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Educational Theorists
What is a Theory?
• Theories are used for building a better understanding of the teaching and learning process.
• Theory = guess or hunch• Scientific Theory=interrelated set of concepts
that are used to explain a body of data and to make predictions about the results of future experiments.
What is a Theory
• Fact or Fiction?– Principles will give you help – Theories will give you options
Theory 1
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V3GJycgu-cs
Theory 2
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5IJXsUBdl0g
Stage Theorists
• Jean Piaget 1896-1980– Famous For: described 4 different stages of
cognitive development– Implication on education: claims one cannot
master one level before completing the previous.
Piaget’s Stage TheoryAge Period Characteristics
0-2 Sensori-motor Infants learns to differentiate between itself and other objects within its environment, learning the difference between ‘me’ and ‘not me’.
2-4 Pre-operational thought The child is still very egocentric, but now classifies objects in simple ways – particularly by individual important features.
4-7 Intuitive The child now classifies things more generally, but is not aware of the classes that he or she uses.
7-11 Concrete operations Here, the child can use logical operations, such as reversal, deliberate classifications and serialization.
11-15 Formal Operations Now things become more conceptual as the child is able to think in terms of abstract ideas.
Stage Theorists
• Sigmund Freud 1856-1939– Famous For: 5-stages of psychosexual
development
– Implication on education: believes if one stage is not mastered growth will stop.
Freud’s Psychosexual TheoryAge Name Pleasure Source Conflict
0-2 Oral Mouth: sucking, biting, swallowing Weaning away from mother’s breast
2-4 Anal Anus: defecating or retaining feces Toilet training
4-5 Phallic Genitals Males seek out parent of opposite sex to feel substantiated.
6-Puberty Latency Sexual urges sublimated into sports and hobbies. Same-sex friends also help avoid sexual feelings
Puberty onward Genital Physical sexual changes reawaken repressed needs. Direct sexual feelings towards others lead to sexual gratification
Social Rules
Stage Theorists
• Erik Erikson 1902 -1994– Famous For: Developed Psychosocial Theory,
stages where individuals are faced with choices and must resolve the crisis to successfully move on to the next.
– Implications for Education: explanation for individuals success and failures throughout life.
Erikson’s Developmental Stage Theory
Level Name Characteristic
Stage 1 Trust vs. Mistrust (infant)
A child will only learn trust if its mother meets the child’s deep need for attention and affection.
Stage 2 Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (age 3)
If the exploring child receives encouragement in a search for autonomy, the child will learn trust, otherwise they learn shame and doubt.
Stage 3 Initiative vs. Guilt (age 4)
If the questioning child is encouraged in their ideas and games, the child will gain confidence or otherwise feel guilty about initiating things.
Stage 4 Industry vs. Authority (at school)
If encouraged and praised by teachers, the child will increase efforts to learn. If always criticized, the child will learn to feel inferior.
Stage 5 Identity vs. role confusion (age 12)
If the child’s identity has been reinforced up to puberty, the child will handle it well. If not, there is a frightening identity crisis.
Stage 6 Intimacy vs. Isolation (middle age)
Identity crises may occur later in life if people cannot or do not relate to others.
Learning & Motivation Theories
• Behaviorism• Information Processing• Social Cognitive Theory
Learning and Motivation Theories
Behaviorism: • Focuses on things that can be observed, classified into a general
category.• Influenced by 2 environmental factors:
– Those that precede it (antecedents) and those that follow it (consequences).
– A-B-C Model: Antecedent-Behavior-Consequence• Important Concepts
– Conditioning, reinforcement, punishment and cueing.• Who is involved:
– B.F. Skinner• Implications for Education:
– learn through our actions and consequences, operant conditioning
Learning & Motivation Theories
Information Processing• Theories that focus on attention, types of memory, how
knowledge is represented and stored, forgetting, and the cognitive systems.
• Important Concepts:– Attention, perception, working memory, long-term memory,
and types of knowledge.• Who is involved:– Jean Piaget
• Implications for Education: – Identifies our ability to store and recall knowledge.
Learning & Motivation Theories
Social Cognitive Theory• Combines behavioral concerns with consequences and cognitive
interests in thinking.• Important Concepts:
– Interactions among behavior, environment, and personal characteristics; beliefs about personal capabilities; learning through observation and modes; and guiding your own learning through self-regulation.
• Who is Involved:– Albert Bandura
• Implications for Education:– Addresses our motivations for specific behaviors, why we make certain
decisions
Behaviorism: Classical Conditioning
• Association of automatic responses with new stimuli.
• Little Albert: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xt0ucxOrPQE
• Recreate a scenario with your group to demonstrate how classical conditioning works.
Behaviorism: Operant Conditioning
• Learning in which voluntary behavior is strengthened or weakened by antecedents (before) or consequences (after).
• Pavlovs Dog: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8OLdb9Vh10E
• Recreate a scenario with your group to demonstrate how operant conditioning works.
Information Processing
Information Processing: Sensory Memory
• Sensory Memory: system that holds sensory information very briefly.
• Draw the picture from the previous slide.
Information Processing: Working Memory
• The information that you are focusing on at a given moment.
• Each student needs to stand up and state their name. Once everyone is finished record them in the order they were said.
Social Cognitive Theory: Self-Efficacy
• A person’s sense of being able to deal effectively with a particular task. Beliefs about personal competence in a particular situation.
• On your note paper, identify one thing you feel you do very well and one thing you feel you are not able to do from experience.
Social Cognitive Theory: Self-Regulation
• Process of activating and sustaining thoughts, behaviors, and emotions in order to reach goals.
• Record your answers to the questions on the next page.
Self-Regulation Quiz• Think about the class you are taking right now. On a 7-point scale –
from 1 = not at all true of me, to 7 = very true of me – answer the following questions.
1. When I study for a test, I try to put together the information from class and from the book.
2. When I do homework, I try to remember what the teacher said in class so I can answer the questions correctly.
3. I know I will be able to learn the material for this class.4. I expect to do well in this class.5. I ask myself questions to make sure I know the material I have been
studying.6. Even when study materials are dull and uninteresting, I keep working
until I finish.