EE21C

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA FOR

HISTORIC REINFORCED CONCRETE

HOUSING BUILDINGS IN EUROPE

Maria Bostenaru

Rui Pinho

IUSS Pavia / ROSE

EE21C 27 August-1 September 2005 Skopje & Ohrid

Overview

Problem and ist significance

Approach

Results

Discussion

Conclusions

Outlook


Problem and its significance

CA‘REDIVIVUS

Buildings of the Modern Movement

housing constructions

reinforced concrete structure

raised during a short time span (10-20y) in the

interwar time

such research is rare

Multitude of disciplinary points of view


Problem and its significance

Nr. Objective Interest groups

1 - advancing the science of earthquake engineering

- improving understanding of the impact of earthquakes on the physical, social,

economic and cultural environment

- developing comprehensive measures for preventing earthquake loss

Multidisciplinary

2 development of an algorithm for optimisation of retrofit measures -

3 development of a decentralised decision model, encompassing all actors involved

in the implementation strategy of a retrofit measures, from:

- geophysics (engineering seismology)

- (structural) engineering

- economy (investment efficiency)

- sociology (consideration of user issues)

Interdisciplinary

4 insights into applicability of retrofit methods, where instead of improving capacity

demand is reduced, more specifically active devices on frame braces.

Interdisciplinary

architecture

engineering

5 development of a framework for integral planning, meaning that economic and

engineering aspects are equally regarded from incipient phases of reconversion

projects, namely the building survey.

Interdisciplinary

architecture

engineering

economics

6 solving contradictions between the objectives of single actors in the retrofit

implementation strategy, not only through the choice, but also through

customisation of an adequate decision system.

Multidisciplinary

7 highlighting the comprehensibility of the measures analysed, through inclusion

into the integral planning scheme near the flow in the physical implementation of

the retrofit system also of a flow for the education of the population which has to

support the measures. This is especially important in the so-called second phase of

strategic implementation, when the application of the measure has to spread from

pilot or demonstrative projects to “routine” wide ones.

architecture

urbanism

sociology

8 Investigation of the possibilities to support changes by political and economic

environment, namely of existing programmes (results from the events on “Natural

Hazards Impact on Urban Areas and Infrastructure”), and their impact.

-


Nr. Objective Method Instruments

1 Improving understanding of the

impact of earthquakes

- public presentation

- reaction to feedback on findings and conclusions about

the architectural, structural, geophysical, social and

economic aspects of retrofitting historic concrete

buildings

- active participation and co-organisation of conferences

- publication in reviewed manner

- web dissemination of results to the measures proposed

2 development of an algorithm for

retrofit measures optimisation

parametrical study FEM

3 development of a decentralised

decision model

modularisation of a collaborative decision model taking

into account non-measurable criteria

Use of the pair wise comparison method. Investigation of

decision making on different levels (of the actors, of one

actor‟s criteria) and of the likelihood of interference with

multiobjective systems in the transition from urban to

building scale.

4 applicability of retrofit methods -

insights

documentation

training

Literature and internet based research

Lectures and assisted exercises.

5 development of a framework for

integral planning

Setting up an example retrofit design model project for

the integral planning and defining the steps, from the

“functional specifications” over alternative generation to

presentation of relevant aspects of all actors.

Exercise

6 solving contradictions between the

objectives of single actors

develop a basis system to administrate modules on

different levels of detail included in the urban strategical

planning

Investigation of the suitability of different computer tools

like spread sheets, GIS and multimedia programmed ones.

7 highlighting the comprehensibility

of the measures analysed

Several steps are foreseen in the „educational flow‟:

- determination of research directions

- determination of means for accessibilisation of

information

- investigation of consulting and participation means

- education

- creation of public ideas

- realisation of the connection between education and

research.

Finally the information circuit gets into a second phase.

- database for the presentation to the public, for navigation

between urban/building level and for feedback from the

programs.

8 support changes by political and

economic environment

Documentation and conference organisation activity “Natural Hazards Impact on Urban Areas and

Infrastructure” session, publication and eventual similar

events.


Approach

Documentation of the distribution and

regional characteristics

Integrated decision systems

Databases on residential buildings

DOCOMOMO association

World Housing Encyclopedia project

Risk perception


Results:

questionaires analysed

registries from the „DOcumentation and COnservation of the Modern MOvement“

Reports from the (earthquake prone) World Housing Encyclopedia, of the

IAEE

EERI

Socio-economic questionaire in the dissertation of Plapp (2004), GK450, Universität Karlsruhe, Germany


DOCOMOMO registries:

entry categoriesSummary Localisation Authors Typology Evaluation State Protection

building name Type evaluation of originality

postal address

ZIP code

former/ alternate

name

initial use

owner present use social evaluation URL project and

transformations

Institution

owner‟s status Type of protection

Grade of protection

materials/ techniques engineering technical evaluation evaluation of current

state

Restoration

nature of danger

beginning of

construction

contracting

authority

end of construction construction

year of design stylistic affiliation historical evaluation

Awards conception planned use aesthetic evaluation

URL of presentation

URL of

documentation

urban center

country

continent

regional context contextual evaluation

urban context


WHE database:

decision tree for retrofit measures

Retrofit goals TG = 100

Nr. Criterion ZG TG TG TG TG TG TG ZG Criterion Nr.

A. Architect 15 50 Engineer C.

1 Description 150 100 A1 Seismic

strenthening technologies

100 100 50 100 Seismic

strengthening technologies

C1 100 250 What has been the performance of

retrofitted buildings of this type in subsequent earthquakes?

4

50 100 Seismic

strengthening

technologies

(together with other actors)

C2 100 250 Description 5

TG A. 100 100 TG C.

B. Inhabitant 20 15 Investor D.

6 2 Who performed

the construction:

a contractor, or owner/user?

100 50 B1 Seismic

strengthening

technologies

100 100 50 95 Seismic

strengthening

technologies

D1 35 28 Has this strengthening been perfomed

in design practice? To what extent?

3 Was an architect

or engineer

involved?

100 50 30 24 Was the work done as a mitigation

effort on an undamaged building, or as

repair following earthquake damage?

7

30 24 Was the construction inspected in the same manner as new construction?

8

50 100 D2 35 26 Description 9

32,5 24 Who performed the construction? 10

Seismic

strengthening

technologies

(together with other actors)

32,5 24 Was an architect/engineer involved? 11

TG B. 100 100 TG D.


Criterion measurement

spaces for WHE criteriaMeasurement space Representation space (x-Axis) Function space

increasing decreasing Nr. Name [from] [to] [from] [to] [from] [to] [unit] [ZG]

(y-Axis) 0 4 4 0 0 4

1 Description 1 10 0 0 1 10 Text (score: building materials, expected

effectivity, construction complexity)

150,0

2 Who performed the construction: a

contractor, or owner/user?

1 3 0 0 1 3 Influence degree of the contractor 100,0

3 Was an architect or engineer involved? 1 3 0 0 1 3 Number of participating specialist actors 100,0

4 Performance of retrofitted buildings of

this type in subsequent earthquakes?

1 6 0 0 1 6 very poor till very good 250,0

5 Description 1 10 0 0 1 10 Text (as above) 250,0

6 Has this strengthening been perfomred in

design practice? To what extent?

1 6 0 0 1 6 Not at all till area-wide 27,6

7 Mitigation effort on an undamaged building, or as post-damage repair?

1 4 0 0 1 4 post-damage repair – retrofit of pre-damaged construction – preventive measure – replacement

23,7

8 Was the construction inspected in the

same manner as new construction?

0 0 1 0 0 1 yes/no 23,7

9 Description 1 4 0 0 1 4 Poor to richt based on house price/yearly income 26,3

10 Who performed the construction: a

contractor, or owner/user?

1 3 0 0 1 3 Influence degree of the contractor 24,4

11 Was an architect or engineer involved? 1 3 0 0 1 3 Number of participating speacialist actors 24,4


(x-axis) Measurement space Representation space

Function space Ex. Goal representation (Transformation curve) [Nr.] increasing decreasing

Name [from] [to] [from] [to] [IS] [unit] [ZEG]* [ZG]= [GZEG]

(y-Axis) 0 4 4 0 Summs 1000 652

ARCHITECT

General information

1 Summary 1 10 0 0 6 Text (score) 0,556 18,8 10,4

2 Typical period of practice 0 475 0 0 50 Year 0,105 18,8 2,0

3 Regions where used 0 0 0 100 1 Number of regions 1,000 18,8 18,8

4 Urban/rural construction 1 2 2 4 2 Checklist 18,8 18,8

Architectural features

5 Openings 0 0 0 0,75 33 Opening area/wall area 1,000 13,1 13,1

6 Siting 0 0 0 4 2 Site points (flat/sloped, common wall) 1,000 13,1 13,1

7 Building configuration 0,8 1 0 0 0,8 Shape score 0,000 11,3 0,0

9 Building function 0 0 1 4 4 Checklist (single/multiple family,

commerical GF, mixed use)

1,000 9,9 9,9

10 Modification of buildings 0 0 0 5 1 Number (infill balconies, removed interior

walls or columns, extensions, new stairs)

1,000 9,2 9,2

11 Means of escape 0 2 0 0 2 Number 1,000 9,2 9,2

INVESTOR

Building materials and construction process

12 Description of building materials 3 500 0 0 150 Strength (N/mm²) 0,296 7,5 2,2

13 Eventuality of construction with specualative intentions

0 0 0 1 1 Yes/No 1,000 7,5 7,5

14 Construction process 1 5 0 0 4 Who builds with what machines 0,750 7,5 5,6

15 Design/construction expertise 0 4 0 0 3 Level 0,750 7,5 5,6

16 Codes/standards 0 4 0 0 1 Yes/No; Year 0,250 7,5 1,9

17 Role of engineers and architects 0 7 0 0 7 in how many project phases 1,000 7,5 7,5

18 Building permits/development

rules

1 4 0 0 4 requested/not 1,000 7,5 7,5

19 Phasing of construction 0 1 0 0 1 stepwise/not 1,000 7,5 7,5

20 Building maintenance 0 3 0 0 2 who? (investor, owner, tenant, none) 0,667 7,5 5,0

21 Typical problems 1 10 0 0 4 Text (score) 0,333 7,5 2,5

Construction economics and insurance

22 Unit construction cost 2 1500 0 0 800 EUR/m² 0,533 31,3 16,6

23 Labor requirements 1 106 0 0 24 Weeks 0,219 31,3 6,8

24 Insurance 0 0 0 0 62,5

ENGINEER

Structural features

25 Lateral load system 1 4 0 0 2 Text (key elements) 0,333 18,8 6,3

26 Gravity load bearing structure 1 4 0 0 3 Text (key elements) 0,667 18,8 12,5

27 Type of structural system 1 32 0 0 15 Score (based on the associated vulnerability

class)

0,452 18,8 8,5

28 Type of foundation 1 7 8 14 5 Score (depending on their continuity) 0,667 18,8 12,5

29 Type of floor/roof system 1 16 0 0 14 Score (depending on the rigidity and the stability of the beared elements)

0,867 18,8 16,3

30 Plan dimensions 0,5 0,8 0,8 0,5 0,5 m min/m max 0,000 18,8 0,0

31 Number of stories 0 0 1 4 7 Number 1,000 18,8 18,8

32 Story height 0 0 2,7 6 3 M 1,000 18,8 18,8

33 Typical span 0 0 1,8 6 4,5 M 1,000 25,0 25,0

34 Typical wall density 2,5 20 0 0 7,5 % 0,286 25,0 7,1

Earthquake damage patterns

35 Earthquake damage patterns 0 0 0 4 4 Pre-damaging earthquakes 1,000 150,0 150,0

Evaluation of seismic performance and seismic vulnerability

36 Structural and architectural features

0 13 0 0 5 Simplified evaluation of seismic resistance 0,385 52,5 20,2

37 Seismic features 0 4 0 0 1 Problems and Opportunities 0,250 52,5 13,1

38 Seismic vulnerability rating 1 6 0 0 3 A (very low) - F (excellent) 0,400 45,0 18,0

INHABITANT

Socio-economic issues

39 Patterns of occupancy 0 0 1 4 1 families/residential unit 1,000 24,4 24,4

40 Nr. of residential units pro

building

0 0 1 50 25 units/building 1,000 24,4 24,4

41 Average number of inhabitants 0 0 5 20 40 Simulataneously 1,000 26,3 26,3

42 Economic level of inhabitants 1 4 0 0 4 Poor-rich based on house-price/annual-

income

1,000 26,3 26,3

43 Sources of construction financing 1 9 0 0 7 Nominal 0,750 24,4 18,3

44 Ownership 0 0 1 7 3 participation degree, given from the

ownership

1,000 24,4 24,4


Project management

Step Goal Method Instrument Objec-

tive

1 a. Technical reports on steel braces

retrofit systems applicability in RC

housing buildings

b. Charts of support programmes

Documentation Literature and internet based

research

Investigation

4; 8

2 a data table of use for the decision

method in the next step

parametrical study FEM 2

3 support the choices at step 4 and 1

(public presentation/feedback)

Highlighting

comprehensibility

Database and urban/building

level navigation

7

4 algorithm based on case studies

(step 2) for experiments (step 6)

modularisation of the

decision model

pair wise comparison 3

5 report about pros and cons of

available systems for this purpose

A basis system to

administrate modules

Comparative employment of

computer tools for this problem

6

6 trial of educational feasibility (step

3), more practical examples

project example Exercise 5

7 dissemination of results Publication of results Participation to conferences,

reviewed publications, web

1


Discussion

Step Goal Method Instrument Measure

1 technical reports on implementation

programmes

documentation investigation

training.

4; 8

2 a data table of use for the decision

method in the next step

parametrical study FEM 2

3 support the choices at step 4 and step

1

highlighting

comprehensibility

database 7

4 algorithm based on case studies (step

2) for experiments (step 6)

modularisation of the

decision model

pair wise

comparison

3

5 report about available systems for this

purpose

a basis system to

administrate modules

computer tools 6

6 trial of educational feasibility (step 3) project example exercise 5

7 dissemination of results presentation publications 1

Nr. Measures package Method Interest groups

1 improving understanding of the

impact of earthquakes

- public presentation

- reaction to feedback on findings Multidisciplinary

2 development of an algorithm for

optimisation of retrofit measures

parametrical study -

3 development of a decentralised

decision model

modularisation of a collaborative

decision model

Interdisciplinary

4 insights into applicability of

retrofit methods

documentation

training

Interdisciplinary

architecture

engineering

5 development of a framework for

integral planning

retrofit design model project for the

integral planning

Interdisciplinary

architecture

engineering

economics

6 solving contradictions between

the objectives of single actors

develop a basis system to administrate

modules on different levels

Multidisciplinary

7 highlighting the comprehend-

sibility of the measures analysed

physical implementation flow along

with an education flow for population

which has to support the measures

architecture

urbanism

sociology

8 support changes by political and

economic environment:

document existing programmes

impact assessment

-


Conclusions

The criteria developed by the experts differ

of those in transdisciplinary manner by the

the first author

Points of view of other actors are included,

to an unbalanced amount, also in the

survey criteria of the works of professional

societies


Outlook

The registries / reports will be reviewed

from the point of view of uncertainities left

for the point of view of experts from the

other disciplines

An own questionaire will be developed:

To assess the applicability for housing of steel

bracing systems

Thank you!

Date post:	06-Jul-2015
Category:	Education
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