiencetaylor + kuo 2006, kah
n 2
00
1
louv 2005
ot t o
son +
grah
n 2
00
8
pope + pop
e 2012
fab
er +
ku
o, 2
00
9, k
uo +
taylo
r 2004
kuo 2
001, kuo +
sullivan 2001d
prof. experience prof. experience
taylo
r + s
tanto
n 2
007 and
mil ler 2007 and sachser, durschlag + hirzel 1998
taylor + stanton 2006
q
CHRONIC
ILLNESSES
k uo
20
01
p
SENSE O
F
CO
MM
UN
ITY
p
SOC
IAL TIES
q
CR
IME +
FEAR
p
SENSO
RY
STIMU
LATION
q
MEN
TAL
FATIGU
E
q
STRESS
p
CH
ILD
DEVELO
PM
ENT
q
CR
ISIS
EFFECTS
p
CO
PIN
G
WITH
LIFE
ADVER
SITY
p
HEALTH
Y
RELATIO
NSH
IPS
p
PH
YSICAL
ILLNESS
REC
OVER
Y
q
MEN
TAL
ILLNESS
q
BEH
AVIOR
AL
SYMP
TOM
S
p
PU
BLIC
PER
CEP
TION
p
PR
OP
ERTY
VALUES
kuo +
sullivan 2001b
sa
llis, m
illstein
+ carlson 2
011
lo
uv
2
00
5
coley, ku
o +
dep
ooter 1997
sullivan, kuo + depooter 2004
kuo +
sullivan 2001a
prof. experience
prof. experience
taylo
r + k
uo
20
06
, ka
hn
20
01
lou
v 2
00
5
otto
so
n +
g
ra
hn
2
00
8 pop
e + p
ope 2012fa
be
r + k
uo
, 20
09
, ku
o +
taylo
r 20
04
kuo 2001, kuo +
sullivan
2001d
prof. experience p
rof. experience
taylo
r +
sta
nto
n 2
00
7 a
nd
mi l le
r 20
07
and s
achse
r, d
urschlag + hirzel 1998
taylor + stan
ton 2
006
q
CH
RO
NIC
ILLNESSES
ku
o 2
00
1
p
SENSE O
F C
OM
MU
NITY
p
SOC
IAL TIESq
C
RIM
E + FEAR
p
SENSO
RY
STIMU
LATION
q
MEN
TAL FATIG
UE
q
STRESS
p
CH
ILD
DEVELO
PM
ENT
q
CR
ISIS EFFEC
TS
p
CO
PIN
G
WITH
LIFE AD
VERSITY
p
HEALTH
Y R
ELATION
SHIP
S
p
PH
YSICAL
ILLNESS
REC
OVER
Y
q
MEN
TAL ILLN
ESS
q
BEH
AVIOR
AL SYM
PTO
MS
p
PU
BLIC
P
ERC
EPTIO
N
p
PR
OP
ERTY
VALUES
kuo + su
llivan 2001b
sallis, millstein + carlson 2011
lo
uv 2
00
5
coley, kuo +
dep
ooter 1
99
7
sulliva
n, ku
o +
dep
ooter 2
004
kuo + su
llivan 2001a
prof. experience
prof. experience
taylo
r + k
uo
20
06
, ka
hn
20
01
lou
v 2
00
5o
tto
so
n +
g
ra
hn
2
00
8
pope + pope 2012
faber +
kuo, 2
009
, kuo +
taylo
r 20
04
kuo 2001, kuo + sullivan 2001d
prof. experience
prof. experien
ce
taylo
r + s
tan
ton
20
07
an
d m
iller 2
00
7 a
nd
sa
ch
se
r, du
rsch
lag +
hirzel 1998
taylor + stanton 2006
q
CH
RO
NIC
ILLN
ESSESk
uo
20
01
p
SENSE OF
COMMUNITY
p
SOCIAL TIES
q
CRIME +
FEAR
p
SENSORY
STIMULATION
q
MENTAL
FATIGUE
q
STRESS
p
CHILD
DEVELOPMENT
q
CRISIS
EFFECTS
p
COPING
WITH LIFE
ADVERSITY
p
HEALTHY
RELATIONSHIPS
p
PHYSICAL
ILLNESS
RECOVERY
q
MENTAL
ILLNESS
q
BEHAVIORAL
SYMPTOMS
p
PUBLIC
PERCEPTION
p
PROPERTY
VALUES
kuo + sullivan 2001b
sallis, millstein + carlson 2011lou
v 2
00
5
coley, kuo + depooter 1997
sullivan, kuo + d
epooter 2
00
4
kuo + sullivan 2001a
prof. experience
prof. experien
ce
taylo
r + ku
o 2006, kahn 2001
louv 2
00
5
otto
son +
grah
n 2008
pope + pope 2012
faber + kuo, 2009, kuo + taylor 2004
kuo 2001, kuo + sullivan 2001d
prof. experience
prof. experience
taylor + stanton 2007 an
d m
iller 2
00
7 a
nd
sa
ch
se
r, du
rsc
hla
g +
hir
ze
l 19
98
taylor + stanton 2006
q
CHRONIC
ILLNESSES
kuo 2001
p SENSE OF COMMUNITY
p SOCIAL TIESq CRIME + FEARp SENSORY STIMULATION
q MENTAL FATIGUEq STRESS
p CHILD DEVELOPMENT
q CRISIS EFFECTS
p COPING WITH LIFE ADVERSITY
p HEALTHY RELATIONSHIPS
p PHYSICAL ILLNESS RECOVERY
q MENTAL ILLNESS
q BEHAVIORAL SYMPTOMS
p PUBLIC PERCEPTION
p PROPERTY VALUES
kuo + sullivan 2001b
sallis, m
illst
ein
+ c
arls
on 2
01
1
lou
v 2
00
5
coley, kuo + depooter 1997
sullivan, kuo + depooter 2004
kuo + sullivan 2001a
pro
f. ex
perie
nce
prof. experience
taylor + kuo 2006, kahn 2001louv 2005 ottoson + grahn 2
008
pope + pop
e 20
12
faber +
kuo, 2
009, kuo + ta
ylor 2004
kuo
2001
, kuo
+ su
llivan 2001d
prof. experienceprof. experience
taylo
r + stanton 2007 and miller 2007 and sachser, durschlag + hirzel 1
998
taylor + stanton 2006
q CHRONIC ILLNESSES kuo 2001
p
SEN
SE O
F
COM
MUN
ITY p
SOCI
AL T
IES
q
CRIM
E +
FEAR
p
SEN
SORY
STIM
ULAT
ION
q
MEN
TAL
FATI
GUE
q
STRE
SS
p
CHIL
D
DEVE
LOPM
ENT
q
CRIS
IS
EFFE
CTS
p
COPI
NG
WIT
H L
IFE
ADVE
RSIT
Y
p
HEA
LTH
Y
RELA
TION
SHIP
Sp
PHYS
ICAL
ILLN
ESS
RECO
VERY
q
MEN
TAL
ILLN
ESS q
BEH
AVIO
RAL
SYM
PTOM
S
p
PUBL
IC
PERC
EPTI
ON
p
PROP
ERTY
VALU
ES
kuo
+ su
llivan
2001b
sa
llis
, m
ills
tein
+ c
arl
so
n 2
01
1
lo
uv
2
00
5
cole
y, k
uo +
dep
oote
r 19
97
sulli
van,
kuo +
depooter 2
004
kuo
+
sulliv
an 2001a
prof
. exp
erie
nce
prof.
experience ta
ylor
+ k
uo 2
006,
kah
n 2
00
1
louv 2
0
05
otto
so
n +
gra
hn
2
00
8
pope
+ p
ope
2012
fab
er
+ k
uo
, 2
00
9,
ku
o +
taylo
r 2
004
kuo
2001, ku
o +
sul
livan
200
1dpr
of. e
xp
erien
cepro
f. ex
perie
nce
taylo
r +
sta
nto
n 2
00
7 a
nd m
ille
r 20
07 a
nd sachser,
durschlag + hirzel 1998
tayl
or +
sta
nton
2006
q
CHRO
NIC
ILLN
ESSE
S
ku
o 2
00
1
p
SEN
SE O
F C
OM
MU
NIT
Y
p
SOC
IAL
TIES
q
CR
IME
+ FE
AR
p
SEN
SOR
Y ST
IMU
LATI
ON
q
MEN
TAL
FATI
GU
Eq
ST
RES
S
p
CH
ILD
D
EVEL
OP
MEN
T
q
CR
ISIS
EF
FEC
TS
p
CO
PIN
G
WIT
H L
IFE
AD
VER
SITY
p
HEA
LTH
Y R
ELA
TIO
NSH
IPS
p
PH
YSIC
AL
ILLN
ESS
REC
OVE
RY
q
MEN
TAL
ILLN
ESS
q
BEH
AVI
OR
AL
SYM
PTO
MS
p
PU
BLI
C
PER
CEP
TIO
Np
P
RO
PER
TY
VALU
ESku
o +
sulli
van
2001
b
sall
is,
mil
lste
in +
c
arlso
n 2011
lo
uv
2
00
5
cole
y, k
uo +
dep
oote
r 1
99
7su
lliv
an,
kuo
+ d
epoo
ter
2004
kuo
+ s
ulliv
an 2
001a
prof. exp
er
ienc
e
pro
f. ex
perie
nce
taylo
r +
ku
o 2
00
6,
ka
hn
20
01
lou
v 2
00
5
otto
so
n +
g
ra
hn
2
00
8
pop
e + p
ope
2012
fab
er
+ k
uo,
20
09
, ku
o +
ta
ylo
r 2
00
4
kuo
2001
, kuo
+ s
ulliv
an 2
001d
pro
f. ex
per
ienc
epr
of. ex
per
ienc
e
taylo
r +
sta
nto
n 2
00
7 a
nd
mil
ler 2
00
7 a
nd
sa
ch
ser,
durs
chla
g +
hir
zel 1998
tayl
or +
sta
nton
200
6
q
CH
RO
NIC
IL
LNES
SES
ku
o 2
00
1
p
SEN
SE O
F
COM
MUN
ITY
p
SOCI
AL T
IES
q
CRIM
E +
FEAR
p
SEN
SORY
STIM
ULATI
ON
q
MEN
TAL
FATI
GUE
q
STRE
SS
p
CHIL
D
DEVEL
OPM
ENT
q
CRIS
IS
EFFE
CTS
p
COPI
NG
WIT
H LIF
E
ADVE
RSIT
Y
p
HEALT
HY
RELA
TION
SHIP
S
p
PHYS
ICAL
ILLN
ESS
RECO
VERY
q
MEN
TAL
ILLN
ESS
q
BEHAV
IORA
L
SYM
PTOM
S
p
PUBLI
C
PERC
EPTI
ON
p
PROP
ERTY
VALU
ES
kuo
+ su
lliva
n 2
001b
sal l is, m
il lstein + carlson 2011
lou
v 2
00
5
cole
y, k
uo +
dep
oote
r 199
7
sulliv
an,
kuo +
dep
oote
r 2
00
4
kuo
+ s
ulliv
an 2
001a
prof. experience
pro
f. ex
per
ienc
e
taylo
r +
ku
o 2
006,
kahn
2001
lou
v 2
00
5
ot t
oson
+ g
r ahn 2
008
pope
+ pope 2012
faber
+ kuo, 2
009, kuo +
tay
lor
200
4
kuo 2001, kuo + sulliv
an 2
001d
prof
. exp
erie
nce
prof
. exp
erie
nce
tayl
or +
sta
nto
n 2
007 a
nd
mil
ler
20
07
an
d s
ach
se
r, d
ursc
hla
g +
hir
zel
1998
taylor
+ s
tant
on 2006
q
CHRO
NIC
ILLN
ESSE
S
kuo 2
0
0 1
p
SENSE OF
COMMUNITY
p SOCIAL TIES
q CRIME +
FEAR
p SENSORY
STIMULATION
q MENTAL
FATIGUE
q STRESS
p CHILD
DEVELOPMENT
q CRISIS
EFFECTS
p COPING
WITH LIFE
ADVERSITY
p HEALTHY
RELATIONSHIPS
p PHYSICAL
ILLNESS
RECOVERY
q MENTAL
ILLNESS
q BEHAVIORAL
SYMPTOMS
p PUBLIC
PERCEPTION
p PROPERTY
VALUES
kuo + sulliv
an
200
1b
sall is, mil lstein + carlson 2011
l o u v 2 0 0 5coley, kuo + depooter 1997
sulliv
an, kuo +
dep
oote
r 200
4
kuo + sulliv
an 2
001a
prof. experience
prof. e
xper
ienc
e
taylor +
kuo 2006, kahn 2001
louv 2005
o t t o s o n + g r a h n 2 0 0 8
pope + pope 2012
faber + kuo, 2009, kuo + taylor 2004
kuo 2001, kuo + sullivan 2001dprof. experi
ence
prof. experienc
e
taylor + stanton 2007 and mil le
r 2007 a
nd sach
ser, d
urs
chla
g +
hir
ze
l 1
99
8
taylor + stanton 2006
q CHRONIC
ILLNESSES
k u o 2 0 0 1
p
PH
YSICA
L A
CTIVITY
q
OB
ESITY
q
RISK
FOR
D
IAB
ETES
q
RISK
FOR
H
EAR
T D
ISEASE
q
DEP
RESSIO
N
q
BIR
TH
DEFEC
TS
q
JOIN
T + BO
NE
DISEA
SE
q
STRESS
q
MEN
TAL
FATIG
UE
p
CO
PIN
G
WITH
LIFE A
DVER
SITY
p
SENSE O
F C
OM
MU
NITY
p
SOC
IAL TIES
p
HEA
LTHY
RELA
TION
SHIP
S
fitzh
ug
h, b
asse
tt + evan
s 2010
lu
nd
2
00
3
layden 20
03
, lun
d 2
00
3
sallis, millstein + carlson 2
011
prof. experie
nce
pro
f. experience
kuo 2001, kuo + sullivan 2
001d
to
mp
ki n
s, s
oro
s, s
oth
em
+ v
arg
as
20
09
ce
lia
2
00
2
bray
19
92
manson et al. 1990
anandacoom
arasamy et al 2
009
watkins et al., 2003
chen, jiang + mao 2009
prof. experience
kuo + su
llivan 2
001a
ku
o 2
00
1
p
PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY
q
OBESITYq
RISK FOR
DIABETESq
RISK FOR
HEART
DISEASE
q
DEPRESSION
q
BIRTH
DEFECTS
q
JOINT + BONE
DISEASE
q
STRESS
q
MENTAL
FATIGUEp
COPING
WITH LIFE
ADVERSITY
p
SENSE OF
COMMUNITYp
SOCIAL TIES
p
HEALTHY
RELATIONSHIPS
fitzhugh, bassett + eva
ns 2
01
0
lun
d 2
00
3
layden 2003, lund 2003
sallis, millstein + carlson 2011
pro
f. experience
prof. experience
kuo 2001, kuo + sullivan 2001d
tom
pkin
s, s
oro
s, so
them
+ vargas 2009
ce
lia
2
00
2
bra
y 1
99
2
man
son et al. 1
990
anandacoomarasam
y et al 2009
watkins et al., 2003
chen, jiang + mao 2009
prof. experience kuo + sullivan 2001a
kuo 2
001
p
PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY
q
OBESITY
q
RISK FOR
DIABETES
q
RISK FOR
HEART
DISEASE
q
DEPRESSION
q BIRTH
DEFECTS
q
JOINT + BONE
DISEASE
q STRESS
q MENTAL
FATIGUEp
COPING
WITH LIFE
ADVERSITY
p
SENSE OF
COMMUNITY
p
SOCIAL TIES
p HEALTHY
RELATIONSHIPS
fitzhugh, bassett + evan
s 20
10
lund 20
03
layden 2003, lund 2003
sallis, millstein + carlson 2011
prof. experience
prof. experience
kuo 2001, kuo + sullivan 2001d
to
mpkins, soros, sothem + vargas 2009
celia 20
02
bra
y 1
99
2m
anson et al. 1990
anandacoomarasam
y et al 2009
watkins et al., 2003chen, jiang + mao 2
009
prof. experiencekuo + sullivan 2001a
kuo 2001
p PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
q OBESITY
q RISK FOR DIABETESq RISK FOR
HEART DISEASE
q DEPRESSION
q BIRTH DEFECTS
q JOINT + BONE DISEASE
q STRESSq MENTAL
FATIGUE
p COPING WITH LIFE
ADVERSITY
p SENSE OF
COMMUNITYp
SOCIAL TIES
p HEALTHY
RELATIONSHIPS
fitzhugh, b
assett + evans 2010 lund
20
03
lay
de
n 2
00
3,
lun
d 2003
salli
s, m
illst
ein
+ ca
rlson
2011
prof. experience
prof.
expe
rien
ce
kuo
2001
, kuo
+ sul
livan
2001d
tompkins, soros, sothem
+ v
argas 2
00
9
celia 2002
bray 19
92
manson et al. 1990
anandacoomarasamy et al 2009
watki
ns e
t al
., 2
003
ch
en
, ji
an
g +
ma
o 2
00
9
prof
. exp
erien
ce
kuo
+ sulliva
n 2001a
kuo 200
1
p
PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY
q
OBESITY
q
RISK FOR
DIABETES
q
RISK FOR
HEART
DISEASE
q
DEPRESSION
q
BIRTH
DEFECTS
q
JOIN
T + BONE
DISEASE
q
STRESS
q
MENTAL
FATIGUE p
COPING
WITH LIFE
ADVERSITY
p
SENSE OF
COMMUNITY
p
SOCIAL TIES
p
HEALTHY
RELATIONSHIP
S
fitzh
ugh, b
asse
tt +
eva
ns
20
10
l un
d 2
0
03
l a y d e n 2 0 0 3 , l u n d 20 0 3
sallis, millstein + carlson 2011
pro
f. e
xper
ience
prof. e
xperience
kuo 2001, kuo + sullivan 2001d
t om
pki n
s,
sor o
s , s o t h
em +
va r g a s 2
0 0 9
ce
lia
2
00
2
bra
y 1
99
2m
anso
n e
t al
. 1990
anan
daco
omar
asam
y et
a
l 2009
watkins et al., 2003
c h e n , j i a n g + m a o 2 0 0 9
prof. experienc
ekuo + su
lliva
n 20
01a
k uo 2
0 0 1
q HUMAN
CONTACT
q CANCER
RISK
q BIRTH
DEFECTS
q CHRONIC
ILLNESSES
q AIR + WATER
BORNE
DISEASES
p CLEAN
AIR
p CLEAN
SOIL
p CLEAN WATER
p PUBLIC
PERCEPTION
p PROPERTY
VALUESp
ENVIRON.
JUSTICE
p COPING
WITH LIFE
ADVERSITY
q CRIME +
FEAR
p CHILD
DEVELOPMENT
kuo + sullivan 2001b
kochititzky 2011
backer 2011p r o f . e x p e r i e n c e
p r o f . e x p e r i e n c epro f. expe r i ence
d e s o u s a 2 0 0 6
d e s o u s a 2 0 0 6
prof. experience
lanphear, vorhees, + bellinger 2005
pope
+ pope 2012
beck , 1979 and becke r, 2011 and a r ns t , 2006p h i b b s 1 9 9 6
k u o 2 0 0 1
q HUMAN CONTACTq CANCER RISK
q BIRTH DEFECTS
q CHRONIC ILLNESSES
q AIR + WATER BORNE DISEASES
p CLEAN AIR
p CLEAN SOIL
p CLEAN WATERp PUBLIC PERCEPTION p PROPERTY VALUES
p ENVIRON.JUSTICE
p COPING WITH LIFE ADVERSITYq CRIME + FEAR
p CHILD DEVELOPMENT
kuo + sullivan 2001b
kochititzky 2011 backer 2011
p r o f . e x p e r i e n c ep r o f . e x p e r i e n c e
pro f. expe r i enced e s o u s a 2 0
06
d e s o u s a 2 00
6
prof. experience
lanphear, vorhees, + bellinger 2005
pope + pope 2012
beck , 1979 and becke r, 2011 and a r ns t , 2006
ph
i bb
s 1 9 9 6
k u o 2 0 0 1
q
HUMAN
CONTACT
q
CANCER
RISK
q
BIRTH
DEFECTSq
CHRONIC
ILLNESSES
q
AIR + WATER
BORNE
DISEASES
p
CLEAN
AIR
p
CLEAN
SOIL
p
CLEAN
WATER
p
PUBLIC
PERCEPTION
p
PROPERTY
VALUESp
ENVIRON
.
JUSTICE
p
COPING
WITH LIFE
ADVERSITY
q
CRIME +
FEAR
p
CHILD
DEVELOPMEN
T
kuo +
sullivan 2001b
kochititzky 2011
backer 2011
p r o f . e x per i e
nce
pr o
f . exp
er i e
nc
e
pro
f. ex
pe
r i en
ce
de
sou
sa
20
06
de
so
us
a 2
00
6
prof. experien
ce
lanphear, vorhees, + bellinger 2005
pope + pope 2012
beck , 1979 an
d b
ecke r, 20
11
an
d a
r ns t , 2
00
6
ph
ibb
s 1
99
6
ku
o 2
00
1
q HUMAN
CONTACT
q CANCER
RISK
q BIRTH
DEFECTS
q CHRONIC
ILLNESSES
q AIR + WATER
BORNE
DISEASESp
CLEAN
AIR
p CLEAN
SOIL
p CLEAN
WATER
p PUBLIC
PERCEPTION
p PROPERTY
VALUESp
ENVIRON.
JUSTICE
p COPING
WITH LIFE
ADVERSITY
q CRIME +
FEAR
p CHILD
DEVELOPMENT
kuo + sullivan 2001b
kochititzky 2011
backer 2011
prof. experience
prof. experience
prof. experiencede sousa 2006
de sousa 2006
prof. experience
lanphear, vorhees, + bellinger 2005
pope + pope 2012
beck, 1979 and becker, 2011 and arnst, 2006
phibbs 1996
kuo 2001
q HUMAN
CONTACT
q CANCER
RISK
q BIRTH
DEFECTS
q CHRONIC
ILLNESSES
q AIR + WATER
BORNE
DISEASES
p CLEAN
AIR
p CLEAN
SOIL
p CLEAN
WATER
p PUBLIC
PERCEPTION
p PROPERTY
VALUESp
ENVIRON.
JUSTICE
p COPING
WITH LIFE
ADVERSITY
q CRIME +
FEAR
p CHILD
DEVELOPMENT
kuo + sullivan 2001b
koch
ititzky 2011
backer 2011 prof. experience
prof. experienceprof. experience
de sousa 2006
de sousa 2006
prof. experience
lanphear, vorhees, + bellinger 2005
pope + pope 2012
beck, 1979 and becker, 2011 and arnst, 2006phib
bs 1996
kuo 2001
q
HUMAN
CONTACT
q
CANCER RIS
K
q
BIRTH
DEFECTSq
CHRONIC
ILLNESSES q
AIR + W
ATER
BORNE
DISEASES
p
CLEAN AIR
p
CLEAN SOIL
p
CLEAN
WATER
p
PUBLIC
PERCEPTION
p
PROPERTY
VALUES
p
ENVIRON.
JUSTIC
E
p
COPING
WITH LIFE
ADVERSITY
q
CRIME +
FEAR
p
CHILD
DEVELOPMENT
kuo
+ s
ulliv
an 2
001b
koch
ititzk
y 20
11
back
er 2
011
prof. experie
nce
prof.
exp
erien
ce
pro
f. e
xp
eri
en
ce
de sous
a 2
00
6
de s
ou
sa
20
06
prof. ex
perie
nce
lanp
hear
, vor
hees
, + bell
inger 2
005 pope + pope 201
2
beck, 1979 a
nd becker,
2011 a
nd arn
st,
2006
ph
ibb
s 1
99
6
kuo 2
00
1
q
HUMAN
CONTACT
q
CANCER
RISK
q
BIRTH
DEFECTS
q
CHRONIC
ILLNESSES q
AIR +
WATE
R
BORNE
DISEASES
p
CLEAN
AIR
p
CLEAN
SOIL
p
CLEAN
WATE
R
p
PUBLIC
PERCEPTION
p
PROPERTY
VALUES
p
ENVIRON.
JUSTI
CE
p
COPING
WIT
H LIFE
ADVERSIT
Y
q
CRIME +
FEAR
p
CHILD
DEVELOPMENT
kuo
+ s
ulliv
an 2
001b
koch
ititzk
y 20
11
back
er 2
011
prof. experi
ence
prof.
exp
eri
en
ce
pro
f. e
xp
eri
en
ce
de sou
sa 2
00
6
de s
ou
sa
20
06
prof.
expe
rien
cela
nphe
ar, v
orhe
es, +
bell
inger 2
005pope + pope 2
012
beck, 1979 a
nd becker,
2011 a
nd arn
st,
2006
ph
ibb
s 1
99
6 kuo
20
01
q
HU
MAN
CON
TACT
q
CAN
CER
RIS
K q
BIR
TH
DEF
ECTS q
CH
RON
IC
ILLN
ESSE
S
q
AIR
+ W
ATER
BOR
NE
DIS
EASE
S
p
CLEA
N
AIR
p
CLEA
N
SOIL
p
CLEA
N
WAT
ER
p
PUB
LIC
PER
CEPT
ION
p
PROP
ERTY
VALU
ESp
EN
VIR
ON.
JUST
ICE
p
COPI
NG
WIT
H L
IFE
ADVE
RSI
TY
q
CRIM
E +
FEAR
p
CHIL
D
DEV
ELOP
MEN
T
kuo
+ s
ulli
van
2001
b
koch
itit
zky
201
1
back
er 2
011
pro
f. e
xp
erie
nc
e
pro
f. e
xp
erie
nc
e
pro
f. e
xp
er i
en
ce
de s
ou
sa
2
00
6
de
so
us
a 2
00
6pr
of.
exp
eri
en
ce
lanp
hear
, vo
rhee
s, +
bel
linge
r 20
05
pope + p
ope
2012
bec
k, 1
97
9 a
nd
becke
r, 2
01
1 a
nd
arn
st,
20
06
ph
i bb
s 1
99
6
ku
o 2
00
1
q
HU
MAN
C
ON
TAC
T
q
CAN
CER
R
ISK
q
BIR
TH
DEF
ECTS
q
CH
RO
NIC
IL
LNES
SES
q
AIR
+ W
ATER
B
OR
NE
DIS
EASE
S
p
CLE
AN
AIRp
C
LEAN
SO
IL
p
CLE
AN
WAT
ER
p
PU
BLI
C
PER
CEP
TIO
Np
P
RO
PER
TY
VALU
ES
p
ENVI
RO
N.
JUST
ICE
p
CO
PIN
G
WIT
H L
IFE
ADVE
RSI
TYq
C
RIM
E +
FEAR
p
CH
ILD
D
EVEL
OP
MEN
T
ku
o +
sulli
van
2001b
koch
ititz
ky 2
011
bac
ker 2
011
pro
f. e
xp
eri e
nc
ep
ro
f . e
xp
er i
en
ce
pro
f. e
xpe r
i ence
de
s
ou
sa
2
00
6
de
so
us
a 2
0
06
pro
f. e
xperi
ence
lanp
hear
, vo
rhee
s, +
bel
linge
r 2005
pope
+ p
ope
2012
be
ck
, 1
97
9 a
nd
be
ck
er,
20
11
an
d a
r ns
t , 2
00
6
p h i bbs
19
96
ku
o 2
00
1
q HUMAN
CONTACT
q CANCER
RISK
q BIRTH
DEFECTS
q
CHRONIC
ILLNESSES
q
AIR + WATER
BORNE
DISEASES
p CLEAN
AIR
p CLEAN
SOIL
p CLEAN
WATER
p PUBLIC
PERCEPTION
p
PROPERTY
VALUES p ENVIRON.
JUSTICE
p COPING
WITH LIFE
ADVERSITY
q CRIME +
FEAR
p CHILD
DEVELOPMENT
kuo + sullivan 2001b
kochititzky 2011
backer 2011
pr o
f . e
x p e r i en c e
p r o f . e x p e r i e n c e
pro f. expe r i ence
d
e s
o u s a 2 0 0 6d e s o u s a 2 0 0 6pr
of. experience
lanphear, vorhees
, + bell
inger
2
005
pop
e +
pope
2012beck , 1979 a
nd becke r,
2011 and a r ns t , 2006
p h i b b s 1 9 9 6
k u o 2 0 0 1
p FUNCTIONING ECOLOGIES
p BIODIVERSITY
p ECOTONES
q FRAGMENTED LANDSCAPES
p AIR QUALITY
p THERMAL
REGULATION
p RESILIENCY TO NATURAL DISASTERS
p WATER
CLEANSING
p NOISE
ATTENUATION
q CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS
q CHRONIC
ILLNESSES
q AIR + WATER
BORNE DISEASES
q DEPRESSION
p COPING
WITH LIFE ADVERSITY
q INJURIES
currie + bass 2008
samet 2011 and currie + bass 2008
mackey, lee + smith 2012
beat
l ey 2
01
1
yoshida et al 2003
horwitz + finlayson 2011
eicher + kawachi 2011
s l e e t , n a u m a n n + r u d d 2 0 1 1
kiellstrom + weaver 2
009
kiellstrom + weaver 2009
frumkin 2011
k u o 2 0 0 1
prof. experience
prof. experience
b a s k i n 1 9 94
a l b e r t i 2 00
5
p FUNCTIONING
ECOLOGIES
p BIODIVERSITY
p ECOTONESq
FRAGMENTED
LANDSCAPES
p AIR QUALITYp THERMAL
REGULATION
p RESILIENCY
TO NATURAL
DISASTERS
p WATER CLEANSINGp NOISE
ATTENUATION
q CLIMATE CHANGE
IMPACTS
q CHRONIC ILLNESSESq AIR + WATER
BORNE DISEASES
q DEPRESSION
p COPING WITH LIFE
ADVERSITY
q INJURIES
currie + bass 2008
samet 2011 and currie + bass 2008
mackey, lee + smith 2012be
atle
y 2
01
1yosh
ida et al 2003
horwitz + finlayson 2
011
eicher + kawachi 2011
s l e e t , n a u m a n n + r u d d 2 0 1 1
kiellstrom + weaver 2009
kiellstrom + weaver 2009
frumkin 2011
k u o 2
00
1
prof. experience
prof. experience
ba
sk
i n 1 9 9 4al b
ert
i 2
00
5
p
FUN
CTIO
NIN
G
ECO
LOG
IES
p
BIO
DIVER
SITY
p
ECO
TON
ES
q
FRAG
MEN
TED
LAND
SCAPES
p
AIR Q
UALITY
p
THER
MAL
REG
ULATIO
Np
RESILIEN
CY
TO N
ATUR
AL
DISASTER
S
p
WATER
CLEAN
SING
p
NO
ISE
ATTENU
ATION
q
CLIM
ATE
CH
ANG
E
IMPAC
TS
q
CH
RO
NIC
ILLNESSES
q
AIR + W
ATER
BO
RN
E
DISEASES
q
DEPR
ESSION
p
CO
PING
WITH
LIFE
ADVER
SITYq
IN
JUR
IES
cu
rrie + bass 2008
sam
et 2
01
1 a
nd
currie +
bass 2008
mackey, lee +
smith
2012
be
atle
y 2
01
1
yoshida et al 2003
horwitz +
finlayson 2011
eicher + kaw
achi 2
011
s l eet , n
au
ma
nn
+ r u
dd
20
11
kiellstrom + weaver 2009
kiellstrom +
weaver 2
009frum
kin 2
011
ku
o 2
00
1
prof. experience
prof. experience
ba
sk
in
1
99
4
alb
er
ti 2
00
5
p
FUN
CTIONIN
G
ECOLOGIES
p
BIODIVERSITY
p
ECOTONES
q
FRAGMEN
TED
LANDSCAPES
p
AIR QUALITY
p
THERM
AL REGU
LATION
p
RESILIENCY
TO NATU
RAL
DISASTERS
p
WATER
CLEANSIN
Gp
N
OISE ATTEN
UATION
q
CLIMATE
CHAN
GE IM
PACTS
q
CHRON
IC ILLN
ESSES
q
AIR + WATER
BORNE
DISEASES
q
DEPRESSION
p
COPING
WITH
LIFE ADVERSITY
q
INJU
RIES
currie
+ b
ass 2
00
8
samet 2
011 an
d cu
rrie +
bass 2
00
8
mackey, lee + sm
ith 2012
be
atley 2011yoshida et al 2003
horwitz + finlayson 2011
eicher + kawachi 2011
sle
et, n
au
ma
nn
+ ru
dd
20
11
kiellstrom +
weaver 2
009
kiellstrom + weaver 2009
frumkin 2011
ku
o 2
001
prof. experience
prof. experience
ba
sk
in
1
99
4alb
erti
20
05
p FUNCTIONING ECOLOGIES
p BIODIVERSITY
p ECOTONES
q FRAGMENTED LANDSCAPES
p AIR QUALITY
p THERMAL REGULATION
p RESILIENCY TO NATURAL DISASTERS
p WATER CLEANSING
p NOISE ATTENUATION
q CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS
q CHRONIC ILLNESSES
q AIR + WATER BORNE
DISEASES
q DEPRESSION
p COPING WITH LIFE ADVERSITY
q INJURIES
currie + bass 2008samet 2011 and currie + bass 2008
mackey, lee + smith 2012
bea
tley 2
01
1
yosh
ida
et a
l 2003
horwitz + finlay
son
2011
eicher + kawachi 201
1sleet, naumann + rudd 2011
kiellstrom + weaver 2009
kiel
lstro
m + weaver 2009
frumkin 2011
kuo 2001
prof. experience
prof. experience
baskin 1994
alberti
20
05
p
FUN
CTI
ON
ING
EC
OLO
GIE
S
p
BIO
DIV
ERSI
TY
p
ECO
TON
ES
q
FRA
GM
ENTE
D
LAN
DSC
AP
ES
p
AIR
QU
ALI
TY
p
THER
MA
L R
EGU
LATI
ON
p
RES
ILIE
NC
Y TO
NA
TUR
AL
DIS
AST
ERS
p
WA
TER
C
LEA
NSI
NG
p
NO
ISE
ATT
ENU
ATI
ON
q
CLI
MA
TE
CH
AN
GE
IMP
AC
TS
q
CH
RO
NIC
IL
LNES
SES
q
AIR
+ W
ATE
R
BO
RN
E D
ISEA
SES
q
DEP
RES
SIO
Np
C
OP
ING
W
ITH
LIF
E A
DVE
RSI
TY
q
INJU
RIE
S
cu
rrie
+ b
ass
2008
sam
et
20
11
an
d c
urr
ie +
bass
20
08
mac
key,
lee
+ s
mit
h 2
012
be
atley
2
01
1
yosh
ida
et a
l 200
3
hor
wit
z +
fin
lays
on 2011
eich
er +
kaw
achi
201
1
sle
et,
na
um
an
n +
ru
dd
20
11
kiel
lstr
om +
wea
ver 2
009
kiel
lstr
om +
wea
ver
2009
frum
kin 2
011
ku
o 2
00
1
prof
. ex
per
ience
prof
. ex
per
ience
ba
sk
in
1
99
4
alb
er
ti 2
00
5 p
FUN
CTIO
NIN
G EC
OLOG
IES
p
BIO
DIV
ERSI
TY
p
ECOT
ONES
q
FRAG
MEN
TED
LA
ND
SCAP
ES
p
AIR
QUAL
ITY
p
THER
MAL
RE
GULA
TION
p
RESI
LIEN
CY
TO N
ATU
RAL
DIS
ASTE
RS
p
WAT
ER
CLEA
NSI
NG
p
NOI
SE
ATTE
NU
ATIO
N
q
CLIM
ATE
CHAN
GE
IMPA
CTS
q
CHRO
NIC
IL
LNES
SES
q
AIR
+ W
ATER
B
ORN
E D
ISEA
SES
q
DEP
RESS
ION
p
COPI
NG
WIT
H L
IFE
ADVE
RSIT
Y
q
INJU
RIES
cu
rrie
+ b
ass 2
00
8
sam
et 2
01
1 a
nd
cu
rrie
+ b
ass
20
08
mac
key,
lee
+ s
mith
2
012
bea
t l ey 2 0 1 1
yoshida et al 2003
horw
itz +
finla
yson 2011
eich
er +
kaw
ac
hi 2011
sle
et ,
na
um
an
n +
ru
dd
20
11
kiel
lstr
om +
wea
ver
2009
kiellstro
m +
wea
ver
200
9
frum
kin
2011
ku
o 2
00
1
pro
f. ex
perien
ce
pro
f. ex
per
ienc
e
ba
sk
in
1
99
4a
lb
erti 2
00
5
p FUNCTIONING
ECOLOGIES
p BIODIVERSITY
p ECOTONES
q
FRAGMENTED
LANDSCAPES
p AIR QUALITY
p THERMAL
REGULATION
p RESILIENCY
TO NATURAL
DISASTERS
p WATER
CLEANSING
p NOISE
ATTENUATION
q CLIMATE
CHANGE
IMPACTS
q CHRONIC
ILLNESSES
q AIR + WATER
BORNE
DISEASES
q
DEPRESSION
p COPING
WITH LIFE
ADVERSITY q INJURIEScurri
e + b
ass
20
08
samet 2011 and currie +
bass
2008
mackey, lee + smith 2012
b e a t l e y 20
11
yoshida et al 2003
horwitz + finlayson 2011
eicher + kawachi 2011
s l ee t ,
na u m
a n n + r u d d 2 0 1 1
kiellstrom
+
wea
ver
200
9
kiellstrom + weaver 2009frumkin 2011
k u o 2 0 0 1
prof. experience
prof.
experience
b a s ki n
19
94
a l b e r t i 2 0 0 5
Complexity Diagram Displaying Predicted
Outcomes of Capstone Project Design
Key:
design goals of
interventions
literature review
connecting goals to
outcomes
potential community wellbeing outcomes
potential individual wellbeing outcomes
literature + case study
review of health + wellbeing outcomes
potential individual
health outcomes
increase in strength of correlation or evidence
taylor + stanton 2007 and mil ler 2007 and sachser, durs
chla
g + h
irzel
19
98
p SENSE OF
COMMUNITY
p SOCIAL TIES
q CRIME +
FEAR
p SENSORY
STIMULATION q MENTAL FATIGUE
q STRESS
p CHILD
DEVELOPMENT
q CRISIS
EFFECTS
p COPING
WITH LIFE ADVERSITY
p HEALTHY
RELATIONSHIPS
p PHYSICAL ILLNESS
RECOVERY
q MENTAL ILLNESS
q BEHAVIORAL SYMPTOMS
p PUBLIC
PERCEPTION
p PROPERTY
VALUESkuo + sulliva
n 2001b
sall is, mil lstein + carlson 2011
l o u v 2 00
5
coley, kuo + depooter 1997sullivan, kuo + depooter 2004
kuo + sullivan 2001a
prof. experience
prof. exp
erie
nce
taylor + kuo 2006, kahn 2001
louv 2005
o t t o s o n + g r a h n 2 0 0 8
pope + pope 2012
faber + kuo, 2009, kuo + taylor 2004
kuo 2001, kuo + sullivan 2001d
prof. experienceprof. experience
taylor + stanton 2006
q CHRONIC
ILLNESSES
k u o 2 0 0 1
provide greenspace
BIR
CH
& A
SPEN
PLA
NTI
NG
15FT
60°
15FT
SHO
RE
PIN
E P
LAN
TIN
G
REFLECTIONSTEWARDSHIP
+PUBLIC
ACCESSIBLE
=REFORESTATION
HABITAT
using evidence-based practices to predict health outcomes.
LAF case study:
Heong
gyec
heon
Stre
am Restoration
LAF case study: Daybreak Community
, Uta
h
LAF case study: Avalon Park and Preserve, Stony Brook NY
LAF case study: Avalon Park and Preserve, Stony Brook NY
LAF case study: Thomas Jefferson University Lubert Plaza
design element example
potential outcome
example of one of the goals of the design element
potential health + wellbeing outcomes
case studies with similar outcomes
literature review linking
outcomes
Visual Example of Predicting Outcomes of One Goal of One Design Element
Visual Example of Evaluating Outcomes of One Goal of One Design Element
taylor + stanton 2007 and mil ler 2007 and sachser, durs
chla
g + h
irzel
19
98
p SENSE OF
COMMUNITY
p SOCIAL TIES
q CRIME +
FEAR
p SENSORY
STIMULATION q MENTAL FATIGUE
q STRESS
p CHILD
DEVELOPMENT
q CRISIS
EFFECTS
p COPING
WITH LIFE ADVERSITY
p HEALTHY
RELATIONSHIPS
p PHYSICAL ILLNESS
RECOVERY
q MENTAL ILLNESS
q BEHAVIORAL SYMPTOMS
p PUBLIC
PERCEPTION
p PROPERTY
VALUESkuo + sulliva
n 2001b
sall is, mil lstein + carlson 2011
l o u v 2 00
5
coley, kuo + depooter 1997sullivan, kuo + depooter 2004
kuo + sullivan 2001a
prof. experience
prof. exp
erie
nce
taylor + kuo 2006, kahn 2001
louv 2005
o t t o s o n + g r a h n 2 0 0 8
pope + pope 2012
faber + kuo, 2009, kuo + taylor 2004
kuo 2001, kuo + sullivan 2001d
prof. experienceprof. experience
taylor + stanton 2006
q CHRONIC
ILLNESSES
k u o 2 0 0 1
provide greenspace
BIR
CH
& A
SPEN
PLA
NTI
NG
15FT
60°
15FT
SHO
RE
PIN
E P
LAN
TIN
G
?
design element example
actual outcome in one given
moment of time
example of one of the goals of the design element
predicted health + wellbeing outcomes
literature review of predicted outcomes
data to collect to evaluate actual
outcomes
potential methods for data
collection
on s
ite p
eople,
action, lo
catio
n co
unts
+ u
ser o
pini
ons
SITE OBSERVATIONS,
INTERVIEWS, ONLINE
BLOG, SOCIAL NETWORKING
on site flora, fauna counts + user opinions
user opinions
neig
hbor
obser
vatio
ns +
opi
nion
s, u
ser o
pini
ons,
med
iane
ighb
orho
od opinion
s, m
edia
repo
rts
neig
hbor
ho
od o
pi
nion
s, m
edia
repo
rts,
crim
e re
port
s
neig
hbor
o
bser
vatio
ns, p
rope
rty
valu
es
user opinions, workplace + school reports
neighbor opinions, school reports
user opinions
user opinions
neig
hbor
+
use
r opi
nion
s
user opinions + health reports
INTERVIEWS, QUESTIONNAIRES,
ONLINE BLOG
INTERVIEWS, QUESTIONNAIRES,
NEWSPAPERS, ONLINE BLOG
NEWSPAPERS, POLICE
SERVICES, INTERVIEWS QUESTIONNAIRES,
CENSUS + CITY DATA
INTERVIEWS, QUESTIONNAIRES,
SOCIAL NETWORKING
INTERVIEWS, QUESTIONNAIRES,
ONLINE BLOG INTERVIEWS, QUESTIONNAIRES,
SITE OBSERVATIONS
INTERVIEWS, SCHOOL +
WORKPLACE SERVICES
QUESTIONNAIRES, ONLINE BLOG, NARRATIVES QUESTIONNAIRES,
ONLINE BLOG, SCHOOL SERVICES
HEALTHCARE SERVICES,
QUESTIONNAIRES, ONLINE BLOG
QUESTIONNAIRES, ONLINE BLOG,
ON-SITE JOURNAL
Testing: Health Outcomes After Construction
concluding questions
how to not be painful for the designer?
how to add flare? how to inspire?
how to not feel squished?
what about happiness? delight? wonder? magic?
flickr.com[Samantha Decker]
Copenhagen, Denmark[Leann Andrews]
how to make designers (and clients) feel the urgency of the health crisis (and want to do something about it)?
Urg
ency
Percentage Increase in Health Insurance Premiums
Compared to Inflation, 2000 - 2009
[Keiser/HRET Survey of Employer-Sponsored Health Benefits, 1999-2009. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Price Index, U.S. City Aver-age Inflation (April to April), 1999-2009.] [HfS Research/Google, 2011]
Inte
rest
Number of Stories in News Coverage, 2005-2010
Thanks!
Leann Andrews, RLA, SEEDUniversity of Washingtonlandscape architecture + global health graduate [email protected]
Thesis Chair: Daniel Winterbottom, RLA, ASLAThesis Committee: Nancy Rottle, RLA, ASLA
In collaboration with: Jordan Bell, Tera Hatfield + David Tomlinson
many thanks for their comments + insights:
Dr. Andy Dannenberg, Dr. Howard Frumkin, Dr. Bob Mugerauer, Dr. Thaisa Way, Dr. Ken Yocom, Dr. Fritz Wagner, Ben Spencer, Barbara Wright, Julia Walton, Jonathan Childers, Karen Larsen