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EEG Activity to Variations in EEG Activity to Variations in ConsciousnessConsciousness
• Which type of wave would an EEG Which type of wave would an EEG detect if you…detect if you…
_____ 1. Are playing a video game._____ 1. Are playing a video game._____ 2. Are deep in meditation._____ 2. Are deep in meditation._____ 3. Have just fallen asleep._____ 3. Have just fallen asleep._____ 4. Are sleepwalking across the lawn. _____ 4. Are sleepwalking across the lawn. _____ 5. Are in the midst of a terrible _____ 5. Are in the midst of a terrible
nightmare.nightmare.
Hypnosis Hypnosis
Today’s Goal:Today’s Goal:Discuss theories Discuss theories
of hypnosis, of hypnosis, noting the noting the behavior of behavior of hypnotized hypnotized people and people and
claims regarding claims regarding its uses.its uses.
MesmerismMesmerism
• Claimed to cure illnesses by a “laying Claimed to cure illnesses by a “laying on of hands”on of hands”
• ““Animal magnetism”Animal magnetism”
HypnotismHypnotism• Systematic procedure that produces Systematic procedure that produces
heightened state of suggestibilityheightened state of suggestibility• Two partsTwo parts– Hypnotic inductionHypnotic induction• Subject told to relax, concentrate, or focus Subject told to relax, concentrate, or focus
attentionattention
– Hypnotic suggestionsHypnotic suggestions
= = Degree to which people Degree to which people respond to hypnotic respond to hypnotic suggestionssuggestions
• 10% of adults are difficult or 10% of adults are difficult or impossible to hypnotizeimpossible to hypnotize
• Highly “susceptible” individuals Highly “susceptible” individuals report vivid hypnotic report vivid hypnotic experiencesexperiences
• Willingness is most Willingness is most important factorimportant factor
Hypnotic SuggestibilityHypnotic Suggestibility
True or False?True or False?• People in hypnosis lose control and can be People in hypnosis lose control and can be
made to do whatever the hypnotist wants. made to do whatever the hypnotist wants. • People may not be able to come out of People may not be able to come out of
hypnosis.hypnosis.• Hypnosis only affects weak-willed or gullible Hypnosis only affects weak-willed or gullible
people.people.• Hypnosis reliably enhances the accuracy of Hypnosis reliably enhances the accuracy of
memory.memory.• Hypnosis enables people to re-experience a Hypnosis enables people to re-experience a
past life.past life.• Hypnosis depends primarily on the skill of the Hypnosis depends primarily on the skill of the
hypnotist.hypnotist.• Relaxation is an important part of hypnosis. Relaxation is an important part of hypnosis. All of these statements are false.
• Posthypnotic suggestionPosthypnotic suggestion– Instructions about behavior to take place Instructions about behavior to take place
after hypnotic experience (i.e. smiling after hypnotic experience (i.e. smiling whenever someone says “England”)whenever someone says “England”)
• Posthypnotic amnesiaPosthypnotic amnesia– Inability to recall what Inability to recall what
happened while happened while hypnotizedhypnotized
Ernest Hilgard (1965, 1992)Ernest Hilgard (1965, 1992)
1)1) Hypnotized people show reduced Hypnotized people show reduced planfulnessplanfulness
Waited for hypnotist’s instructions before actingWaited for hypnotist’s instructions before acting2)2) Attention is redistributedAttention is redistributed
Ignore all but the hypnotist’s voiceIgnore all but the hypnotist’s voice3)3) Ability to fantasizeAbility to fantasize
More vivid imaginationMore vivid imagination4)4) Increased role takingIncreased role taking
More easily act like person of different age or genderMore easily act like person of different age or gender5)5) Reduced reality testingReduced reality testing
Not to question if statements are true, more Not to question if statements are true, more willing to accept apparent distortions of willing to accept apparent distortions of realityreality
Altered State of Altered State of Consciousness?Consciousness?
• State theory = yesState theory = yes– Notable changes in brain activity during Notable changes in brain activity during
hypnosishypnosis– Insensitivity to Insensitivity to
pain, disappearance pain, disappearance of wartsof warts
Altered State of Altered State of Consciousness?Consciousness?
• Role theory = noRole theory = no– Changes in brain activity can also be Changes in brain activity can also be
created without hypnosiscreated without hypnosis– Merely complying with social demandsMerely complying with social demands– Socially acceptable reason to follow Socially acceptable reason to follow
suggestionssuggestions• Evidence to support role theoryEvidence to support role theory– Non-hypnotized people display Non-hypnotized people display
behaviors associated with hypnosisbehaviors associated with hypnosis
Altered State of Consciousness?Altered State of Consciousness?• Hilgard’s Dissociation Theory = yes and noHilgard’s Dissociation Theory = yes and no– Not a specific state, but instead a split in Not a specific state, but instead a split in
consciousness (dissociation)consciousness (dissociation)– Body movements under voluntary control can Body movements under voluntary control can
occur on their own, involuntary processes can be occur on their own, involuntary processes can be controlled voluntarilycontrolled voluntarily
– Social agreement to share control w/hypnotistSocial agreement to share control w/hypnotist
Altered State of Altered State of Consciousness?Consciousness?
• Evidence to support dissociationEvidence to support dissociation– Brain imaging == ability to dissociate Brain imaging == ability to dissociate
mental processes greater in people who mental processes greater in people who are more hypnotically susceptibleare more hypnotically susceptible
– ““ice water” study = told to feel no pain, ice water” study = told to feel no pain, felt almost nonefelt almost none• ““hidden observer” outside of conscious hidden observer” outside of conscious
awarenessawareness
Applications of HypnosisApplications of Hypnosis• Alleviation of painAlleviation of pain• HypnotherapyHypnotherapy– Reduce symptoms (nausea, Reduce symptoms (nausea,
headaches, arthritis, skin headaches, arthritis, skin disorders, etc.)disorders, etc.)
– Effective for obesityEffective for obesity– Does NOT work for drug Does NOT work for drug
addictionsaddictions• Aid in memory? Aid in memory? not not
accurateaccurate• Does NOT cause people to Does NOT cause people to
act against their will act against their will
MeditationMeditation• Intended to create altered Intended to create altered
state of consciousness state of consciousness characterized by inner characterized by inner peace & tranquilitypeace & tranquility
• Bring mental processes under Bring mental processes under greater voluntary controlgreater voluntary control
• Yoga, Zen, transcendental Yoga, Zen, transcendental meditation (TM)meditation (TM)– mantrasmantras
MeditationMeditation• Physiological correlatesPhysiological correlates– Alpha waves and theta waves Alpha waves and theta waves
become more prominent in become more prominent in EEG recordingsEEG recordings
– Heart rate, skin conductance, Heart rate, skin conductance, breathing, oxygen breathing, oxygen consumption/CO2 elimination consumption/CO2 elimination all decline all decline
• However, lowered bodily However, lowered bodily arousal and changes in brain arousal and changes in brain activity could be likely due activity could be likely due to simple relaxation effects to simple relaxation effects
Long-Term Benefits of Meditation – Long-Term Benefits of Meditation – View With CautionView With Caution
• Reduce effects of stressReduce effects of stress– Lower levels of “stress hormones” & Lower levels of “stress hormones” &
enhanced immune responseenhanced immune response• Improve mental health while Improve mental health while
reducing anxietyreducing anxiety• Beneficial effects on self-esteem, Beneficial effects on self-esteem,
moodmood• Improves concentration and Improves concentration and
awareness?awareness?
Altered States of ConsciousnessAltered States of Consciousness
• Biofeedback training (BFT)Biofeedback training (BFT) system system that provides or “feeds back” info that provides or “feeds back” info about a bodily function (i.e. heart about a bodily function (i.e. heart rate)rate)
• Combat stress, tension, anxietyCombat stress, tension, anxiety• Use EEG and EMG Use EEG and EMG
(electromyograph)(electromyograph)