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8/11/2019 EE302-16440 Lecture 2 - The Professional Engineer
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THEPROFESSIONAL
ENGINEER
EE302Spring2014
1
bywhichthepropertiesofmatterandthe
people.
euseo sc encean tec no ogytoso vet eproblemsthatsocietyfacesortoprovide
pro uctsw c soc ety es res.
2
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ABET* Definition of En ineerin
Theprofessioninwhichaknowledgeofthe
study,experience,andpracticeisappliedwith
u gmen o eve opways ou ze,econom
ically,thematerialsandforcesofnatureforthe
benefitofmankind.
*AccreditationBoardforEngineeringandTechnology3
The engineersprimary
goal
is
to
solve
practical
problems.
Thethingthatsetsengineersapartisthemannerin
whichtheyapproachproblems. Thediscipline
allowsanalyzing,reasoning,andsolvingdifficult
.
Engineershaveabasicknowledgeofmathematics,
p ys cs,c em s ry,
an
ea y
oso ve
comp ex
problems.
ng neer ng s
technical creative challenging
exciting difficult FUN!!!4
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Engineersvs.Scientists
Scientists
functions.
Resultoftheirworkisexpansionofknowledge.
Finalproductoftenpublicationofaresearchpaper.
EngineersEngineerssolveproblems;theresultoftheirworkisthe
developmentandproduction(orimprovement)ofa
u .
ManyIssues
Safety Ethics Publicgood Economics5
Therole
of
engineer
and
scientist
are
interrelated
Anengineermayneednewscientificknowledgetosolvea
problem. Scientistsmaybeguidedbythepotentialfor
theirdiscovery.
Engineeringisacreativeprofession
Mustfacenewproblemsneedingimaginationfor
.
Problemmayhaveincompleteinformation.
Practitioners arehi hl skilled ri orous ro ram of stud
andcontinuouseducation).
Ethicalandtechnicalresponsibilities.
Welleducatedandactivecitizens.
6
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7
EngineersSolveProblemsinaHighlyOrganizedWay:
TheScienti ic
Problem
Solvin
Method
Step1:ProblemStatement
Descri et epro emto eso ve . T e escriptionmust
containalltheessentialinformationregardingtheproblem.
Asktwoimportantquestions:whatessentialinformationis
givenandwhatistobedetermined?
Step2:Diagram
Visualizetheproblembypreparingasketchordiagram. The
diagramshouldshowthesetupoftheproblem.
Toobtainasolution,youmustdescribearelationshipbetween
whatisgivenandwhatistobefound. Thisisknownas
modeling. Itoftenconsistsofdevelopingmathematical
equationsdescribingthesystem.8
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TheScientificProblemSolvingMethod
Step4:Assumptions
Clearlydefinetheassumptionsmadetosimplifytheproblems
. ,
andmaystronglyaffectthefinalsolution. Youmayfindsome
assumptionsarenotacceptable.
Step5:Solution
Presentthesolutioninamannereasilyfollowedbyother
eng neers. ocumen yourso u oncare u y. e
comprehensive. Provideenoughdatasothatyoursolutioncan
bechecked.
Step6:VerificationandFinalResults
Youneed
to
verify
your
result,
if
this
is
possible.
You
must
check
eaccuracyo eso u on,ma ngsure a noerrorsare
present. AlwaysaskIsthissolutionreasonable?9
Typesof
Engineering
Problems
ClosedEnd
Typicallyusedinclasses. Focusonteachingaparticular
technique.
Developinganewprocessoritem.
TroubleshootinDiagnosingaprobleminanexistingitemorprocess.
Simulation
Determininghowsomethingworksandcreatingmodelsto
explainthebehavior.
10
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11
Engineeringdesignisoneofthemostbasic,
,
engineer.
n
ac ,
ewor
eng neer
comes
rom
theLatinwordingenerare,whichmeansto
crea e.
12
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Perhapsthebestdefinitionofengineering
es gn s a g ven y :
Engineeringdesignistheprocessofdevisingasystem,
component,or
process
to
meet
desired
needs.
It
is
a ec s onma ngprocess o en era ve , nw c
thebasicsciences,mathematics,andengineering
tomeetastatedobjective. Amongthe
establishmentofobjectivesandcriteria,synthesis,
anal sis
construction
testin
andevaluation.
13
Itshould
be
realized
that:
Successfuldesignproceduresarequitevariedthereisno
widelyacceptedsequenceofstepsoralgorithmforsuccess.
Variousmodelshavebeenadvancedfordescribingthedesign
process.
Mostgoodengineersdeveloptheirownapproachesand
strategiesfordesign.
Onehaslotsoffreedom.
Theengineerfocusesondesignasaproblemsolution. The
designprocessmaybeviewedastheroadmapthatguidesthe
designerfromtheproblemtoitssolution.
Theproducttodaymaynotsimplybeadevice. Forexample,
softwareisaproductwherethedesignprocessisapplied. 14
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15
INTELLECTUALPROPERTY
Intellectualpropertylawshavesignificanceforengineersin
theirca acitiesasauthors inventors andbusinessmenand
women. InformationAge
Intellectualpropertyisgroupedintofourmainareas:Trade
secrets,Trademarks,Copyrights,Patents.
Intellectualpropertyalsoincludesvariousspecificlegal
nnova ons.
Example: SemiconductorChipProtectionActof1984
T isactprovi e a10yeartermo protectionan was
designedtopreventcopyingofthemasksetsusedfor
manufacturingintegratedcircuits.
16
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TRADESECRET Atradesecretisanyconfidentialformula,device,orother
informationthatmaygivesomeoneanadvantageover
.
Example:
CocaCola
formula.
ra esecre sarepro ec e un ers a e aw. n exas, awsu s
mustbefiledwithin2yearsafteratheftisdiscoveredor
whenitshouldhavebeenreasonablydiscovered.
Atradesecretmustbekeptsecret,anditcanlastindefinitely.
Aninventioncanbeprotectedasatradesecret. However,
havedisadvantagesinthatprotectionislostiftheinventionis
disclosed,
independently
invented,
or
reverse
engineered Thereisalsoadisadvantagetosociety: Theinformationisnot
freelyavailabletopromoteadditionaldiscoveries.17
TRADEMARK Atrademarkisaword,phrase,symbol,ordesignthatidentifies
thesourceofthegoodsorservicesanddistinguishesthemfrom
.
Example:CocaColamarkanddesign,Kodak(aname),
McDonalds olden arches a s mbol .
Unlikepatentsandcopyrights,trademarkrightscanlast
indefinitelyif
the
owner
continues
to
use
the
mark.
Trademarksaregenerallyderivedunderstatelaw,butmaybe
registeredfederallyinthe
UnitedStatesPatentandTrademark
Office(PTO).
Thetermofafederaltrademarkregistrationis10years,with10
yearrenewalavailable.18
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COPYRIGHTS
Acopyrightisarightgiventoauthorsof "originalworks"
whichgivesthemtheexclusiverighttoreproducethework,
preparederivativeworks,ortoperformorplaythework
publicly.
copyr g pro ec s eau or rom av ng e rwor cop e
byothers.
,
momenttheworkisfixedinatangiblemediumof
expressionuntiltheauthordiesplus70years(95yearsif
owne yacorporation . Copyrig tswereexten e y20
yearsbyCongressin1998.
LibraryofCongress.19
COPYRIGHTS,CONT.
Anideaisnotcopyrightable;expressionsofthatideaare.
Example:Einsteincouldnotcopyright
E=mc2
However,hecouldcopyrighthisbooksonthissubject.
y w u
formulas methods principles
concepts procedures discoveriesprocesses
(i.e.,theabovearenot copyrightable)
Thisisamethodofbookkeepingoraccountingthatisnotcopyrightable.
Examples:Literalmanifestationsofacomputerprogram,RhapsodyinBlue,Casablanca,andMickeyMousearecopyrightable.
20
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SOFTWARELICENSE w y x u .
Asoftwarelicenseisalegalinstrumentthroughcontractlawgoverningtheusage
and/orredistributionofsoftware.
Atypicalsoftwarelicensegrantsanenduserpermissiontouseoneormore
copiesof
the
software
in
ways
where
such
ause
would
otherwise
potentially
constitutecopyrightinfringementofthesoftwareownersexclusiverightsunder
copyrightlaw.
Afreeopensourcelicensemakessoftwarefreeforinspectionofitscode,
, . .,
License)allowtheproductand/orderivativetobecommerciallysold.
Inaproprietarysoftwarelicensethepublishergrantstheuseofoneormore
copiesunderanenduserlicenseagreement.
Ownershipofthecopiesremainswiththepublisher
Certainrights
regarding
the
software
are
reserved
by
the
publisher
(terms)
Theendusermustacceptthesoftwarelicense(withoutacceptanceofthelicensetheendusermaynotusethesoftware).
Example:MicrosoftWindows 21
FREEAND
OPEN
SOURCE
LICENSES
Twocategories:
Permissiveminimalrequirementsonredistribution
Copyleftaimstopreservetheoriginalfreedomsforsubsequentusers
Permissiveexamples:
BSDlicense(usedintheAppleMacintosh)
MITlicense(Unlimitedpermissiontouse,study,andmodifythesoftware.
Thecode
could
be
used
as
part
of
closed
source
software
or
software
releasedunderaproprietarysoftwarelicense).
Copyleft example:GNUGeneralPublicLicense(GPL)
ser asu n m e ree om ouse,s u y,an mo y eso ware.
Anymodificationsmadeandredistributedmustincludethesourcecode
andmustnotputadditionalrestrictionsbeyondwhatGPLallows.
Linuxbecamefreein1992whenLinus Torvalds rereleaseditunderthe
GNUGPL.22
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PATENTS
manufacture,useorsaleofhisorherinvention. Afterthat,
anyonecanuseit.
Patentsprotectthesubstanceofideas,whilecopyrightsprotect
onlythe
form
in
which
ideas
are
"fixed".
onsaleformorethanoneyearpriortothefilingofthepatent
application.
U.S.PatentsareonlyvalidintheU.S.,anddonotprovidelegal
protectioninanyothercountries.
oucan eapa en app ca on n n v ua coun r essepara e y.
Thiscanbecomplexandexpensive,aseachhaveindividualpatent
laws.
Youcanalsofileaninternationalpatentapplication,designating
PCT(PatentCooperationTreaty)statesintheapplication. 23
PATENTS,CONT.
. .
inventortoexcludeothersfrommaking,using,orsellingan
invention.
The200yearoldpatentsystemwascreatedtopromoteinnovation.
Intheory,byofferingprotectiontoinventors,apatentencourages
.
Ifaninventorcanreceivealegalmonopolyoveraninvention,
he/she
can
obtain
monopoly
profits
and
thus
have
economic
incentivetoattempttoinvent.
Bydisclosingdetailsofinventionsoncethepatentisgranted,it
.
Informationaboutnewideasanddiscoveriesisdisseminatedtothe
public,thatmightotherwisebekeptsecretbycompanies.
TheU.S.PatentandTrademarkofficehousesabout5.6million
patents. About70,000newpatentsareissuedeachyearintheU.S.24
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PATENTS,CONT.
Tobepatentable,aninventionmustmeetthreecriteria:
.
whathasbeendoneorknownpreviously.
2. Itmustbeuseful(interpretedratherloosely).
3. Itmustbeunobvioustoapersonof"ordinaryskill"inthefield.
Ideas,eventhemostoriginal,arenotpatentable. Einstein
couldn'tpatent
E=mc2 (buthedidpatentarefrigerationprocess).
Patentprotectioncanbeveryimportanttoengineers,inventors,andcompanies. FormanycompaniesinvolvedinR&D,patents
canconstitute
asubstantial
ortion
of
their
assets.
Patents
are
oftenconsideredthesafesttypeofprotection.
25
ISSOFTWARE
PATENTABLE?
26
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YES!!!
Thepatentabilityofsoftwareinventionsisoneofthehotgrowthareasinpatentlawtoday.
Sincescientificprinciplesorabstractideasarenotpatentable,
softwarepatents
based
on
mathematical
algorithms
were
once
.
However,theU.S.SupremeCourtin1981heldthatcertainsoftwarecanbepatented.
Undercurrentlaw,evenifacomputerprogramrecitesamathematicalalgorithm,itmaystillbepatentable(assumingit
mee su y,nove y,an nono v ousnessrequ remen s e
computerprogramisoperatingondatathatrepresentareal,
physicalphenomenon
in
the
real
world
and
produces
an
output
thatrepresentssomerealquantity,i.e.onewhichisnotamere
abstractnumber.27
Aprogramthatmanipulatesinputdatafromapatients
heartbeat,andproducesasignalrelatedtotheheart
signals).
,
videomotiondetection,digitalI/Oand
securityapplications.
28
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Patentsprovidebroaderprotection.
Apatentprovidesprotectionfromsomeonewhodevelops
aslightly
different
way
of
doing
the
same
thing.
A
co ri ht rotectstheholderonl fromdirectco in or
plagiarism.
Morethan5,500softwarepatentswereissuedinthe
Unite Statesin1995.
Themostactiveareasforsoftwarepatentsarecomputer
networkin semiconductor manufacturin data
compression,computerarchitecture,andencryption.
29
WHYNOT
PATENT
SOFTWARE?
Obtainingapatentcosts$5,000to$10,000(thatcomparesto$20foratwo
pagecopyr g tapp cat onw t no ega ass stancenee e .
Patentsexpireafter20years.
A atent isnt uaranteed rotection. If someone infrin es on our atent it
canbeverycostlytodefendit. Ifabigcompanyinfringesonasmall
company,andtheyvegotlotsofmoney,itskindofmeaningless(Austinhigh
.
Somepeoplefeelthatinventionsshouldbegivenawayforfreetobenefit
mankind(ex.,Linus Torvalds andtheLinuxoperatingsystem).
Keepingtheirworkatradesecretisthemostcommonwaysmallsoftware
companiesprotecttheirintellectualproperty.
.
andusedforyears.30
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OWNERSHIPOFPATENTS
Federallawgovernsthecreationofpatents.
whetheraninventionispatentable
whotheinventoris,etc.
Statelaw
determines
the
ownershipof
patents.
employer,etc.
However,lawspertainingtopatentownershipinemploymentrelationsis
.
Ifanemploymentagreementhasbeensignedwhereworkrelated
inventionsareassignedtotheemployer,theemployerwillhaveownership.
n ea senceo anemp oymen agreemen a oca ngpa en r g s, e
defaultlegalpresumptioninmoststatesisthattheactualinventorownsher
owninventions,
even
ifshe
is
an
employee
(exception:
hired
to
invent
. ,
makeandusetheinventioneveniftheemployeehasownership).
31
PROVISIONALPATENT
APPLICATION
Aprovisionalapplicationforapatentisalegaldocumentthatisfiledwiththe
USPTO
.
Aprovisionalapplicationrequiresspecifications(descriptionanddrawings)
butnotformalpatentclaims,oathsordeclarations,ordisclosurestatements.
prov s ona app cat onexp res n year. ere ore,t e nventormust ea
regularpatentapplicationwithinthistimeorthebenefitislost.
Advantages
of
filing
a
provisional
patent
application: Itisnotcountedaspartofthe20yearlifeofthepatentthatmaybe
subsequentlygranted.
Lowcost(typically$125);allowsaninventortodeferthethe larger
patentcostuntilcommercialviabilityisestablishedorsponsorsobtained.
Easeofpreparation;maybeofparticularvalueifthe1yearpublicuseis
comingup.
Allowtimetoenhanceandrefinethefullapplication.
Allowtheuseofthetermpatentpending32
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PATENTREFORM ,
LeahySmithAmericaInventsAct
whichmakesmajorchangestotheU.S.patentsystem
Streamlinethepatentprocess
Reducecostly
legal
battles
ThisisthefirstmajoroverhauloftheU.S.patentsysteminnearly60years.
Changes:
w c es . . rom rs onven o rs o e sys em
BetterfundsUSPTO(Theagencyhaslostnearly$1Bsince1992becausewhatitreceivesfromCongressislessthanwhatitcollectsinfees. Itnowtakesan
.
Allowsthirdpartiestosubmitinformationthatmayberelevanttothegrantingofapatent.
Allows roducers to continue to use a manufacturin rocess even if anotherinventorlaterpatentstheidea(typicallyatradesecretissue).
Otherchanges(feestructures,etc.)andsomechangesdonttakeeffectforayearormore.
33
FIRSTTO
FILE
SYSTEM
Thisisthemostsignificantchangetothepatentlaw.
ItputstheUnitedStatesinlinewithotherindustrializedcountries.
A atentwillnowbeissuedtothefirstinventortofileavalida lication.
Oldsystem(firsttoinvent):
thefirsttomakethediscovery(regardlessofwhentheyfiledtheir
application).
sresu te nmuc cost y t gat on,re y ngonsecret ocumentsas
partiestriedtoprovetheywerethefirstinventors.
Itwasdifficulttohaveaclearpictureofthevalidityofmanypatents
foryears.
34
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PATENTSEARCHES YoumayusethePublicSearchRoomoftheU.S. PatentandTrademark
OfficeinArlington,VA.
ThreePatentandTrademarkDepository PartnershipLibrarieshaveenhanced,
onsite,up
to
date
patent
and
trademark
information.
They
are
located
in
, , .
Morethan70depositorylibrariesaroundthecountrymaintainpatent
informationforpublicuse.
Theinternet. Searchabledatabasesinclude:
TheU.S.PatentandTrademarkOffice:http://www.uspto.gov/
. .
GooglePatents:http://www,google.com/patents/
Thesesitestypicallyprovidetextdescriptionsfromearlypatentsissuedbythe
U.S.PatentandTrademarkOffice(
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IBM!
ToppedthelistofU.S.patentwinnersin2011forthe19thyearinarow.
IBMinventorswereawardedarecord6,180patentsin2011,
comparedwith
4,895
for
second
place
Samsung
Electronics
Co.
IBMinventorsinAustinwerenamedinapproximately1,065ofthecompanyspatents(secondplacebehindtheThomasJ.WatsonResearchCenterinNewYork
IBMworkinAustin:
Desi nofUnixbasedservers
Advancedmicroprocessordesign
S stemssoftware
develo ment
ResearchLab37
TOP10
U.S.
PATENTS
IN
2011
1. IBMCorporation 6,180
. ,
3. CanonIncorporated 2,821
4. PanasonicCorporation 2,559
5. ToshibaCorporation 2,483
6. MicrosoftCorporation 2,311
.
,
8. SeikoEpsonCorporation 1,533
9. HonHanPrecision 1,514
10. HitachiLtd 1,465
(8Asianand2U.S.companiesinthetop10)
Inall,theU.S.issuedarecord224,505patentsin2011,up2%from2010.
38
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39
Introduction
Engineering is an important and learned profession. As
members of this profession, engineers are expected to
.
Engineering has a direct and vital impact on the quality of
life for all people. Accordingly, the services provided byengineers require honesty, impartiality, fairness, and equity,
and must be dedicated to the protection of the public
ea , sa e y, an we are. ng neers mus per orm un er a
standard of professional behavior that requires adherence
to the hi hest rinci les of ethical conduct.
40
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Although engineers make technical decisions using precise scientific
principles, answers to ethical questions are often varying shades of
gray.
Engineering ethics:
organizations involved in engineering.
nvo ves re a e ques ons a ou mora con uc , c arac er, ea s an
relationships of peoples and organizations involved in technological
development.
41
NSPECODEOFETHICSFOR
ENGINEERS
http://www.nspe.org/ethics
42
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RulesofPractice,cont.
2. Engineersshallperformservicesonlyintheareasoftheircompetence.
byeducationorexperienceinthespecifictechnicalfields
involved.
b) Engineersshallnotaffixtheirsignaturestoanyplansor
documentsdealingwithsubjectmatterinwhichtheylack
competence,nortoanyp anor ocumentnotprepare
undertheirdirectionandcontrol.
responsibilityforcoordinationofanentireprojectandsign
andseal
the
engineering
documents
for
the
entire
project,
providedthateachtechnicalsegmentissignedandsealed
onlybythequalifiedengineerswhopreparedthesegment.45
RulesofPractice,cont.
. ng neerss a ssuepu cs a emen son y nano ec vean truthfulmanner.
a En ineersshallbeob ectiveandtruthfulin rofessionalreports,statements,ortestimony.Theyshallincludeallrelevantandpertinentinformationinsuchreports,statements ortestimon whichshouldbearthedateindicatingwhenitwascurrent.
b) Engineers
may
express
publicly
technical
opinions
that
are
oun e upon now e geo e ac san compe ence n esubjectmatter.
c En ineersshallissuenostatements,criticisms,orar umentsontechnicalmattersthatareinspiredorpaidforbyinterestedparties,unlesstheyhaveprefacedtheircommentsbyexplicitlyidentif in theinterested artiesonwhosebehalfthe arespeaking,andbyrevealingtheexistenceofanyinteresttheengineersmayhaveinthematters. 46
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RulesofPractice,cont.. .
a) Engineersshalldiscloseallknownorpotentialconflictsofinterestthat
couldinfluenceorappeartoinfluencetheirjudgmentorthequalityoftheir
services.
b) Engineersshall
not
accept
compensation,
financial
or
otherwise,
from
more
thanonepartyforservicesonthesameproject,orforservicespertaining
tothesameproject,unlessthecircumstancesarefullydisclosedandagreed
tobyallinterestedparties.
consideration,directlyorindirectly,fromoutsideagentsinconnectionwith
theworkforwhichtheyareresponsible.
, ,
governmentalorquasigovernmentalbodyordepartmentshallnot
participatein
decisions
with
respect
to
services
solicited
or
provided
by
emor e rorgan za ons npr va eorpu ceng neer ngprac ce.
e) Engineersshallnotsolicitoracceptacontractfromagovernmentalbody
onwhichaprincipalorofficeroftheirorganizationservesasamember. 47
Rules
of
Practice,
cont.5. Engineersshallavoiddeceptiveacts.
a) Engineersshallnotfalsifytheirqualificationsorpermit
' .
notmisrepresentorexaggeratetheirresponsibilityinorforthesubject
matterofpriorassignments.Brochuresorotherpresentationsincident
tot eso c tat ono emp oyments a notm srepresentpert nent acts
concerningemployers,employees,associates,jointventures,orpast
accomplishments.b) Engineersshallnotoffer,give,solicit,orreceive,eitherdirectlyor
indirectly,anycontributiontoinfluencetheawardofacontractby
publicauthority,orwhichmaybereasonablyconstruedbythepublicas
havingtheeffectorintentofinfluencingtheawardingofacontract.
Theyshallnotofferanygiftorothervaluableconsiderationinorderto
. , ,
feeinordertosecurework,excepttoabonafideemployeeorbona
fideestablishedcommercialormarketingagenciesretainedbythem.48
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ThisisPartIIIoftheNSPECodeofEthics
It
consists
of
9
obligations
concerning
honesty,
integrity,
ublicinterest,conduct,confidentialinformation,etc.
Eachobligationhas25additionalspecificstatements.
canonsandrulesofpractice.
49
50
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AttributesEmployersValueMostinCandidates
Communication skills (verbal & written)Teamwork skills (ability to work well with others)
Interpersonal skills (ability to relate well to others)Stron work ethic
In order of importance:
Motivation/initiativeFlexibility/adaptabilityAnalytical skillsComputer skillsOrganizational skillsDetail oriented
Leadership skillsSelf-confidenceFriendly/outgoing personalityWell mannered/politeTactfulnessGPA (3.0 or better)CreativitySense of humor
Entrepreneurial/risk-taking skills
Notice that grade point average is low on the list!
Source: JOB OUTLOOK 2002 National Association of Colleges and Employers51