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Education at a Glance 2017

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OECD Indicators 2017 Education at a Glance
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Page 1: Education at a Glance 2017

OECD Indicators 2017

Education at a Glance

Page 2: Education at a Glance 2017

The demand for education is growing

Page 3: Education at a Glance 2017

Tertiary education is becoming the normFigure A1.2

Educational attainment of 25-34 year-olds (2016)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Kore

aCanada

Russian…

Lith

uania

Irela

nd

United K

ingdom

Luxe

mbourg

Aust

ralia

Sw

itze

rland

Norw

ay

United S

tate

sIsra

el

Sw

eden

Denm

ark

Neth

erlands

Belg

ium

France

Pola

nd

New

Zeala

nd

Icela

nd

Slo

venia

OECD

ave

rage

Latv

iaFi

nla

nd

Est

onia

EU

22 a

vera

ge

Spain

Gre

ece

Aust

ria

Portugal

Slo

vak

Republic

Cze

ch R

epublic

Germ

any

Turk

ey

Hungary

Chile

Cost

a R

ica

Colo

mbia

Saudi Ara

bia

Italy

Mexi

coArg

entina

Chin

aBra

zil

India

Indonesia

South

Afric

a

Below upper secondary education Upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education Tertiary education

%

Page 4: Education at a Glance 2017

65% of adults are expected to enter tertiary education

for the first time in 2015 Figure C3.3

First-time tertiary entry rates (2005, 2015)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

New

Zeala

nd

Chile

Denm

ark

Sw

itze

rland

Russ

ian F

edera

tion

Lith

uania

Japan

Icela

nd

Pola

nd

Norw

ay

Saudi Ara

bia

Spain

Slo

venia

Aust

ria

United K

ingdom

Belg

ium

Isra

el

Neth

erlands

Arg

entina

Cze

ch R

epublic

OECD

ave

rage

Germ

any

India

EU

22 a

vera

ge

Sw

eden

Slo

vak R

epublic

Finla

nd

Portugal

United S

tate

s

Italy

Colo

mbia

Hungary

Mexi

co

Luxe

mbourg

2015 2005%

Page 5: Education at a Glance 2017

Adults with higher educational attainment have

better economic outcomes

Page 6: Education at a Glance 2017

Tertiary graduates are more likely to be employed…Figure A5.3

Employment rates of 25-34 year-olds, by educational attainment and programme orientation (2016)

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Lith

uania

Icela

nd

Neth

erlands

Luxe

mbourg

Sw

itze

rland

Arg

entina

Aust

ria

Pola

nd

Russ

ian F

edera

tion

Latv

iaGerm

any

United K

ingdom

Belg

ium

Norw

ay

Sw

eden

Isra

el

New

Zeala

nd

Bra

zil

France

Japan

Canada

Chile

Aust

ralia

United S

tate

sIrela

nd

Indonesia

OECD

ave

rage

Denm

ark

Hungary

EU22 a

vera

ge

Portugal

Colo

mbia

Slo

venia

Est

onia

Cost

a R

ica

Finla

nd

Mexi

coSouth

Afric

aCze

ch R

epublic

Slo

vak

Republic

Spain

Kore

aTurk

ey

Gre

ece

Italy

Saudi Ara

bia

Below upper secondary Vocational General or no distinction Tertiary%

Employment rates for young adults with tertiary degrees have returned to pre-crisis levels, which is not true for

people without upper secondary qualifications

Page 7: Education at a Glance 2017

…but employment often varies across fields of study…Figure A5.1

Employment rates of tertiary-educated 25-64 year-olds, by field of study (2016)

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

Gre

ece

Turk

ey

Italy

Mexi

co

Spain

Cost

a R

ica

Slo

vak R

epublic

Slo

venia

United S

tate

s

Finla

nd

Aust

ralia

OECD

ave

rage

EU

22 a

vera

ge

Chile

Est

onia

Hungary

Portugal

Belg

ium

Cze

ch R

epublic

France

Aust

ria

Latv

ia

Pola

nd

Germ

any

Neth

erlands

Sw

itze

rland

Norw

ay

Sw

eden

Lith

uania

Icela

nd

All fields of study Education

Science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) Arts and humanities, social sciences, journalism and information%

Employment also varies for STEM graduates: While employment is very strong for IT specialists, for natural science, statistics and

math it compares more to arts and humanities

Page 8: Education at a Glance 2017

…and men and women still make different choices Figure C3.1

Share of new female entrants to STEM fields of tertiary education (2015)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

India

United K

ingdom

Icela

nd

New

Zeala

nd

Pola

nd

Portugal

Denm

ark

Cze

ch R

epublic

Est

onia

Sw

eden

Slo

vak

Republic

Isra

el

Colo

mbia

EU

22 a

vera

ge

OECD

ave

rage

Irela

nd

Mexi

co

Hungary

Slo

venia

Norw

ay

Aust

ria

Turk

ey

Germ

any

Spain

Neth

erlands

Kore

a

Lith

uania

Latv

ia

Sw

itze

rland

Indonesia

Finla

nd

Luxe

mbourg

Belg

ium

Chile

Japan

Share of male entrants Share of female entrants%

In many countries more 15-year-old students expect a career in science than actually enter into science-

related studies (C3.a)

Page 9: Education at a Glance 2017

Adults with tertiary-educated parents are twice more

likely to reach that level themselves than those without Figure A4.3

Share of 30-44 year-olds who completed tertiary-type A or an advanced research programme, by parents' educational attainment (2012 or 2015)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Italy

Slo

vak R

epublic

Pola

nd

Turk

ey

France

Sin

gapore

Cze

ch R

epublic

Gre

ece

Spain

Northern

Ire

land

Engla

nd

Isra

el

United S

tate

s

Chile

Irela

nd

Aust

ralia

Lith

uania

Ave

rage

Russ

ian F

edera

tion

Neth

erlands

Canada

Kore

a

Norw

ay

Slo

venia

Flem

ish C

om

.

Germ

any

New

Zeala

nd

Est

onia

Japan

Finla

nd

Sw

eden

Denm

ark

Aust

ria

%At least one parent has attained tertiary education Both parents have less than tertiary educational attainment

Page 10: Education at a Glance 2017

Education

Arts and humanitiesSocial sciences, journalism and

information

Business, administration and law

Natural sciences, mathematics and statistics

Information and communication technologies

Engineering, manufacturing and construction

Health and welfare

Services 0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Inte

rnational doct

ora

te s

tudents

by

field

of

educa

tion (%

)

National doctorate students by field of education (%)

More open or attractive to international students

Less open or attractive tointernational

students`

International students are more drawn to science-

related fields, particularly at doctoral level Figure C4.2

Doctorate student mobility by field of education, OECD average (2015)

Page 11: Education at a Glance 2017

Tertiary graduates earn on average 56% more than

those with upper secondary level attainment Figure A6.1

Relative earnings of adults, by educational attainment. Upper secondary education = 100 (2015)

50

75

100

125

150

175

200

225

250

Sw

eden

Est

onia

Norw

ay

Denm

ark

Finla

nd

Gre

ece

Belg

ium

New

Zeala

nd

Aust

ralia

Kore

a

Italy

Canada

Latv

ia

Neth

erlands

Sw

itze

rland

Japan

Spain

United K

ingdom

Aust

ria

France

OECD

ave

rage

Luxe

mbourg

Isra

el

Pola

nd

Irela

nd

Germ

any

Turk

ey

Portugal

Cze

ch R

epublic

Slo

vak R

epublic

Slo

venia

United S

tate

s

Lith

uania

Hungary

Mexi

co

Cost

a R

ica

Colo

mbia

Chile

Bra

zil

Earning advantage of adults with tertiary education

Earning disadvantage of adults with below upper secondary educationIndex

Page 12: Education at a Glance 2017

Most countries have levelled up resources,

often faster than enrolment

Page 13: Education at a Glance 2017

Between 2010 and 2014, expenditure on tertiary

institutions increased twice as fast as enrolments… Table B1.3

Index of change in expenditure (current prices) and number of students in tertiary institutions for all services (2010 to 2014)

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

Turk

ey

Est

onia

Slo

vak R

epublic

Aust

ralia

Chile

Icela

nd

Latv

ia

Mexi

co

Isra

el

OECD

ave

rage

Norw

ay

Belg

ium

Germ

any

Neth

erlands

Sw

eden

Cze

ch R

epublic

United S

tate

s

Kore

a

Japan

France

Canada

EU

22 a

vera

ge

Pola

nd

Italy

Denm

ark

Finla

nd

Spain

Portugal

Slo

venia

Hungary

Irela

nd

Change in expenditure Change in the number of studentsGDP deflator 2010 = 100

230

Page 14: Education at a Glance 2017

Private expenditure on tertiary education increasedFigure B3.3

Change in private expenditure on tertiary educational institutions, 2010 = 100 (2005 and 2014)

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

Aust

ralia

Spain

Belg

ium

Canada

Sw

eden

France

Isra

el

Icela

nd

United S

tate

s

Neth

erlands

Irela

nd

Germ

any

Mexi

co

OECD

ave

rage

Portugal

Cze

ch R

epublic

Japan

Italy

Norw

ay

EU

22 a

vera

ge

Denm

ark

Slo

vak R

epublic

Chile

Kore

a

Lith

uania

Russ

ian F

edera

tion

Finla

nd

Est

onia

Slo

venia

Latv

ia

Pola

nd

2005 2014Index of change (2010 = 100)

Page 15: Education at a Glance 2017

And now funds 30% of total expenditure on tertiary

institutions on average across OECD countries Figure B3.2

Distribution of public and private expenditure on educational institutions (2014)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

100

Finla

nd

Norw

ay

Luxe

mbourg

Denm

ark

Aust

ria

Icela

nd

Sw

eden

Belg

ium

Arg

entina

Slo

venia

Germ

any

Est

onia

Pola

nd

France

Latv

ia

EU

22 a

vera

ge

Slo

vak R

epublic

Lith

uania

Cze

ch R

epublic

Indonesia

Turk

ey

Irela

nd

Mexi

co

OECD

ave

rage

Neth

erlands

Hungary

Spain

Russ

ian F

edera

tion

Italy

Portugal

Isra

el

New

Zeala

nd

Canada

Colo

mbia

Aust

ralia

Chile

United S

tate

s

Kore

a

Japan

United K

ingdom

% Tertiary education

Public expenditure on educational institutions Household expenditureExpenditure of other private entities All private sources

Page 16: Education at a Glance 2017

Rising tuition fees are behind the increasing

contributions of households

Page 17: Education at a Glance 2017

High tuition fees are characteristic of tertiary

education in many countries Figure B5.1

Tuition fees charged by public and private institutions at bachelor's or equivalent level (2015/16)

- 1

1

3

5

7

9

11

13

United S

tate

s

Chile

Japan

Canada

Aust

ralia

Kore

a

New

Zeala

nd

Isra

el

Neth

erlands

Spain

Italy

Portugal

Sw

itze

rland

Aust

ria

Hungary

Luxe

mbourg

Flem

ish c

om

. (B

elg

ium

)

French

com

. (B

elg

ium

)

Slo

venia

Denm

ark

Est

onia

Finla

nd

Norw

ay

Pola

nd

Slo

vak

Republic

Sw

eden

Turk

ey

Mexi

co

Latv

ia

Engla

nd (United K

ingdom

)

PPP-a

dju

sted U

SD

, th

ousa

nds

Public institutions Private institutions21 189

Page 18: Education at a Glance 2017
Page 19: Education at a Glance 2017

Flexible funding mechanisms help studentsFigure B5.3

Distribution of financial support to students at bachelor's or equivalent level (2015/16)

11,951

0

4,763

8,202

0

3,095

0

7,654

624 420

1,658914 1,168

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

100

Engla

nd (U

nited

Kin

gdom

)*

Norw

ay

Aust

ralia

United S

tate

s

Turk

ey

Isra

el

Finla

nd

Chile

Flem

ish c

om

.

(Belg

ium

)

Mexi

co

French

com

.

(Belg

ium

)

Italy

Aust

ria

Sw

itze

rland

%

Not benefitting from public loans or scholarships/grants Benefitting from public loans and scholarships/grants

Benefitting from public loans only Benefitting from scholarships/grants only

Average public tuition fees (USD) (Table B5.1)

*All tertiary institutions are government-dependent private institutions in England (United Kingdom).

Page 20: Education at a Glance 2017

The returns are still worth it for individualsFigure A7.2

Private costs and benefits of education for a man or a woman attaining tertiary education (2013)

- 200

- 100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Luxe

mbourg

Irela

nd

Chile

United S

tate

s

Pola

nd

Portugal

Slo

venia

Kore

a

Spain

Turk

ey

Canada

Isra

el

Hungary

EU

22 a

vera

ge

OECD

ave

rage

Cze

ch R

epublic

France

Aust

ralia

Norw

ay

New

Zeala

nd

Neth

erlands

Germ

any

Aust

ria

Finla

nd

Est

onia

Italy

Denm

ark

Slo

vak R

epublic

Japan

Thousa

nds

Man: Total benefits Man: Total costs Woman: Total benefits Woman: Total costs

Page 21: Education at a Glance 2017

…and also for taxpayersFigure A7.3

Public costs and benefits of education for a man or a woman attaining tertiary education (2013)

- 200

- 100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Neth

erlands

Irela

nd

Luxe

mbourg

Slo

venia

Portugal

Japan

United S

tate

s

EU

22 a

vera

ge

Cze

ch R

epublic

Germ

any

Finla

nd

Aust

ralia

Pola

nd

Hungary

France

OECD

ave

rage

Aust

ria

Turk

ey

Italy

Spain

Canada

Isra

el

New

Zeala

nd

Norw

ay

Denm

ark

Slo

vak R

epublic

Kore

a

Est

onia

Chile

Sw

itze

rland

Thousa

nds

Man: Total benefits Man: Total costs Woman: Total benefits Woman: Total costs

Page 22: Education at a Glance 2017

International student flows keep rising

but remain uneven

Page 23: Education at a Glance 2017
Page 24: Education at a Glance 2017

International student mobility helps create networks of

competencies, particularly at higher levels of education Figure C4.3

International students (inflow) and national students abroad (outflow) as a percentage of total national students (2015)

New Zealand

Australia

United Kingdom

Switzerland

Austria

BelgiumCanada

Netherlands

DenmarkCzech RepublicFrance

FinlandGermanyHungary Ireland

Sweden Slovak RepublicLatvia

ItalyUnited States

Portugal

Estonia

Japan NorwayLithuania

Russian Federation SloveniaPoland KoreaTurkey

Chile China

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Stu

dent in

flow

Student outflow

Tertiary

Luxembourg( 23;73)

Page 25: Education at a Glance 2017

In spite of this positive trend for higher education,

some are still left behind

Page 26: Education at a Glance 2017

Completion of upper secondary level is still a

challenge for some Figure A9.2

Outcomes for students who entered upper secondary education, by duration (2015)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

New

Zeala

nd

Est

onia

Fle

mish c

om

.

(Belg

ium

)

Latv

ia

Sw

eden

Fin

land

Ave

rage

Neth

erlands

Chile

Aust

ria

Norw

ay

Engla

nd (U

K)

Bra

zil

Portugal

Luxe

mbourg

By theoretical duration plus two years

Graduated from any upper secondary programme Still in education Not graduated and not enrolled

Page 27: Education at a Glance 2017

Particularly for those with less-educated parents or

from an immigrant background Figure A9.a

Completion rate of upper secondary education by parents' educational background (2015)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Israel United States Netherlands France Flemish com.

(Belgium)

Finland Sweden Norway

Below upper secondary (ISCED 0-2) Upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3-4) Tertiary (ISCED 5-8)

%

Page 28: Education at a Glance 2017

Particularly for those with less-educated parents or

from an immigrant background Figure A9.a

Completion rate of upper secondary education by students' immigrant status (2015)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

United States Israel France Netherlands Finland Sweden Norway

First generation Second generation Non-immigrant

Page 29: Education at a Glance 2017

This is a critical loss for the labour market

Page 30: Education at a Glance 2017

Employment prospects for those with below upper

secondary education have been decreasing Figure A5.2

Trends in employment rates of 25-34 year-olds with below upper secondary education (2005 and 2016)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Icela

nd

Portugal

Luxe

mbourg

Sw

itze

rland

Latv

ia

Sw

eden

Mexi

co

New

Zeala

nd

Arg

entina

Cost

a R

ica

Neth

erlands

Est

onia

United K

ingdom

Denm

ark

Norw

ay

Spain

Kore

a

United S

tate

s

OECD

ave

rage

Aust

ria

Slo

venia

Canada

EU

22 a

vera

ge

Lith

uania

Aust

ralia

Germ

any

Hungary

Turk

ey

Isra

el

Belg

ium

Italy

Gre

ece

Fin

land

France

Cze

ch R

epublic

Pola

nd

Irela

nd

Slo

vak R

epublic

2005 2016%

Page 31: Education at a Glance 2017

And the unemployment rate of adults who have not attained upper

secondary education is nearly twice that for those who have Figure A5.4

Unemployment rates of 25-34 year-olds, by educational attainment (2016)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Hungary

United S

tate

s

Icela

nd

Cze

ch R

epublic

Neth

erlands

Lith

uania

United K

ingdom

Germ

any

Japan

Aust

ralia

New

Zeala

nd

Est

onia

Russ

ian F

edera

tion

Aust

ria

Luxe

mbourg

Sw

itze

rland

Latv

ia

Isra

el

Norw

ay

Arg

entina

Sw

eden

Belg

ium

Canada

Pola

nd

Kore

a

Irela

nd

Bra

zil

OECD

ave

rage

Mexi

co

France

Chile

Finla

nd

Slo

vak

Republic

EU22 a

vera

ge

Cost

a R

ica

Indonesia

Denm

ark

Portugal

Slo

venia

Colo

mbia

South

Afric

a

Turk

ey

Italy

Spain

Saudi Ara

bia

Gre

ece

Below upper secondary Upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary Tertiary%

Page 32: Education at a Glance 2017

The transition from school to work is not always smooth,

and reveals the relevance of skills acquired through education

to the labour market

Page 33: Education at a Glance 2017

The share of NEETs has remained relatively stable on

average across OECD countries in the past decade Figure C5.3

Trends in the percentage of 20-24 year-old NEETs (2005 and 2016)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Turk

ey

Italy

Bra

zil

Spain

Gre

ece

Mexi

co

Colo

mbia

Cost

a R

ica

France

Portugal

Chile

Irela

nd

Latv

ia

Pola

nd

Isra

el

Hungary

Finla

nd

Russ

ian F

edera

tion

Belg

ium

Slo

vak R

epublic

OECD

ave

rage

United S

tate

s

United K

ingdom

Canada

Lith

uania

Est

onia

Aust

ria

New

Zeala

nd

Slo

venia

Aust

ralia

Cze

ch R

epublic

Norw

ay

Sw

eden

Germ

any

Sw

itze

rland

Japan

Luxe

mbourg

Denm

ark

Neth

erlands

Icela

nd

2005 2016%

Page 34: Education at a Glance 2017

Estonia

Finland

Japan

Canada

Denmark

Ireland

NorwayGermany

Poland

Netherlands PortugalSweden Australia

Switzerland Belgium

Czech Republic

Spain

Iceland

United StatesUnited Kingdom

Lithuania

France Italy

HungaryIsrael

Greece

Slovak Republic

Chile

MexicoTurkey

Costa Rica

Colombia

Brazil

Austria

R² = 0.641

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Literacy proficiency below Level 2 (%)

Low share of NEETs

Low share of low skilled students

High share of NEETs

High share of low skilled studentsLow share of NEETs

High share of low skilled

students

OECD Average

OECD

Avera

ge

High share of NEETs

Low share of low skilled students

Adults with lower literacy and numeracy levels have

more difficulty transitioning into the labour market Figure C5.4

Percentage of 15-19 year-old NEETs (2016) and percentage of 15-year-old students with low literacy skills (2015)

Page 35: Education at a Glance 2017

Vocational programmes offer flexible pathways through

education and into the labour market

Page 36: Education at a Glance 2017

Some countries have successfully developed work-

study programmes Figure A5.a

Percentage of 25-34 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education, by programme

orientation and type of vocational programmes (2015)

23

60 6370

52

28 22 6

25

12 1624

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

France Germany Austria Switzerland

Work-study programmes School-based programmes General programmes

%

Page 37: Education at a Glance 2017

Employment rates of adults with upper secondary or post-

secondary non-tertiary education Figure A5.b

40

50

60

70

80

90

25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64

Austria

Work-study programmes School-based programmes General programmes

40

50

60

70

80

90

25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64

Switzerland%

40

50

60

70

80

90

25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64

France%

40

50

60

70

80

90

25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64

Germany%

%

Page 38: Education at a Glance 2017

Vocational programmes offer opportunities

for life-long learning Figure A2.2

Share of upper secondary graduates from vocational programmes, by age group (2015)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Isra

el

Kore

a

Indonesia

Chile

Sw

eden

Slo

venia

Turk

ey

Slo

vak R

epublic

Mexi

co

Italy

Cost

a R

ica

France

Bra

zil

Hungary

Aust

ria

Lith

uania

Belg

ium

Gre

ece

Portugal

Est

onia

OECD

ave

rage

EU22 a

vera

ge

Luxe

mbourg

Cze

ch R

epublic

Neth

erlands

Sw

itze

rland

Spain

Germ

any

New

Zeala

nd

Norw

ay

Finla

nd

Irela

nd

Pola

nd

Aust

ralia

Latv

ia

Canada

Denm

ark

%

50 year olds and older 40 to 49 year olds 30 to 39 year olds25 to 29 year olds 20 to 24 year olds Younger than 20 years old

Page 39: Education at a Glance 2017

Financial investment in basic skills has been growing,

but varies a lot by country

Page 40: Education at a Glance 2017

OECD countries spend about USD 123,000 on

average for primary to secondary education Figure B1.3

Cumulative expenditure per student by educational institutions over the expected duration of primary and secondary studies (2014)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Luxe

mbourg

Sw

itze

rland

Norw

ay

United K

ingdom

Denm

ark

Aust

ria

Belg

ium

Sw

eden

Neth

erlands

United S

tate

s

Aust

ralia

Germ

any

Finla

nd

EU

22 a

vera

ge

Canada

Fra

nce

Irela

nd

OECD

ave

rage

New

Zeala

nd

Japan

Slo

venia

Kore

a

Italy

Spain

Portugal

Cze

ch R

epublic

Est

onia

Latv

ia

Pola

nd

Isra

el

Slo

vak R

epublic

Hungary

Lith

uania

United K

ingdom

Russ

ian F

edera

tion

Turk

ey

Mexi

co

Indonesia

PPP-a

dju

sted U

SD

, th

ousa

nds

Primary education Lower secondary Upper secondary education

Page 41: Education at a Glance 2017

And public expenditure at these levels has increased

by 4% since 2010, although enrolments have declined Table B1.3

Index of change in expenditure per student by educational institutions for all services (current prices) and number of students (2010 to 2014)

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

Turk

ey

Isra

el

United K

ingdom

Latv

ia

Portugal

Mexi

co

Icela

nd

Chile

Denm

ark

Pola

nd

Hungary

OECD

ave

rage

Belg

ium

Sw

eden

Kore

a

Japan

Aust

ralia

EU

22 a

vera

ge

Cze

ch R

epublic

Slo

vak R

epublic

Canada

France

Norw

ay

Finla

nd

Germ

any

Luxe

mbourg

Italy

Neth

erlands

United S

tate

s

Est

onia

Slo

venia

Irela

nd

Spain

Sw

itze

rland

Primary, secondary, and post-secondary non-tertiary

Change in expenditure Change in the number of students

GDP deflator 2010 = 100

Page 42: Education at a Glance 2017

On average, expenditure on educational institutions has

increased faster than GDP between 2008 and 2014 Figure B2.3

Index of change in public expenditure on primary to tertiary educational institutions and in GDP (2008 to 2014)

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

Turk

ey

Kore

a

Slo

vak R

epublic

Denm

ark

Finla

nd

Sw

itze

rland

Mexi

co

Neth

erlands

Chile

Portugal

Aust

ralia

Germ

any

Bra

zil

OECD

ave

rage

Japan

Isra

el

Belg

ium

Cze

ch R

epublic

EU

22 a

vera

ge

Russ

ian F

edera

tion

Sw

eden

Norw

ay

France

Icela

nd

Latv

ia

Slo

venia

Pola

nd

Canada

Spain

Est

onia

Lith

uania

Italy

United S

tate

s

Hungary

Irela

nd

Index of change (2008 = 100)

Change in public expenditure on educational institutions

Change in GDP

Change in public expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP205

Page 43: Education at a Glance 2017

In primary and secondary education, how resources are

allocated is as important as total funds invested overall

Page 44: Education at a Glance 2017

Teachers still earn less than similarly tertiary-

educated workers Figure D3.1

Lower secondary teachers' salaries relative to earnings for tertiary-educated workers (2015)

0.5

1.0

1.5

Portugal

Luxe

mbourg

Latv

ia

Gre

ece

Fin

land

Germ

any

Isra

el

Est

onia

Fra

nce

EU

22 a

vera

ge

Engla

nd (U

K)

Slo

venia

Denm

ark

Fle

mish c

om

. (B

elg

ium

)

Lith

uania

OECD

ave

rage

New

Zeala

nd

Neth

erlands

Aust

ralia

Sw

eden

Pola

nd

Aust

ria

Fre

nch

com

. (B

elg

ium

)

Sco

tland (U

K)

Norw

ay

Chile

Hungary

Italy

United S

tate

s

Slo

vak R

epublic

Cze

ch R

epublic

Ratio

Page 45: Education at a Glance 2017

They have also been badly hit by the financial crisis

and are still recovering in many countries Figure D3.3

Change in teachers’ salaries in OECD countries (2005-15)

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Primary Lower secondary, general programmes Upper secondary, general programmesIndex of change

2005 = 100

Page 46: Education at a Glance 2017

Class sizes have been decreasing in most countriesFigure D2.2

Change in average class size (2005, 2015)

- 30

- 20

- 10

0

10

20

30Fr

ance

United S

tate

s

Spain

Icela

nd

Italy

Russ

ian F

edera

tion

Portugal

Slo

venia

Germ

any

Luxe

mbourg

Hungary

Japan

Mexi

co

OECD

ave

rage

EU

22 a

vera

ge

Cze

ch R

epublic

Pola

nd

Aust

ralia

Chile

Isra

el

Lith

uania

Aust

ria

United K

ingdom

Bra

zil

Gre

ece

Kore

a

Slo

vak R

epublic

Est

onia

Turk

ey

Neth

erlands

Index of change (2005 = 0) Primary education Lower secondary education

Page 47: Education at a Glance 2017

Smaller student/teacher ratios do not always translate

into smaller classes Tables D2.1-2

Relationship between average class size and student-teacher ratio, lower secondary education (2015)

Austria

Chile

Czech Republic

Estonia

Finland

FranceGermany

Hungary

Iceland

Israel

Italy

Japan

Korea

Latvia

Luxembourg

Mexico

PolandPortugal

Slovak Republic

Slovenia

Spain

Sweden

Turkey

United Kingdom

United States

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0

Ave

rage C

lass

Siz

e

Student-Teacher Ratio

Page 48: Education at a Glance 2017

Compulsory instruction time varies significantlyFigure D1.1

Total compulsory instruction time in general public education (2017)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Aust

ralia

Denm

ark

Cost

a R

ica

Colo

mbia

United S

tate

s

Isra

el

Neth

erlands

Chile

Mexi

co

Canada

Irela

nd

France

Luxe

mbourg

Spain

Norw

ay

Sw

itze

rland

Portugal

Icela

nd

OECD

ave

rage

Italy

Germ

any

Japan

EU22 a

vera

ge

Cze

ch R

epublic

French

com

. (B

elg

ium

)

Gre

ece

Sw

eden

Slo

vak

Republic

Flem

ish c

om

. (B

elg

ium

)

Lith

uania

Kore

a

Est

onia

Aust

ria

Slo

venia

Finla

nd

Turk

ey

Pola

nd

Russ

ian F

edera

tion

Hungary

Latv

ia

Inst

ruct

ion h

ours

, in

thousa

nds

Primary Lower secondary

Page 49: Education at a Glance 2017

Teaching time has remained generally stableFigure D4.1

Number of teaching hours per year in general lower secondary public education (2000, 2005 and 2015)

0

200

400

600

800

1 000

1 200

1 400

Cost

a R

ica

Colo

mbia

Chile

Sw

itze

rland

Mexi

co

United S

tate

s

Sco

tland (UK)

New

Zeala

nd

Engla

nd (UK)

Aust

ralia

Denm

ark

Germ

any

Neth

erlands

Canada

Luxe

mbourg

Irela

nd

Spain

OECD

ave

rage

Isra

el

Latv

ia

French

com

. (B

elg

ium

)

Norw

ay

France

Slo

vak R

epublic

Slo

venia

Est

onia

Cze

ch R

epublic

Italy

Lith

uania

Japan

Hungary

Aust

ria

Portugal

Finla

nd

Flem

ish c

om

. (B

elg

ium

)

Kore

a

Gre

ece

Turk

ey

Pola

nd

Russ

ian F

edera

tion

Hours per year 2015 2005 2000

Page 50: Education at a Glance 2017
Page 51: Education at a Glance 2017

Combined, these parameters provide the salary cost of

teachers per student, an indication of the effectiveness

of funds invested in education

Page 52: Education at a Glance 2017

Teacher salaries and class size are the largest drivers

of teacher salary cost per student Figure B7.3

Contribution of various factors to salary cost of teachers per student in public institutions, lower secondary education (2015)

- 4

- 3

- 2

- 1

0

1

2

3

4

Luxe

mbourg

Sw

itze

rland

Aust

ria

Fle

mish c

om

. (B

elg

ium

)

Germ

any

Fre

nch

com

. (B

elg

ium

)

Denm

ark

Fin

land

Norw

ay

Slo

venia

Aust

ralia

Spain

Neth

erlands

Irela

nd

Portugal

Canada

United S

tate

s

Japan

Kore

a

Italy

Gre

ece

Isra

el

Pola

nd

Fra

nce

Hungary

Est

onia

Cze

ch R

epublic

Slo

vak R

epublic

Turk

ey

Chile

Latv

ia

Mexi

co

USD

, Thousa

nds

Contribution of estimated class size

Contribution of teaching time

Contribution of instruction time

Contribution of teachers' salary

Difference of salary cost of teachers per student from OECD average

Page 53: Education at a Glance 2017
Page 54: Education at a Glance 2017

The age and gender distribution of teachers

is characterized by strong contrasts

Page 55: Education at a Glance 2017

The teaching profession is ageingFigure D5.1

Average age of teachers by education level (2015)

30

35

40

45

50

55

Italy

Lith

uania

Latv

ia

Gre

ece

Est

onia

Cze

ch R

epublic

Finla

nd

Norw

ay

Neth

erlands

Sw

eden

New

Zeala

nd

Germ

any

Aust

ria

Slo

venia

Sw

itze

rland

EU

22 a

vera

ge

Portugal

Slo

vak R

epublic

Spain

United K

ingdom

France

OECD

ave

rage

Hungary

Isra

el

Japan

Pola

nd

United S

tate

s

Irela

nd

Luxe

mbourg

Belg

ium

Canada

Kore

a

Chile

Bra

zil

Indonesia

Icela

nd

India

Age

Lower secondary education Upper secondary education

Page 56: Education at a Glance 2017

And fails to attract men, particularly at lower levels of

education Figure D5.2

Gender distribution of teachers (2015)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Russ

ian F

edera

tion

Lith

uania

Slo

venia

Hungary

Italy

Cze

ch R

epublic

Latv

ia

Aust

ria

Est

onia

Slo

vak R

epublic

Bra

zil

United S

tate

s

Irela

nd

Germ

any

EU22 a

vera

ge

Neth

erlands

Pola

nd

Isra

el

United K

ingdom

New

Zeala

nd

OECD

ave

rage

France

Icela

nd

Sw

itze

rland

Belg

ium

Chile

Portugal

Finla

nd

Cost

a R

ica

South

Afric

a

Kore

a

Sw

eden

Colo

mbia

Spain

Luxe

mbourg

Norw

ay

Canada

Gre

ece

Mexi

co

Japan

Chin

a

Indonesia

Saudi Ara

bia

India

Share of female teachers (%)

Primary education All secondary education All tertiary education

Page 57: Education at a Glance 2017

Lifelong learning

Page 58: Education at a Glance 2017

About half of the adult population participates in

continuous education Figure C6.1

Adults' participation in formal and/or non-formal education, by type (2012 or 2015)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

New

Zeala

nd

Fin

land

Denm

ark

Sw

eden

Norw

ay

Neth

erlands

United S

tate

s

Canada

Sin

gapore

Engla

nd (U

K)

Aust

ralia

Isra

el

Germ

any

Est

onia

Irela

nd

Kore

a

Cze

ch R

epublic

Ave

rage

Fle

mish C

om

. (B

elg

ium

)

Northern

Ire

land (UK)

Aust

ria

Slo

venia

Chile

Spain

Japan

Fra

nce

Pola

nd

Lith

uania

Slo

vak R

epublic

Italy

Turk

ey

Gre

ece

Russ

ian F

edera

tion

%

Participation in non-formal education only Participation in formal education only

Participation in both formal and non-formal education No participation in adult education

Page 59: Education at a Glance 2017

Family obligations, such as caring for children, are

one of the barriers to continuous adult learning Figure C6.3

Participation in formal and/or non-formal education among young adults with or without young children in the household (2012 or 2015)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Italy

Gre

ece

Aust

ria

Spain

Turk

ey

Sin

gapore

Slo

vak R

epublic

Japan

Irela

nd

Kore

a

Germ

any

Canada

Lith

uania

Ave

rage

Pola

nd

Cze

ch R

epublic

United S

tate

s

Sw

eden

Norw

ay

Slo

venia

Fin

land

Fle

mish C

om

. (B

elg

ium

)

Northern

Ire

land (UK)

Isra

el

Est

onia

Fra

nce

Engla

nd (U

K)

Neth

erlands

Chile

New

Zeala

nd

Russ

ian F

edera

tion

Denm

ark

%

No children under 13 in the household Children under 13 in the household

Page 60: Education at a Glance 2017

Find out more about our work at www.oecd.org/edu

– All publications

– The complete micro-level database

Email: [email protected]

Twitter: SchleicherOECD

Wechat: AndreasSchleicher

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