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EDU5905 KONSEP PENDIDIKAN DAN PROFESION PERGURUAN

EDU5905 PENDIDIKAN DAN PROFESION KEGURUAN

KULIAH MINGGU 04:PENDIDIKAN DAN TRANSFORMASI PENDIDIKAN

DI MALAYSIAOleh:

Dr. Ramli Bin Basriramlibasri@putra.upm.edu.my

Tel: 019 224 1332

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EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT IN MALAYSIA

Content 1. Background and History of Malaysia2. Education Prior to Independence3. Formation of National Education System4. Education Statistics5. Education Development and Expenditure

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INTRODUCTION• Malaysia occupies the southernmost peninsula of

Southeast Asia and the northern one-third of Borneo

• It became a nation on September 16, 1963 when Sabah and Sarawak joined Malaysia which had earlier gained independence from the British on August 31, 1957 to form a single federation

• Malaysia has a democratically elected Government with a constitution monarch.

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• Malaysia – multi-ethnic population• Population : 28.3 million

Peninsular Malaysia – 22.6 million Sabah – 3.2 million

Sarawak – 2.5 million• Population Growth Rate : 2.0 %• Life Expectancy at Birth : Male – 71.67

Female – 76.46 • Age Structure 0 – 14 years – 9.0 million 15 – 59 years – 17.3 million

60 years and above – 2.0 million• Labor force : 12.142 million (42.9 % of population)

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YEAR 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Real Growth Rate (%)GDP

5.3 5.8 6.3 4.6 -1.0 ~ 1.0

Per Capita (USD)GNP

5038 5694 6724 7738 6812

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HISTORY

• Malacca fell to the Portuguese in 1511

• The Dutch defeated the Portuguese and conquered Malacca in 1641

• After that it was the British who colonized all of Malaysia (except for a brief period of Japanese occupation from 1941-1945).

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EDUCATION PRIOR TO INDEPENDENCE 1786-1957

• The British encouraged mass immigration of workers from China and India to work in the tin mines and rubber plantations respectively.

• Rapid urban development took place during the blooming colonial economy

• The Malays remained in rural areas, urban areas were dominated by the Chinese and a minority of Indians who eventually controlled commerce and industry 9

EDUCATION PRIOR TO INDEPENDENCE 1786-1957

Schools were established by1. British colonial government2. Moslem and Christians missionaries3. Ethnic communities (Chinese, Malays, Indians)

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EDUCATION PRIOR TO INDEPENDENCE 1786-1957

Types of school1. English schools2. Vernacular schools

• Malays• Chinese• Tamil• Islamic

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EDUCATION PRIOR TO INDEPENDENCE 1786-1957

Common features of schools1. Different curriculum2. Different examinations3. Different language of instruction4. Different education philosophy and orientation5. Decentralized (governance & finance)

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FORMATION OF NATIONAL EDUCATION SYSTEM

1. Barnes Report (1951a)

– Recommended that all existing schools should be transformed into National schools in which children of the various ethnic groups would be taught through the medium of instruction in Malay and English

– Not surprisingly, the Chinese saw the Barnes Committee proposal as an attempt to eliminate their languages and cultural identities and protested vehemently against it

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FORMATION OF NATIONAL EDUCATION SYSTEM

2. Fenn–Wu Report 1957b– Chinese schools to be retained and oriented to

Malayan education – Provided under Education Ordinance 1952

3. Razak Report 1956- National education system for national integration –

- Provided under Education Ordinance 1957

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FORMATION OF NATIONAL EDUCATION SYSTEM

4. Rahman Talib Report 1961– Policy English to Malay medium of instruction – Provided under Education Act 1962

5.Cabinet Report 1979 - Current National Education System - Provided under Education Act 19966.Private Higher Education Act 1996 – Liberalization

of higher education.15

COMMON FEATURES OF NATIONAL EDUCATION SYSTEM

1. National unity

2. National Language as main medium of instruction (Mandarin in Chinese primary, Tamil in Indian primary schools)

3. Common curriculum

4. Common examination

5. National education philosophy

6. Centralized ( governance and finance for govt. institutions)

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NATIONAL EDUCATION SYSTEM• Pre-school• Primary• Lower Secondary• Upper Secondary• Post Secondary• Higher Education

(Comprises govt, govt aided and private schools or education institutions-exception: expatriate & international schools)

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Education in Malaysia is an on-going effort towards further developing the potential of individuals in a holistic and integrated manner so as to produce individuals who are intellectually, spiritually, emotionally and physically balanced and harmonious, based on a firm belief in and devotion to God. Such an effort is designed to produce Malaysian citizens who are knowledgeable and competent, who possess high moral standards, and who are responsible and capable of achieving high level of personal well-being as well as being able to contribute to the betterment of the family, the society and the nation at large.

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Source: Education in Malaysia, MOE

Lower Secondary

PostSecondary

PrimaryForm 1 - 3

National

Matriculation

College

Polytechnic

Year 1 – 6

National Type (Chinese)

National Type (Tamil)

RemoveClass

(1 year)

Academic

Upper SecondaryForm 4 - 5

Technical / Voc.

Higher Education

Employment

Free & CompulsoryEducation

Academic

Sports

Religious

Arts

Age = 6+ to 11+ Age = 12+ to 14+

Age = 15+ to 16+Age = 17+ to 18+

PreschoolAge = 4+ to 6+

EDUCATION SYSTEM

Form 6

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Source: Education in Malaysia, MOE

Primary LowerSecondary

UpperSecondary

PostSecondary

Higher Education

Year 1 - 6Form 1 - 3

Form 4 - 5

Primary SchoolAssessment

U P S R

P M RLower

SecondaryAssessment

Form 6

SPMMalaysian

Of EducationCertificate

STPMMalaysian HigherSchool Certificate

EDUCATION SYSTEM : EXAMINATION

STAMMalaysian HigherSchool Certificate(Religious Education) 21

EDUCATION

STATISTICS

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2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Primary 31 30 30 28 28Secondary 32 32 31 31 30

Source: Malaysia Educational Statistics, EPRD, MOE.

AVERAGE CLASS SIZE (AVERAGE NUMBER OF PUPILS PER CLASS) IN SCHOOLS UNDER THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION

(2005-2009)

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YEAR 2006 2007 2008 2009 PRIMARY 94.44 94.24 93.97 94.33

LOWER SECONDARY 85.03 84.75 86.31 86.51

UPPER SECONDARY 76.93 76.47 77.72 77.25

POST SECONDARY 35.61* 36.04* 16.58** 15.88**

UNIVERSITY 8.82 8.55

Source: Malaysia Educational Statistic, EPRD, MOE.

PARTICIPATION RATES IN GOVERNMENT AND GOVERNMENT –ASSISTED EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS BY LEVELS OF

EDUCATION (2005-2009)

* *Note : Enrolment under Ministry of Education only * Note : Including enrolment under Ministry of Higher Education

Excluding pre-school enrolment

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Agency 2006 2007 2008 2009

MOE 106 290 132 209 149 178 154 682

ABIM 10 112 10 851 10 091 11 306

State Religious Department 25 316 23 842 22 919 24 768

National Unity Department 37 431 38 925 38 549 39 723

KEMAS 195 314 191 631 172 575 187 024

Private 306 731 339 536 339 542 362 264

Total 681 194 736 994 732 854 779 767

ENROLMENT IN PRE-SCHOOLS 2006 - 2009

Source: Malaysia Educational Statistic, EPRD, MOE. 25

Type of Schools 2006 2007 2008 2009

National 2 394 813 2 412 229 2 401 187 2 371 209

National Type (C) 638 136 648 296 637 777 626 350

National Type (T) 101 882 105 389 108 176 108 867

Special Education 1 810 1 861 1 752 1 827

Special Model nr nr 1 096 1 055

Sports nr nr 3 3

Government-Aided Religious Schools

nr nr 4 099 4 463

Total 3 136 641 3 167 775 3 154 090 3 113 774

Source: Malaysia Educational Statistics, EPRD, MOE.

Note : Including enrolment of pre-schools and year 4-6 students in Special Model and Sports Schools

ENROLMENT IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS 2006 - 2009

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Source: Malaysia Educational Statistics, EPRD, MOE.Note : nr = no record

Type of Schools 2006 2007 2008 2009

Regular 2 074 326 2 097 687 2 112 999 2 143 427

Fully Residential 33 234 33 729 33 289 34 088

Religious 39 227 39 090 38 865 38 530

Technical 69 302 69 427 69 006 59 406

Vocational 214

Special Education 688 758 773 651

Special Model 10 293 11 715 11 948 7 181

Sports 996 977 921 866

Arts nr nr 343 497

Government –Aided Religious School nr nr 42 581 47 041

Total 2 228 066 2 253 383 2 310 725 2 331 901

ENROLMENT IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS 2006 - 2009

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Type of Schools 2006 2007 2008 2009

National 5 777 5 783 5 788 5805

National Type (C) 1 288 1 289 1 290 1292

National Type (T) 523 523 523 523

Special Education 28 28 28 28

Government –Aided Religious School nr nr 16 16

Total 7 616 7 623 7 645 7 664

Source: Malaysia Educational Statistics, EPRD, MOE.nr = no record

NUMBER OF PRIMARY SCHOOLS 2006 - 2009

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Type of Schools 2006 2007 2008 2009

Regular 1 831 1 840 1 845 1859

Fully Residential 54 54 54 57

Religious 55 55 55 55

Special Education 4 4 4 4

Technical 90 90 90 90

Vocational 1

Special Model 11 11 11 11

Sports 2 2 2 2

Arts nr 2 2 2

Government –Aided Religious School nr nr 118 138

Total 2 047 2 058 2 181 2 219

Source: Malaysia Educational Statistics, EPRD, MOE.nr = no record

NUMBER OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS 2006 - 2009

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2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Primary 16.5 16.1 15.7 14.2 14Secondary 16.2 16.2 15.5 14.5 13.7

Source: Malaysia Educational Statistics, EPRD, MOE.

PUPIL-TEACHER RATIO IN SCHOOLS UNDER THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION (2005-2009)

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Source: Malaysia Educational Statistics, EPRD, 2007.

• Social Studies• Civics & Citizenship Education• Living Skills

PRIMARY 1-3PRIMARY 1-3

Malay LanguageEnglish LanguageChinese ( Language & Communication ) Tamil ( Language & Communication ) Communication ArabicIban ( starting from Year 3 )Semai ( starting from Year 3 )MathematicsIslamic EducationMoral EducationScienceMusic EducationVisual Arts EducationPhysical EducationHealth Education

PRIMARY 4-6PRIMARY 4-6

LIST OF SUBJECT AT THE PRIMARY SCHOOL

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CORE SUBJECTS ADDITIONAL SUBJECTS

LIST OF SUBJECT AT THE SECONDARY LEVEL

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2006 2007 2008 2009

Enrolment 21 000 24 700 23 340 20 930

Female (%)12 684(60.4%)

16 475(66.7%)

15 485 (66.4%)

13 877(66.3%)

Male (%)8 316

(39.6%)8 225

(33.3%)7 855

(33.6%)7 053

(33.7%)

Source: Matriculation Division, MOE

POST SECONDARY : MATRICULATION 2006-2009

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Type of Schools Graduate Non-graduate

Untrained& Others Total

National 48 015 122 599 6 012 176 626

National Type (C) 5843 25 867 4 219 35 927

National Type (T) 1 418 5 655 1 568 8 641

Government –Aided Religious School 60 85 219 364

Special Education 231 474 0 705

Total (Percentage)55 567(25%)

154 680(70%)

12 018(5%)

222 265

Source: Malaysia Educational Statistics, EPRD, MOE.

NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF TEACHERS IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS BY TYPE OF TRAINING 2009

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Type of Schools Graduate College Untrained& Others Total

Regular** 128 320 13 783 8 257 150 360

Fully Residential 3 230 98 0 3 328

Religious 3 127 206 59 3 392

Special Education 185 25 1 211

Technical 6 380 1 407 67 7 854

Sports 161 13 0 174

Special Model 776 115 56 947

Art 65 4 6 75

Government –Aided Religious School 1 736 692 1 367 3 795

Total143 980(84.6%)

16 343(9.6%)

9 813(5.8%)

170 136

NUMBER OF TEACHERS IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS BY TYPE OF TRAINING 2009*

** Data exclude teachers (1) seconded to semi-government agencies, state religious schools and other agencies, (2) teachers on study leave with full-pay or half-pay, and (3) teachers in pool

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Source: Malaysia Educational Statistic, EPRD, MOE

Schools Number of Schools

Number of Teachers Enrolment

People Religious Primary Schools 26 758 8 220

People Religious Secondary Schools 93 1 734 23 911

State Religious Primary Schools 8 224 3 094

State Religious Secondary Schools 65 2 889 62 128

MARA Junior Science Colleges 43 2 801 28 578

Royal Military College 1 59 466

SCHOOL BY OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (2009)

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INTAKE, ENROLMENT & OUTPUT IN HIGHER EDUCATION 2008

20 Public Universities

Level Intake Enrolment Output

Matriculation 6,957 10,242 4,509

Certificate 1,470 1,349 166

Diploma 26,255 83,833 18,321

Bachelor 75,127 270,156 59,844

Post Grad Dip 1,779 2,956 2,065

Master 16,158 36,094 8,655

PhD 3,644 12,243 785

Profesional 450 1,249 196

Other 1,260 1,212 81

Sub Total 133,100 419,334 94,62237

INTAKE, ENROLMENT & OUTPUT IN HIGHER EDUCATION 2008

Private HEI (37 Universities, 488 Non-Universities, Total 525)

Level Intake Enrolment Output

Certificate 47,875 60,617 18,269

Diploma 91,483 177,773 32,685

Bachelor 43,261 151,591 26,590

Master 2,924 8,540 962

PhD 303 1,331 55

Sub Total 185,846 399,852 78,561

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INTAKE, ENROLMENT & OUTPUT IN HIGHER EDUCATION 2008

27 Polytechnics

Level Intake Enrolment Output

Certificate 15,019 30,861 13,723

Diploma 25,555 54,419 19,060

Sub Total 40,574 85,280 32,783

43 Community Colleges

Certificate 9,181 16,289 5,287

Diploma 468 793 279

Sub Total 9,649 17,082 5,566

GRAND TOTAL 369,169 921,548 211,53239

PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES 2008

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Universities Intake Enrolment Graduates

University of Malaya 9 429 14 566 7 285

Science University of Malaysia 7 203 26 690 7 038

National University of Malaysia 8 344 26 698 6 749

Putra University of Malaysia 9 017 29 063 7 942

Technological University of Malaysia 8 595 38 892 9 205

Northern University of Malaysia 8 668 34 643 4 065

International Islamic University of Malaysia 9 069 26 561 7 226

Sarawak University of Malaysia 1 986 6 687 1 593

Sabah University of Malaysia 4 514 16 848 3 312

Sultan Idris University of Malaysia 3 477 14 409 4 191

PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES 2008Universities Intake Enrolment Graduates

MARA University of Technology 48 046 129 219 27 475

Darul Iman University of Malaysia 1 650 5 029 1 443

Terengganu University of Malaysia 2 123 5 923 1 616

Islamic Science University of Malaysia 1 801 4 951 286

Tun Hussien Onn University of Malaysia 2 523 7 202 1 979

Malacca Technical University of Malaysia 2 009 5 860 1 265

Pahang University of Malaysia 1 724 5 484 876

Perlis University of Malaysia 1 614 5 302 654

Kelantan University of Malaysia 356 615 0

National Defence University of Malaysia 952 1 238 422

TOTAL 133 100 419 384 94 622 41

ENROLMENT BY LEVEL BY GENDER IN PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES

Level Male Female Total

Matriculation 4,265 5,977 10,242

Certificate 571 778 1,349

Diploma 34,940 49,887 83,833

Bachelor 101,715 168,441 270,156

Post Grad Dip 1,008 1,948 2,956

Master 17,063 19,031 36,094

PhD 7,526 4,717 12,243

Profesional 470 779 1,244

Other 777 435 1,212

Total 167,341 (39.9%) 251,993 (60.1%) 419,33442

ENROLMENT BY FIELD OF STUDY BY GENDER IN PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES

Field Male Female Total

Education 12,628 28,828 38,690

Arts & Soc Science 61,033 126,350 171,912

Science 25,681 47,729 69,786

Technical 57,130 35,375 83,326

ICT 10,424 13,361 20,935

Other 341 421 762

Total 167,341 251,193 419,334

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ACADEMIC STAFF IN HIGHER EDUCATION

Academic Staff

Institution Number Male Female Total

Public University 20 12,531 12,553 25,084

Private University 37 NA NA 6,847

Pri Higher Educ Inst 488 NA NA 11,234

Polytechnics 27 2,680 3,363 6,043

Community Coll43 721 935 1,656

Total 615 50,864

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EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT MASTER PLAN 2006-2010

SIX STRATEGIC THRUSTS1. Nation Building2. Human Capital Development3. Strengthening National Schools4. Reducing Education Gap5. Improving the Prestige of the Teaching Profesion6. Promoting Institutional Excellence

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1. Establish National Committee and Pre-School Div in MOE

2. National Pre-School Curriculum – 20103. Harmonise per capita grants 4. Improve quality of teachers and 30,000 new

teachers5. Increase pre-school classes to 10,0006. Increase public-private partneships7. Develop pre-school information system

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1. Screening of children 3 times a year – children placed into LINUS or special education program

2. Develop new literacy and numeracy modules 3. LINUS training 17,000 teachers (2009-2010)4. Building commitment of stakeholders5. Intensive monitoring & supervision of bottom 10%

schools6. Placement of expert facilitators at districts

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1. Applicable to all government schools2. Performance based on composite score, Grade

Point Average (70%) and Standard for Quality Education Malaysia (30%)

3. All schools (10,000) will be ranked in performance (2010 onwards)

4. Schools will be eligible for rewards based on target performance rankings

5. Financial and non financial rewards

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6. Financial rewards for teachers, head teachers and principals

10% bottom performers will be provided with training and mentoring or else tranfers or voluntary seperation.

www.pemandu.gov.my/etp

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1. Increase autonomy in decision making, flexibility in adapting curriculum and instruction methods, selection & redeployment of teachers and funds

2. Financial incentives for schools, school leaders, teachers and staff

3. Greater options for human capital dev4. Option for high achievers to advance faster

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SCHOOLS TRANSFORMATION PROGRAM

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SCHOOLS7,655 PRIMARY2189 SECODARY

TOTAL 9,844

CLUSTERS OF EXCELLENCE SCHOOLS

HIGH PERFORMANCE

SCHOOLS SCHOOL RATING:

1.Ethos2.Character3.Exceptional in all aspects of education4.Academic excellence5.Recognitions6.Alumni support7.International networking

INCENTIVES1.Financial2.Options on human capital development3.Accelerated promotion for student4.Promotion for principal and teachers

HIGHER EDUCATION STRATEGIC PLAN, TOWARDS 2020

SEVEN STRATEGIC THRUSTS1. Increasing Access and Equity2. Improving Teaching and Learning Quality3. Enhancing Research and Innovation4. Strengthening Higher Education Institutions5. Increasing Internationalization 6. Enculturation of life long learning7. Strengthening Delivery by Min of Higher Education.

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ENHANCING PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES

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SPECIALIZED UNIVERSITIES(Technical, Education,

Management, Defense)

COMPREHENSIVE UNIVERSITIES

RESEARCH UNIVERSITIES RATING

By 2020One in world top 50 Three in world top 100

Current StatusOne in world top 200 Three in world top 400•Specialized field

•Competitive entry•Quality lecturers•70 undergrad: 30 postgrad

APEX UNIVERSITIES

•Comprehensive field•Competitive entry•Quality lecturers•70 undergrad: 30 postgrad

•Research focused field•Competitive entry•Quality lecturers•50 undergrad: 50 postgrad

World renown/top class status

ENROLMENT BY LEVEL OF EDUCATION FOR AGES 17-23 YEARS

Level 2003 2005 2007 2010 2015 2020

Post Sec 158,459 235,740 296,900 351,700 388,300 428,700

Pub Coll 140,999 200,100 234,200 250,500 304,800 370,800

Pub Univ 280,037 310,500 336,900 371,700 458,300 552,600

Pri HE 337,949 336,900 371,100 465,700 567,800 685,800

Overseas 62,301 56,800 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000

Total 979,745 1,140,040 1,289,100 1,485,600 1,759,200 2,087,900

Pop 17-23 yrs 3,277,338 3,399,200 3,510,200 3,628,300 3,840,900 4,147,000

Percentage 29 33 36 40 45 50

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EDUCATION EXPENDITURE2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

% Educ Exp to Gov Exp 19.7 20.5 20.7 16.7 15.1

% Educ Exp to GNP 5.4 5.6 5.7 4.5 4.1

Capital Exp (RM Bilion) 2.567 4.112 6.606 3.510 4.503

Current Exp (RM Bilion)

22.740 25.242 25.939 26.028 27.350

Total (RM Bilion) 25.307 29.354 32.545 29.538 31.403

% Capital Exp 10 14 20 12 13

% Current Exp 90 86 80 88 8760

Thank You…

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