eee2mark answer.docx

8/9/2019 eee2mark answer.docx

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BCET ,KARAIKAL.- DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL

ENGINEERINGMET83 ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

UNIT 1

1. Define loss of biodiversit

The term biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth at all its levels, from genes to

ecosystems, and the ecological and evolutionary processes that sustain it. Biodiversity

includes not only species we consider rare, threatened, or endangered, but every living thing

— even organisms we still know little about, such as microbes, fungi, and invertebrates.

Biodiversity is important everywhere; species and habitats in your area as well as those in

distant lands all play a role in maintaining healthy ecosystems.

There are a few main causes which contribute to the loss of biodiversity. Here is a list of a

few causes

Invasive Species ,Habitat loss , Pollution ,Climate Change , Exploitation

!. "o# t$e solid #%stes %re l%ssified

• special waste

• li!uid waste

• ha"ardous waste

• restricted solid waste

• general solid waste #putrescible$

• general solid waste #non%putrescible$.

3. '$%t do o( (nderst%ndin) b )reen $o(se effet

The green house effect is part of the radioactive report of earth. &t is caused by the green

house effect gas #'E($ contained in the atmosphere, that is to say, mainly the water foam,carbon dio)ide *+ and methane *H-.

T$e Green "o(se Me$%nis*

hen the rays of sunlight reach the earth atmosphere, part of them #about /01$

are directly reflected, through the air, clouds and earth surface #in particular oceans and iced

regions such as 2rctic and 2ntarctic$, it is the albedo. The atmosphere absorbs the rays,

which were not reflected in the space, by the green house gases #01$ and the earth surface

#301$.

This part of rays absorbed by the earth brings warmth, which is in turn directed in

the atmosphere in the form of infrared rays, it is the black body radiance. This one is then


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0. List o(t t$e *%or t,es of reo)nied environ*ent%l reso(res

#5$ due to release to the environment; #$ under conditions indicative of a release to the

environment; or #/$ under conditions that pose a material threat of a future release to theenvironment. demonisms conditions condition are not recogni"ed environmental

conditions.=

2. 'rite s$ort notes on )%seo(s e*ission

'as emissions are any gaseous material released, either naturally or artificially, into the

atmosphere. These gas emissions e)ist in a variety of forms most notably water vapor,

carbon dio)ide, methane, nitrous o)ide and o"one. Each of these substances, while already

e)isting in the atmosphere at certain levels, can be increased through various means, such as

the burning of fossil fuels or the eruption of a volcano. The effects of these gas emissions

come in the form of the greenhouse effect. Each of these gases absorb radiation in the

atmosphere, increasing the temperature of the Earth.

>ifferent gases have different effects on the atmosphere and e)ist in different

!uantities. 9or e)ample, methane is one of the strongest absorbers of radiation, while carbon

dio)ide is not. However, the level of carbon dio)ide from gas emissions is much more

prevalent than methane, so its effect is much stronger overall. This atmospheric warming is

needed to maintain present conditions on the planet. Earth?s surface temperature would beappro)imately 38@9 #about

8. 'rite s$ort notes on solid #%ste

(olid waste means any garbage, refuse, sludge from a wastewater treatment plant,

water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility and other discarded materials

including solid, li!uid, semi%solid, or contained gaseous material, resulting from industrial,

commercial, mining and agricultural operations, and from community activities, but does not

include solid or dissolved materials in domestic sewage, or solid or dissolved materials in

irrigation return flows or industrial discharges that are point sources sub7ect to permit under// A(* 5/-, as amended #6 (tat. 660$, or source, special nuclear or by%product material as

defined by the 2tomic Energy 2ct of 583-, as amended #6 (tat. 8/$ e)cept as may be

provided by e)isting agreements between the (tate of Cew Dork and the government of the

Anited (tates #see section /0%5./ of this art$.

In i*,le 'ords % (olid wastes are any discarded or abandoned materials. (olid wastes can

be solid, li!uid, semi%solid or containeri"ed gaseous material.

4. 'rite s$ort notes on solid #%ste *%n%)e*ent

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-emissions.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-carbon-dioxide.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-ozone.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-fossil.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-greenhouses.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-carbon-dioxide.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-ozone.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-fossil.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-greenhouses.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-emissions.htm


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olid #%ste *%n%)e*ent refers to the supervised handling of #%ste material from

generation at the source through the recovery processes to dis,os%l.

50. 'rite s$ort notes on li5(id f(el

Li5(id f(els are combustible or energy%generating molecules that can be harnessed to create

mechanical energy, usually producing kinetic energy; they also must take the shape of their

container. &t is the fumes of li!uid fuels that are flammable instead of the fluid.


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O:)en O!9 ! ;

"dro)en "!9 1;

5/. 'rite % s$ort notes on n(le%r #%ste dis,os%l

Cuclear waste management are two long%lived fission products, Tc%88 #half%life

0,000 years$ and &%58 #half%life 53. million years$, which dominate spent fuel

radioactivity after a few thousand years. The most troublesome transuranic elements in spent

fuel are Cp%/ #half%life two million years$ and u%/8 #half%life -,000 years . Cuclear

waste re!uires sophisticated treatment and management to successfully isolate it from

interacting with the biosphere. This usually necessitates treatment, followed by a long%termmanagement strategy involving storage, disposal or transformation of the waste into a non%

to)ic form. 'overnments around the world are considering a range of waste management and

disposal options, though there has been limited progress toward long%term waste management

solutions.F

&n second half of 0th century, several methods of disposal of radioactive waste were

investigated by nuclear nations. hich are;

• Gong term above ground storageG, not implemented.

• G>isposal in outer spaceG, not implemented.

• G>eep borehole disposalG, not implemented.

• GIock%meltingG, not implemented.

• G>isposal at subduction "onesG, not implemented.

• GOe%n dis,os%lG, done by the A((I, the Anited Jingdom,K-F (wit"erland, the

Anited (tates, Belgium, 9rance, The Cetherlands, Lapan, (weden, Iussia, 'ermany,

&taly and (outh Jorea. #583-48/$ This is no longer permitted by internationalagreements.

• G(ub seabed disposalG, not implemented, not permitted by international agreements.

• G>isposal in ice sheetsG, re7ected in 2ntarctic Treaty

• GDiret inetionG, done by A((I and A(2.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_waste#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_borehole_disposalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_disposal_of_radioactive_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_waste#cite_note-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_floor_disposalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_Treatyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_waste#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_borehole_disposalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_disposal_of_radioactive_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_waste#cite_note-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_floor_disposalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty


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5-. '$%t is t$e %,,li%tion of ,rod(ers )%s

2 combustible mi)ture of nitrogen, carbon mono)ide, and hydrogen, generated by passing air

with steam over burning coke or coal in a furnace and used as fuel. 2lso called air gas.

as lighting #'as mantle$

'as stove

'as heater

'as burner

'as engine

'as turbine

Bunsen burner

ilot light

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_lightinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_mantlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_stovehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_heaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_burnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunsen_burnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_lightinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_mantlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_stovehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_heaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_burnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunsen_burnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_light


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53. List o(t t$e ,roble*s %ssoi%ted #it$ t$e (se of fossil f(els

Environmental Hazards ollution is the ma7or disadvantage that is formed due to fossil fuels.

hen burnt they give out carbon dio)ide, a greenhouse gas which is the main aspect of global

warming. Iise in temperature of earth have resulted in melting of polar ice caps, flooding of low

lying areas, rise in sea levels. &f such conditions con!uer the face of earth will face radical changes.

Acid Rain hen burnt, sulphur dio)ide gas is also produced which is the factor for acid rain

. 2cid rain leads to destruction of monuments made up of brickwork or marbles, even crops are

affected due to acidification of loams. *oal mining results in destruction of abundant lands and also

endangers the lives of mineworkers. The natural gas causes nasty smells and also a lot of problems

with transportation. Transportation of crude oil causes oil spills over seas reasoning to ha"ards to the

a!uatic life by lessening the o)ygen content of water.5. '$%t %re t$e %dv%nt%)es of $droeletri ,o#er ,l%nt

+nce a dam is constructed, electricity can be produced at a constant rate.

&f electricity is not needed, the sluice gates can be shut, stopping electricity generation. The

water can be saved for use another time when electricity demand is high.

>ams are designed to last many decades and so can contribute to the generation of

electricity for many years M decades.

The lake that forms behind the dam can be used for water sports and leisure M pleasure

activities. +ften large dams become tourist attractions in their own right.

The lake?s water can be used for irrigation purposes. The build up of water in the lake means that energy can be stored until needed, when the

water is released to produce electricity.

hen in use, electricity produced by dam systems do not produce green house gases. They

do not pollute the atmosphere.

?NIT !

1. t%te t$e b%si need for ener) onserv%tion

Ener) onserv%tion refers to reducing energy consumption through using less of an energy

service. Energy conservation differs from efficient energy use, which refers to using less energy for a

constant service. 9or e)ample, driving less is an e)ample of energy conservation. >riving the same

amount with a higher mileage vehicle is an e)ample of energy efficiency. Energy conservation and

efficiency are both energy reduction techni!ues.

!. '$%t is % s%n@e di%)r%*

sankey diagrams are a specific type of flow diagram, in which the width of the arrows is

shown proportionally to the flow !uantity.(ankey diagrams are typically used to visuali"e energy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficient_energy_usehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficient_energy_usehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy


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or material or cost transfers between processes. They can also visuali"e the energy accounts or

material flow accounts on a regional or national level.

3. Mention t$e need for onserv%tion of ener)

Energy should be conserved since we are consuming disproportionate amount of energy and

that day is not far when all our Con%Ienewable resources will e)pire forcing us to rely 7ust on

Ienewable (ources. The electricity that we use comes from nuclear power, coal power plants,

+il that we use to run our vehicles are fossil fuels that were created million of years ago from

decaying plants. hen burned they emit carbon%dio)ide which is harmful to humans and theenvironmen %

Red(e 6ons(*,tion on Non>Rene#%ble o(res

*onsumption on Con%Ienewable (ources must be reduced as much as possible.

5. Reso(re De,letion By using these resources in e)cess, they are going to deplete one day

and will take another millions of years to form again.

. %ve Mone Asage of fluorescent bulbs , solar electricity may cost e)pensive initially but

prove to be cost%effective in the long run. dio:ide &f Con%Ienewable resources are used up to the limit they may also

help in reducing the carbon%dio)ide. ollution from nuclear and coal power plants cause diseases

like asthma, emphysema etc.

-. 6lii*%te 6$%n)e >ue to increase int the rate of these resources it also affect the climate

greatly, >rought, (evere storms, floods, land loss, erosion of soil and heat deaths are few

e)amples of climate change.

3. Oone L%er De,letion +"one layer in the atmosphere protect us from ultraviolet rays from

reaching the earth thus, making life on the earth possible.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost


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. Adverse %ffet on $(*%ns %nd t$e environ*ent E)traction of Aranium and *oal from

beneath the earth cause huge affect to the lives of cola miners. These people have high cancer

death rates. They also harm the environment and agricultural lands.

. Aid R%in *oal power plants and vehicles emit sulfur dio)ide #(+$ and nitrous o)ides

#C+)$. These travel beyond the local area and are harmful to the health throughout whole

regions. hen (+MC+) and water vapor mi) under certain conditions, sulfuric acid and nitric

acid, know as acid rain, are formed. This is very harmful to the lungs. &t kills fish in lakes,

corrodes property #buildings, monuments, cars$, harms the soil #releasing to)ins$, and harms trees

and crops.

6. Glob%l '%r*in) ith so much dependence on Con renewable sources, global warming is

taking place all over the world and the result which is glaciers are melting which is causing the

rise in the sea level.

+. '$%t o( *e%n b ener) %(dit

2n ener) %(dit is an inspection, survey and analysis of energy flows for energy

conservation in a building, process or system to reduce the amount of energy input into the system

without negatively affecting the output#s$. &n commercial and industrial real estate, an energy audit is

the first step in identifying opportunities to reduce energy e)pense and carbon footprints.

T,es of ener) %(dit

The analysis of building and utility data, including study of the installed e!uipment and

analysis of energy bills;

The survey of the real operating conditions;

The understanding of the building behaviour and of the interactions with weather, occupancy

and operating schedules;

The selection and the evaluation of energy conservation measures;

The estimation of energy saving potential;

The identification of customer concerns and needs.

-. Define Ener) %(dit

2n ener) %(dit is an inspection, survey and analysis of energy flows for energy

conservation in a building, process or system to reduce the amount of energy input into the

system without negatively affecting the output#s$. &n commercial and industrial real estate, an

energy audit is the first step in identifying opportunities to reduce energy e)pense and carbon

footprints.

0. N%*e t$e t#o distrit Me$%nis*s of #et ,rei,it%tion

&n meteorology, precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapour

that falls under gravity. The main forms of precipitation include dri""le, rain, sleet, snow, graupel

and hail. recipitation occurs when a portion of the atmosphere becomes saturated with water

http://conserve-energy-future.com/GlobalWarming.phphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_conservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_conservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_conservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_conservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_vaporhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drizzlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drizzlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drizzlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_and_snow_mixedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graupelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hailhttp://conserve-energy-future.com/GlobalWarming.phphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_conservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_conservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_conservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_conservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_vaporhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drizzlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_and_snow_mixedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graupelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hail


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vapour, so that the water condenses and GprecipitatesG. Thus, fog and mist are not precipitation

but suspensions because the water vapour does not condense sufficiently to precipitate.

Two processes, possibly acting together, can lead to air becoming saturated

cooling the air or adding water vapour to the air.

2. '$%t is bio *%ss ener)

Biomass is biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms. &n the

conte)t of biomass for energy this is often used to mean plant based material, but biomass can

e!ually apply to both animal and vegetable derived material.

8. Give %n indi%tive list of t$e ind(stri%l (ses of #%ter

&t is estimated that 1 of worldwide water is used in industry.KF


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11. '$%t %re t$e t,es of ener) %(dit

The type of Energy 2udit to be performed depends on

9unction and type of industry, >epth to which final audit is needed, and otential and

magnitude of cost reduction desired Thus Energy 2udit can be classified into the following

two types.i$ reliminary 2udit

ii$ >etailed 2udit

1!. '$%t %re t$e ener) %(dit instr(*ents %re (ses

o. Came of the &nstrument &ntended Ase

5. 9lue 'as 2nalysers Ased for optimi"ing the combustion efficiency by

measuringMmonitoring the o)ygen and *+ levels in flue gas

of boilers, furnaces etc. and calculation of *+ percentage

in e)cess air level and efficiency.

. Temperature &ndicators Ased for measuring temperatures of gasesMair,

i!uids, slurries, semi solids, powders etc. Asing different

types of probes.

/. &nfrared Thermometers Ased for measuring temperatures from a distance

using infrared technology.

-. Thermal &nsulation scanner Ased for measuring loss of energy in Jcal per unit

area from hotMcold insulated surfaces. The total loss can be

obtained by multiplying the total surface under study.

3. (team Trap


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of dissolved solids in water.

. pH meter Ased for on the spot analysis of effective acidity

or alkalinity of a solutionMwater. 2cidity Malkalinity water.

6. Thermo%hygrometer Ased for measurement of air velocity N humidification,

ventilation, 2ir%conditioning and refrigeration systems etc.

8. Thermo%hygrometer Ased for measurement of humidity and temperature and the

calculation of dew point to find out the heat being carried

away by out going gases in industries. here product

drying re!uires hot air.

50. Altrasonic 9low


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1+. 'rite s$ort notes of *e%s(re*ent %nd testin)

2naly"e your home through a comprehensive GHouse as a (ystemG energy efficiency

audit

2nswer your specific !uestions about energy use in your home

Ieview your natural gas bill to understand how much energy your home uses

rovide recommendations and cost saving analysis, prioriti"ed to show you where you?llget the most savings for your investment

1-. '$%t is first l%# %,,ro%$ to#%rds ener) onserv%tion

10. '$%t is seond l%# %,,ro%$ to#%rds ener) onserv%tion

?NIT 3

1. Mention so*e of t$e o,tion %v%il%ble for ener) onserv%tion in ind(stries

Technical +ptions

The technical options available for energy savings in the industrial sector are as

diverse as the industries themselves. However, they principally revolve around the savingof energy in areas such as

Electric


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in >irect method

+. '$%t do o( *e%n b o>)ener%tion

6o)ener%tion or o*bined $e%t %nd ,o#er #6"7$ is the use of a heat engineK5F or power

station to simultaneously generate electricity and useful heat. Tri)ener%tion or o*bined oolin)

$e%t %nd ,o#er #66"7$ refers to the simultaneous generation of electricity and useful heating and

cooling from the combustion of a fuel or a solar heat collector.

-. Give %n t#o ,otenti%l *et$ods of dis,os%l of solid #%ste

andfill

&ncineration Iecycling

(st%in%bilit

Biological reprocessing

Energy recovery

0. "o# $%%rdo(s #%ste %re l%ssified

2bsolute= ha"ardous ,


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*lass To)ic and &nfectious (ubstances

*lass Radioactive Materials (not covered under the EIHHRMR! "ote# Radioactive

materials are administered b$ the Canadian "uclear Sa%et$ Commission&

*lass 6 *orrosives

*lass 8 efinition

2ssimilation of molecular species

throughout the bulk of the solid orli!uid is termed as absorption.

2ccumulation of the molecular species at the

surface rather than in the bulk of the solid orli!uid is termed as adsorption.

henomenon &t is a bulk phenomenon &t is a surface phenomenon.

Heat

e)changeEndothermic process E)othermic process

Temperature &t is not affected by temperature &t is favoured by low temperature

Iate of

reaction &t occurs at a uniform rate. &t steadily increases and reach to e!uilibrium

*oncentration &t is same throughout the material. *oncentration on the surface of adsorbent is

https://www.ec.gc.ca/gdd-mw/default.asp?lang=En&n=A8D9E099-1&offset=2&toc=show#c6https://www.ec.gc.ca/gdd-mw/default.asp?lang=En&n=A8D9E099-1&offset=2&toc=show#c8https://www.ec.gc.ca/gdd-mw/default.asp?lang=En&n=A8D9E099-1&offset=2&toc=show#miscellaneous%20productshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gashttp://www.diffen.com/difference/Endothermic_vs_Exothermichttp://www.diffen.com/difference/Endothermic_vs_Exothermichttps://www.ec.gc.ca/gdd-mw/default.asp?lang=En&n=A8D9E099-1&offset=2&toc=show#c6https://www.ec.gc.ca/gdd-mw/default.asp?lang=En&n=A8D9E099-1&offset=2&toc=show#c8https://www.ec.gc.ca/gdd-mw/default.asp?lang=En&n=A8D9E099-1&offset=2&toc=show#miscellaneous%20productshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gashttp://www.diffen.com/difference/Endothermic_vs_Exothermichttp://www.diffen.com/difference/Endothermic_vs_Exothermic


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this reason, compressors and compressed air systems are important areas to improve energy

efficiency at industrial plants..

$%n@ Di%)r%* for 6o*,ressed Air ste*

5. hy energy conservation necessary for >' set

Diesel engine is the prime mover, which drives an alternator to produceelectrical energy

A diesel generating set should be considered as a system since itssuccessful operation dependson the well-matched performance of the components, namely:a) The diesel engine and its accessories.b) The AC enerator.c) The control systems and switchgear.d) The foundation and power house civil wor!s.e) The connected load with its own components li!e heating, motor drives,lighting etc."t is necessary to select the components with highest e#ciency and

operate them at theiroptimum e#ciency levels to conserve energy in this system.

5/. hy energy conservation necessary for refrigeration systems


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The $eating, %entilation and Air Conditioning &$%AC) and refrigerationsystem transfers the heat energy from or to the products, or buildingenvironment. 'nergy in form of electricity or heat is used to power mechanicale(uipment designed to transfer heat from a colder, low-energy level to awarmer, high-energy level.

There are several heat transfer loops in refrigeration system. "t isnecessary to select the components with highest e#ciency and operate them attheir optimum e#ciency levels to conserve energy in this system.

5-. hy energy conservation necessary for air conditioning systems

The $eating, %entilation and Air Conditioning &$%AC) and refrigerationsystem transfers the heat energy from or to the products, or building

environment. 'nergy in form of electricity or heat is used to power mechanicale(uipment designed to transfer heat from a colder, low-energy level to awarmer, high-energy level.

There are several heat transfer loops in air conditioning system. "t isnecessary to select the components with highest e#ciency and operate them attheir optimum e#ciency levels to conserve energy in this system.

53. hat is the advantages of direct method for efficiency calculation in boiler

Advantages of direct method

• lant people can evaluate !uickly the efficiency of boilers

• Ie!uires few parameters for computation

• Ceeds few instruments for monitoring

• Easy to compare evaporation ratios with benchmark figures

Disadvantages of direct method

• >oes not give clues to the operator as to why efficiency of system is lower

• >oes not calculate various losses accountable for various efficiency level

?NIT +

1. '$%t do o( *e%n b )lob%l #%r*in) B #$%t %re its effets


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=edimentation is the tendency for particles in suspension to settle out ofthe uid in which they are entrained, and come to rest against a barrier. This isdue to their motion through the uid in response to the forces acting on them:these forces can be due to gravity, centrifugal acceleration orelectromagnetism. "n geology sedimentation is often used as the polar opposite

of erosion, i.e., the terminal end of sediment transport. "n that sense it includesthe termination of transport by saltation or true bed load transport. =ettling isthe falling of suspended particles through the li(uid, whereas sedimentation isthe termination of the settling process.

0. E:,%nd ?7" %nd '"O

Anited (tates ublic Health (ervice

orld Health +rgani"ation

2. '$%t %re t$e *%in l%sses of %ir ,oll(tion

Environmental effects, efforts underway to help reduce the pollutant, and other helpful resources.

+"one

articulate er measurements and a conversion

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_(ecology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal_accelerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediment_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltation_(geology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedloadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settlinghttp://www.epa.gov/airquality/ozonepollution/http://www.epa.gov/airquality/particlepollution/http://www.epa.gov/airquality/carbonmonoxide/http://www.epa.gov/airquality/nitrogenoxides/http://www.epa.gov/airquality/sulfurdioxide/http://www.epa.gov/airquality/lead/http://www.nps.gov/shen/naturescience/acid_deposition.htmhttp://www.nps.gov/shen/naturescience/gaseous_pollutants.htmhttp://www.nps.gov/shen/naturescience/visibility_and_haze.htmhttp://www.nps.gov/shen/naturescience/mercury_deposition.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_(ecology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal_accelerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediment_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltation_(geology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedloadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settlinghttp://www.epa.gov/airquality/ozonepollution/http://www.epa.gov/airquality/particlepollution/http://www.epa.gov/airquality/carbonmonoxide/http://www.epa.gov/airquality/nitrogenoxides/http://www.epa.gov/airquality/sulfurdioxide/http://www.epa.gov/airquality/lead/http://www.nps.gov/shen/naturescience/acid_deposition.htmhttp://www.nps.gov/shen/naturescience/gaseous_pollutants.htmhttp://www.nps.gov/shen/naturescience/visibility_and_haze.htmhttp://www.nps.gov/shen/naturescience/mercury_deposition.htm


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e(uation, graph, or computer program to produce results in units of the

applicable emission limitation or standard.

11. '$%t %re t$e ,$si%l ,ro,erties of %ir ,oll(t%nts (pecific gravity or density

>iffusion coefficient in air

(pecific volume

*olorless gas

+dorless

1!. '$%t %re t$e $e*i%l ,ro,erties of %ir ,oll(t%nts

(alability in 500 parts

9ire point

9lash point

2uto ignition Temperature

Heat content

E)plosive or flammable

13. List t$e v%rio(s so(res of %ir ,oll(tion

Natural sources of air pollution

+rganic compounds from vegetation, ground dust, salt spray from oceans, hydrogen sulfidesfrom natural sources, cosmic dust etc.

Manmade air pollution sources

Can be divided into three di*erent groups, as &4) point sources, &) area

sources, and &0) line sources.

"ndustries, power plants, oil reneries etc. with their tall stac!s are a

maor source of air pollution and are considered to point sources.

Eesidential areas, apartments, o#ce buildings, hospitals, and schools are

also maor contributors of air pollution. These are area sources of air pollution.$ighways are considered to be line sources of air pollution.

=ome man-made air pollution sources are motor vehicles, industrial

facilities, power plants, space heating, refuse disposal, and transportation

services.

1+. 'rite % s$orts notes on n%tion%l l%#s for %ir ,oll(tion

The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1981 and

amendment, 1987 to implement the decisions ta!en at the Fnited @ations

Conference on the $uman 'nvironment held at =toc!holm in Gune 415,

arliament enacted the nationwide Air Act. The main obectives of this Act are to


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improve the (uality of air and to prevent, control and abate air pollution in the

country.

AC&T 3

1. List t$e o,tions %v%il%ble to ontrol e*ission of OC imestone 9orced +)idation #(9+$ (crubber

ime (pray >ryer #(>$ (crubber

9lue 'as >esulfuri"ation #9'>$

spray dryer absorber #(>2$

!. '$%t %re t$e so(re of li5(id #%ste in ind(stries

(ite drainage

&ndustrial cooling waters # biocides, heat, slimes, silt$;

&ndustrial process waters;

+rganic or biodegradable waste, including waste from abattoirs, creameries, and ice cream

manufacture;

+rganic or non bio%degradableMdifficult%to%treat waste # pharmaceutical or pesticide

manufacturing$;

E)treme pH waste #from acidMalkali manufacturing, metal plating$;

To)ic waste #metal plating, cyanide production, pesticide manufacturing, etc.$;

(olids and emulsions # paper manufacturing, foodstuffs, lubricating and hydraulic oil

manufacturing, etc.$;

2gricultural drainage, direct and diffuse.

Hydraulic fracturing

roduced water from oil N natural gas production

3. List o(t t$e Met$ods (sed to red(e nitro)en o:ide e*ission

rocess


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+. Mention t$e effet of e*ission #it$ t$e (se of %ltern%te f(els in %(to*obiles

'ntire fuel life cycles are considered, using corn-based ethanol instead of

gasoline reduces life cycle $ emissions by 413-3, depending on the

source of energy used during ethanol production &see graph). Fsing cellulosic

ethanol provides an even greater benetHreducing $ emissions by up to

I93. Eecent studies have shown the importance of incorporating assumptions

about future crop production rates and land use into life cycle analyses.

-. '$%t is $%%rdo(s #%ste

"%%rdo(s #%ste is #%ste that is dangerous or potentially harmful to our

health or the environment. "%%rdo(s #%stes can be li!uids, solids, gases, or sludges. They can be

discarded commercial products, like cleaning fluids or pesticides, or the by%products of

manufacturing processes.

0. List o(t t$e benefits of ,oll(tion ,revention

(aving money in costs related to materials, operations, and pollution, or waste

treatment and disposal;

Asing raw materials, staff resources, e!uipment, energy and water more

efficiently;

&mproving worker health and safety by improving air !uality, decreasing the use

of to)ic substances, thereby decreasing personnel protective e!uipment

re!uirements;

>ecreasing regulatory re!uirements by eliminating the need for permits,

ha"ardous waste manifests, monitoring and reporting; and


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&mproving community relations, company image and customer loyalty.

2. Give %n t#o %te)ories of ,oll(tion

2ir ollution

and ollution

ight ollution

Coise ollution

Thermal ollution

:isual ollution 4 advertising boards etcO.

ater ollution

8. Define s(bsidene inversion

2 s(bsidene inversion develops when a widespread layer of air descends. The layer is compressed

and heated by the resulting increase in atmospheric pressure, and as a result the lapse rate of

temperature is reduced

(ubsidence &nversions Take pace in valleys or in places partially surrounded by hills or

mountains.

hen the air blows over the hills, it is heated as it is compressed into the side of the hills

hen that warm air comes over the top, it is warmer than the cooler air of the valley.

2lso, increasing the inversion, as the air comes over the top of the hill, it causes the air in the

valley to be compressed, heating the cooler, valley air from the top down. hen this cool air is

trapped and compressed, so is everything that is in the air, such as vehicle emissions, smoke, and

smog in general. This is a big problem for cities located in valleys

.


25/28


26/28

$itro%en o"ides ($#") - enerated when nitrogen in the air reacts with

o8ygen at the high temperature and pressure inside the engine. @


27/28

*I>&, *ommon Eail Direct "nection =ystem , 2&,% >irect air in7ection , *atalytic converter ,canister filter

turbocharger , supercharger , multi valve etc..

1-. '$%t %re t$e ,oll(tion ontrol *et$ods in n(le%r ind(stries

revent the following pollutions

Iadiation Ieactor accidents

Iadioactive aste

+ther Iadiation roblems

reventive action

aboratory generated nuclear wastes should be disposed off safely and

scientifically.

Cuclear power plants should be located in areas after careful study of the

geology of the area, tectonic activity and meeting other established conditions.

2ppropriate protection against occupational e)posure.

eakage of radioactive elements from nuclear reactors, careless use of radioactive

elements as fuel and careless handling of radioactive isotopes must be prevented.

(afety measure against accidental release of radioactive elements must be

ensured in nuclear plants.

fAnless absolutely necessary, one should not fre!uently go for diagnosis by )%

rays.

Iegular monitoring of the presence of radioactive substance in high risk area

should be ensured.

2mong the many options for waste disposal, the scientists prefer to bury the waste in

hundreds of meters deep in the earthPs crust is considered to be the best safety long term

option.

10. '$%t %re t$e %ltern%te f(els (sed

An alternative fuel, most generally dened, is any fuel other than the

traditional selections, gasoline and diesel, used to produce energy or power. The

emissions impact and energy output provided by alternative fuels varies,

depending on the fuel source. '8amples of alternative fuels include biodiesel,

ethanol, electricity, propane, compressed natural gas, and hydrogen.


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biodiesel, bioalcohol &methanol, ethanol, butanol), fuel cells, hydrogen, non-

fossil methane, non-fossil natural gas, vegetable oil, propane,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodieselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioalcoholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Butanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_used_as_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodieselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioalcoholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Butanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_used_as_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propane

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