EDUCATION & PHILOSOPHY IN MALAYSIA

( EDU 3013 )

AHMAD KAMILAMMAR WAZIENMUHD ASRAFMUHD HARITH FAHMI

ISLAMIC AND EASTERN

PHILOSOPHERS

AL – FARABICONFICIUS

AL - FARABI

BIODATA OF AL- FARABI

- ABU NASR MUHAMMAD IBNU MUHAMMAD IBNU TARKHAN IBNU

UZLAQ AL FARABI

- WAS BORN ON 874M ( 260 HJR ) AT TRANSOXIA, A REGION OF WASIJ

IN TURKEY

- HE DIED IN SYRIA ( DAMASCUS ) 950M ( 339HJR ) AT THE AGE OF 80

CONFUCIUS

BIODATA OF CONFUCIUS

Famous As: A political counselor and for his practical teachings

Nationality: Chinese

Born In: Qufu

Place Of Death: Qufu

Father: Shuliang He

Mother: Yan Zhengzai

Siblings: Kong Li

Works & Achievements: His teachings were directed on moral and ethical grounds, focusing on the practical aspect of living.

The historical importance of education in Chinese culture is derived from the teachings of Confucius and philosophers of the middle and late Chou eras. Fundamentally, these philosophies taught that social harmony could be achieved only if humans were free from deprivation and given proper education. Confucius taught that all people possessed the same potential, and that education was the corrective means to curb any tendencies to stray from ethical behavior.

From the very first, Confucius made education available to students from all classes. Education in China has thus been a equalizing force from ancient times. It became the means by which individuals from even the humblest backgrounds could rise to great heights. Through the ethics of Confucius which informed the traditional curriculum, it was also a powerful mechanism for implementing the ethical and social norms of Chinese society.

CONFUCIUS'S EDUCATIONAL

THEORY

THEORY OF VALUEWHAT KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS ARE WORTHWHILE LEARNING? WHAT ARE THE GOALS OF EDUCATION?

Since Confucius' goal was to reform the government, his goals for education were to produce men who were capable to serve in government in decisive roles. He attempted to produce chun tzu, which is quite similar to the English word, "gentleman." Originally both Chinese and English words meant one born into a high social station, but both came to mean one with a proper and suitable behavior and cultivation, regardless of birth. His main goal was the cultivation of character, through observation, study and reflective thought

THEORY OF KNOWLEDGEWHAT IS KNOWLEDGE? HOW IS IT DIFFERENT FROM

BELIEF? WHAT IS A MISTAKE? WHAT IS A LIE?

To know Nature and the Way of Nature, one must observe. He is quoted as saying C.A.C.H. "I have no inborn knowledge. I love antiquity and I search for it [knowledge] assiduously." He also said, "Among three men who are walking together (myself being one of them), I am certain to find my teacher, a good one in order to emulate him, and a bad one in order [recognize in him what in myself I must] correct."

But to recognize what one observes, one must process it. He is quoted as saying to a student C.T.M.A.T.M. 136, "Do you think that my way of acquiring knowledge is simply to study many things and remember them?" The student said, "Yes, isn't that the case?" Confucius replied, "No, I have one principle which I use like a thread, upon which to string them all." This sounds like a rationalist who seeks to arrange his observations (the world's phenomena) according to the principle of his own mind.

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THEORY OF HUMAN NATURE WHAT IS A HUMAN BEING? HOW DOES IT DIFFER FROM

OTHER SPECIES? WHAT ARE THE LIMITS OF HUMAN POTENTIAL?

Confucius was much influenced by the philosophy of his much older contemporary, Lao tzu (b. 604 B.C.), who is reputedly the founder of Taoism. T.H.O.C. 18. "Tao is Nature. Nature includes everything in the universe that proceeds on its course without interruption. Tao is the way of Nature. Tao consists of many tao's, and every such Tao also has a natural way of its own to follow. Nature is good; and each nature is good, at least so long as it pursues its own course without being interfered with by other natures or without imposing its own nature upon others."

THEORY OF LEARNINGWHAT IS LEARNING? HOW ARE

SKILLS AND KNOWLEDGE ACQUIRED?

Confucius said , "Study without thought is labor lost; thought without study is dangerous." When referring to his own way of learning, he said -To hear much, select what is good, and follow it;" Thus he saw learning as a process of observation of some type of subject matter whether it be books, objects, or people, followed by reflection, that somehow changed one. He saw learning as a highly personal and therefore, highly individual activity. He seemed to feel once awakened by any kind of real learning, this process would be repeated by the student.

THEORY OF TRANSMISSIONWHO IS TO TEACH? BY WHAT METHODS? WHAT

WILL THE CURRICULUM BE?

Confucius would have required that a teacher be one who has developed their own character. Confucius, himself was a teacher, and his methods were very informal, and tailored to the individual. He did not use structured classes or exam-orientations. Instead he suggested to each student what they should study, and then discussed it with them and sometimes just listened. He is said to have taken the stock of each student, and then encouraged their strengths, and improved their weaknesses.

THEORY OF SOCIETYWHAT IS SOCIETY? WHAT INSTITUTIONS ARE INVOLVED IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS?

In the 2 books authored by Confucius, Genuine Living, and Great Wisdom he clearly states that society starts with the individual, and that one must first develop oneself, to develop one's family. The family serves as a model for the community, the community as a model for the state, the state as a model for the country, and the country as a model for other countries. The educational process is first and most importantly the responsibility of the individual, then the family, then the community, then the state, and then the country.

THEORY OF OPPORTUNITYWHO IS TO BE EDUCATED? WHO IS TO

BE SCHOOLED A quote from Confucius' book Genuine Living says, "Developing in accordance with one's own nature is called "the way of self-realization." Proper pursuit of the way of self-realization is called "maturation"." In this quote, I believe Confucius proposes education for a but subject matter and form for that education would vary according to one's own nature

THEORY OF CONSENSUSWHY DO PEOPLE DISAGREE? HOW IS CONSENSUS ACHIEVED? WHOSE OPINION TAKES PRECEDENCE?

People disagree because they are focusing on themselves, and not Nature and the way of Nature. Confucius did not believe any one person was the possessor of the truth. He believed that through rational discussion the truth could be worked out between two people, and that the truth often was found somewhere between the two positions. As far as consensus on a large scale, I think he believed that people would naturally gravitate to their station in life. Once there they would be governed by what he states are the five social relationships