EEG Qigong - JST

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218 nvofintenvatienalSoatetyofL"loinnvonSalantteasas) J.lntl.Soc.Lijlehofb.Sci. VoL16,No2,Sopembe"l9P8
Original Research Puper ss Characterization of the EEG in Qigong and Hypnosis
Centrefor
Injbrmatics and Sciences, Mppon Medical School (7bkyo, mpan)
(Received on Novetnber 5, 1997, Final Revised tmdAccepted on June 25, 1998)
Abstract: Comparisons are made regarding the effects of external Chinese qigong and
hypnosis on simultaneous EEG recordings of senders and receivers. For the qigong
studies, when a master was practicing qigong, a waves appeared in the frontal region,
which were synchronized to those in the occipital region. The phase difference (Tm) between occipital (Oi) and frontal (Fpi) regions during qigong became smaller thap
that in the resting state. This effect was also observed on the subjects who received qi.
When the P topography of the qigong master showed a specific pattern, a similar
pattern tended to appear in the subject's 5 waves. In a double blind experiment which
excluded the suggestive effects as much as possible, the Tm value of the subject became
as smal1 as the qigong master's. These synchronizing effects between both EEGs of the
master and the subjects indicate the possibility of some inforrnation transfer from the
master to his subject.
During hypnosis carried out on subjects who had already established close rapport
with the master, the results were quite different, in spite of the fact that oral hypnotic
induction was not used in order to create conditions comparahle to those during qigong. In contrast to qigong, synchronized patterns in the B topography were not evident.
Although the ct waves spread on the frontal area of both hypnotist and subjects and the
Tm value tended to become smaller, the changes were not so remarkable as fbr qigong. The value in the concentrating state, such as during mental calculation, was much
smaller. So, the smaller Tm during hypnosis was considered an effect of concentration,
not of synchronization to the EEG of the master. In the case of hypnosis, even though
by means of non-verbal induction, the subjects induced the hypnotic state in themselves
by imagining the inductive terms which had always been given by their master.
Keywords: EEG, external qigong, hypnosis, suggestive effect, trans-personal
synchronization
care method cultivated by training internal qi,
though external qi is also used fbr an alternative
Kjmiko Kawano; C.I.S, Nippon Medical School
1-1-S Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Tel: 81-3-3822-2131
ext,5392, Fax: 81-3-3823-2675, E-mail: [email protected],jp
type of health treatment and to maintain a healthy
state (it is called 'external
qigong' in Japan),
that all effects caused by external qigong are
merely suggestive effectsi). According to a cer-
tain hypnotist, all things shown by qi-receivers could be carried out by hypnosis. On the other
hand, qigong trainees insist that 'qi'
is completely
nvofhMNuaSealotyofL"bintatienSalamcama) J,intl.Soc,Lijle1njio.Sci, Vot16,IVo,2,Septemben19P8 ss 2i9
Scientifically, there are no explanations, yet, about how
'qi' influences the body, nor about
how suggestion works in the brain. There are also no reports analyzing those differences by
non-invasive measurements, such as EEG.
The author has already perfOrmed numerous experiments on qigong and hypnosis. Using
these data, this report discusses the differences
of EEGs, especially of ct and 3 waves, between
qigong and hypnosis.
od, EEGs of 16 or 12 monopolar signals were
measured with ear lobes as reference. EEG recorders (NEC Medical Systems IA97 and
1A94) and two sets of 21 channel data-recorders
(TEAC XR7000) were used. The experimental
set up was shown previously2). The EEG signals
were analyzed by Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) using a signal processor (NEC Medical Systems 7T18) with a sampling time of 5 ms and 1024
points for each epoch. Topographical maps of
the power spectra were composed of the average of six epochs. The wave data used excluded
artifacts, such as eye movements and obvious
EMGs. Frequency analyses were made in the ranges of 8.0-12,8 Hz ( ct ), 13.0-19.8 Hz ( Pi ) and 20.0-29.8 HZ ( P2 ) Cross-correlation of the EEGs between Oi
and Fp, were calculated (Fig.1). Each EEG was digitalized with a sampling time of 1 ms and 1024 points were used for a calculation of
the cross-correlation (Fig.1-a). The cross-
correlation graph, shown in Fig.1b, was plotted as an average of five epochs. The lag time of
the first maximum correlation, T., was obtained
as the mean iag-time of the ct wave between O, and Fpi
As a control, EEG in the resting state was
measured before and after various tasks in all experiments, Only data recorded while the eyes
were closed were analyzed.
Fig.1 Cross-correlation between Ol and Fpl.
a. An example ofleft occipital (O1) and left frontal (Fp1) EEG (sampling time; 1 ms). b. Ayerage cross-correlation graph (5 epochs),
The foIIowing three experiments were performed.
3. Experiments and Resuks
Experiment 1. External qigong
[ Experimenta1 Method and Subjects]
Sixteen Chinese and Japanese qigong masters (mean age = 42.6) and eleven Japanese qi- receivers (non-trainees, mean age = 3 1 ,5) were the subjects of this experiment. The masters and their receivers were measured simultaneous-
ly, although in a few runs, only masters were
measured. The method of qi-emission was basi- cally that which masters used ordinarily. How- ever, the masters were always required to emit
from in back of the receivers without touching
and with their eyes being closed for at least a few minutes during emission,
International Society of Life Information Science(ISLIS)
220 ,k)vnmafofl SotlotyetUtbl J,lnti.Soc.Ltfelnjb,Sci.Vokme6,No2,Sep(ISt;tueteZ1998 ss
10
Fig, 2 EEGs of a qigong master with eyes closed;
a. in the resting state. b. during qigong. During qigong ct waves became intermittent and
coherent (indicated by arrows).
Fig.2-a shows the EEG of a qigong master
in the resting state with eyes closed. Ten channels of the EEG from the frontal to the occipital
region are shown. Alpha waves which are usu-
ally large on the occipital region spread toward
the frontal area. In Fig.2b the EEG of the
master during qigong with eyes closed is shown. The frontal ct waves became clearer, and the
waves appeared intermittent and coherent with
the occipital ones, as shown by arrows. This
tendency also appeared in normal subjects who
knew nothing about qigong. The value of T. was calculated as explained
in the section of Methods, Fig.3 shows the
average T.s of the masters and the receivers in
the resting state befbre qigong, during qigong, and in the resting after qigong. The value of
qigong rnasters was already smal1 before qigong (40.4 ± 7,1 ms; average of 16 data ± SE ), meaning that the a waves were synchronized
between occipital and frontal regions. During
qigong T. became smaller (22,5 ± 4.3 ms), Al- though the a waves of non-qigong practicing subjects were not synchronized in the resting condition, when they received qi, this value be-
t
'p<O.05
"p<O,Ol
when resting and during qigong.
came as small as that of masters. After qigong, the effect did not seem to disappear so soon,
Beta waves were observed by topographic
patterns. Fig.4 shows B, topography of one
qigong master (upper maps) and his qi receiver
(lower maps). The map patterns of the receiver
seemed to gradually begin to resemble those of
the master, Patterns of B, showed simi1ar results,
The similarity of the topographic patterns was observed for many master-subject pairs.
Experiment 2. External qigong by double- blind method
[Experimental Method and Subjects1
recelverparrs.
A receiver sat on a chair and a master stood
behind him/her separated by an opaque folding
screen (size; 185× 100 cm). The directions to
the master, such as 'ciose'
or 'open
emission', were
tape-recorder. Three tapes with a different order
of tasks for each were prepared, and just before
NII-Electronic
InternationalSoclety ofLifeInformationScience{ISLIS)
toumatoffi SocketyofMel J.intl.Soc.LijleIde.Sci.
Stkonae (ISas) VoLl6,Ne,2,SopembenlPP8
A topographies of a qigong master and
his receiver when resting (left), 3 minlltes (middle) and 7 minutes (right) after the beginning of qigong.
TTie upper side of each map denotes the nasion
side and the numerals are the values of one range
in fifteen color grades, Receiyer's map patterns becarne similar to the
master's,
HypmioUst/t//i,-'
when resting, just after non-verbal induction.
'
simultaneously.
222 -loatmatotM SetietyorLMei J.intl,Soc,Lijbbijb.Sci.v,tflclleN,ttNe,se(ptTSeuete)niggs ss
the run, a person who was not a participant selected one of them. To be sure the condition
of eyes closed or open was the same for the
sender and receiver, three comparal)le tapes were
prepared for the receivers. An experimental
session was one hour long. Both subjects were
in a electromagnetically shielded room and cur-
tains were put around the room. The exper-
imenters outside could not know what happened inside. A video camera was set inside for ob-
servation later.
the curtains, and a third pair (C) was examined
in an open setting as a comparison with Exper- iment 1. The subjects were three Chinese qigong masters (male, mean age = 34.0) and three
healthy Japanese males (mean age = 37.7) who
had no experience receiving qi before. For fur-
ther details, see the previously published exper-
imental report3),
The T.s of three pairs, A, B and C, are
shown in Fig.5. The data in the resting state
before qigong, during qigong and in the resting state after qigong are represented. The T. values
of the subjects A and B, who knew nothing
about the timing of qi emission, was smaller
during qigong than when resting. The result of
pair C was almost the same as the results of
pairs A and B. Thus, the A and B pair results
did not seem to be affected by the shielding. Also the results of Experiment 1 appeared not
to be the result of suggestion.
Synchronizing patterns ofthe B waves cou]d
not be observed for any pairs. The receivers
responded to the interview after the experiment; "Maybe
I felt something like the wind." or "I
felt nothing." In this situation the receivers
seemed to be scarcely aware of qi. The masters
also reported that it was an effortfu1 situation to
emit in the closed narrow space, separated by a
screen. So, the patterns of their P waves showed
hardly any differences from those in the resting state. The P waves were almost always dominant in the occipital area and showed a nearly sym-
metric pattern. In this experiment no clear syn-
chronization could be confirrned by P waves.
60
50
40
30mE20
10
oResttng(Pre-Qigeng}
va ReceiverA ge ReceiverB X ReceiverC
Fig. 5 Tm yalues of three pairs, A, B and C, in the
resting state and during Qigong by the double blind
method.
(Experimental Method and Subjects1 To induce the hypnotic state, a verbal procedure is usually used. While speaking, EMG
rises, obscuring the smal1 EEG signals. Howev- er, the master of this experiment states that it is
possible to induce the hypnotic state without
words and with his eyes closed if a close rapport
has been established with a subject, When he
touches softly on the shoulder of such a subject,
the body sways or the hands go up. Apparently this response is hardly distinguishable from the
action that occurs during external qigong.
Using the above procedure, the EEG of the
master and that of a single subject, and those of
two subjects hypnotized at the same time were
measured simultaneously. For the analysis of
the data, a mental calculation (100-7-7-.,..), as-
signed as a concentration task, was used as a
tonvofinntlamtiimtyofuloinfomuesotuama) J,intLSoc,LijleIlofio.Sci, Vbt16,IVb2,Septembe41YY8ss 223
The hypnotist master, a 64-year-old veteran,
and eight subjects (mean age = 29.1) who had established good rapport with their master par- ticipated in this experiment. The details of this
experiment have been reported elsewhere4).
(Results and Brief Discussion]
in the frontal area of both the hypnotist master
and the subjects. The value T. was calculated,
and the results are presented in Fig.6. Some of
1
O,8
O.6
O,4
O.2
o
-Mastef
8'psaraU
Tk//,//,v:g
(upper) and his subject (lower), from left to
right in the resting state, just after non-verbal
induction, and in the deep hypnotic state. wnen
the usual verbal induction method was used,
even if the subject recalls some visual image,
the P waves appear on the left linguistic
hemisphere`). During hypnosis in Fig.7 the B waves of the master appeared minimally on the
left linguistic area, while those of the receiver
showed the left dominant pattern. The tendency of 32 was almost the same. The master's conscious state must be un-
changeable when resting and during hypnosis. Even though the pattern of P waves was different between the master and the subject, because of the difference of their behavior and thought, if
there are some direct effects induced by hypno-
sis, as with qigong, a similar pattern should
appear between two receivers. Fig.8 shows to-
pographies of two subjects, placed in the hypnotic state simultaneously. Their pattems clearly do not resemble each other, except for common activation of left and right occipital areas.
4. Discussion
Fig. 6 T m raties ofa hypnotist and subjects;
denoted by the ratio to the value in the resting stabe
before hypnosis.
not be calculated. Because of the smal1 and
varied number of samples (only one for the mas-
ter, 5 samples during calculation, 6 during hypnosis, etc.), the ordinate in Fig.6 shows the ratio
of T. to that in the pre-hypnosis state. The T. during hypnosis becarne a little smaller. For the hypnotized subjects, the mean for the resting state was 54.2 ± 3.4 ms (average of 8 data ±
SE), while, during hypnosis, it was 47.0 ± 5.2
ms (sample size = 7). This difference was not
so remarkable and the mean during calculation was much smaller than the mean during hypnosis
(no significant difference).
between a qigong master and a receiver has
already been reportedS). When a double blind method was used to more completely reduce
inadvertent signalling between master and re-
ceiver, the same result was obtained for the T. value as with the non-blinded experiment.
During hypnosis, a waves tended to appear
on the frontal area, though, the T. value did not
become as small as during qigong, in fact it became smailer during mental calculation. In a
previous experiment using students, the T. became smaller while concentrating on some tasks,
such as mental calculation6">. The resultant value during hypnosis was in the range of that found for concentration, thus the reduced value was
considered to be related to the higher concentration state compared with the resting. The data
224 nvofuatiestiSoaiotyofL"loinhaatloeSalanoseSUS) J.inti.Soc.Lij1!Injio.Sci. VotlCNo2,Septembe-19P8 ss
for mental calculation to be nearly the same as
that in the hypnosis experiment and the value
during qigong was much smaller.
During hypnosis, the synchronizing pattern on the P topography could hardly be found. Although the subjects perceived the master's in- tentions somehow, the linguistic area in the brain seemed involved in the recal1 of the terms of
hypnotic induction which had been given by their master, In the initial state of hypnosis, the
P waves tended to appear on the left hemisphere.
Even in the data ofthe two subjects induced
into a hypnotic state simultaneously, the B similarity was difficult to find as shown in Fig.8.
In qigong the qi-infbrmation directly influences the subject, while, in hypnosis the subject imagines the ordinary induction method, even
if it was the non-verbal induction, and leads her/himself into the hypnotic state. The syn-
chronizing effect was barely apparent.
On the other hand, during qigong the obvious change in EEGs of the subject was observed
many times, even for the first meeting. Of course,
the suggestive effect also must be used in ordinary extemal qigong. Treatment is presumal)ly more effective while using it.
The double blind method used in this report was not adequate. Using only a plain separator, it could not rule out the difference in the atmo- sphere when the master was Just sitting on a
chair compared with sending qi by moving
hands. Experiments by fake masters also should
be examined. Nevertheless, where the sugges-
tive effects were eliminated as much as possible, some trans-personal information-transmission still seems to remain.
Additional, stricter experiments are needed
for the research of the brain function. Currently, however, brain science offers no model as to
what suggestion is. The final brain site and mechanism might be the same whichever is used,
qlgong or suggestlon.
ic Verification for Hypnosis-like Painless
Effects indused by Qigong. Pharma.
Psychi. Behav. 11 :344-346, 1991 [in Japanese] 2) Kawano, K., Shi, J. M. and Duan, L.Y.:
The Frequency Change in ct Waves and the
Appearance of e Waves during Qigong and Meditation. L intl. Soc. Lijla Injo. Sci.
14(1): 22-31, 1996 3) Kawano, K., Wang, F. E and Duan, L.Y.:
Double-blind Tests of Qi Transmission from Qi-gong Masters to Untrained Volun-
teers. -- Changes in the Brain Waves of
Qi-Receivers -- L Mind-Body Sci. 2(1):
89-93, 1993 [in Japanese with an English
abstract]
and Shinagawa, Y.: The Electroenceph-
alographic Relationship between a Hypno-
tist and His Subjects. Sci. ofHlypnotics 7:
17-23, 1992 [in Japanese with an English
abstract]
Shinagawa, Y.: EEG and Topography
during Chinese "Qigong"
sciences 16:503-508, 1990 6) Kawano, K., Koito, H. andShinagawa, Y.:
EEG while Concentrating on Thought. .ipn.
X EEG EMG 19: 141, 1991 [in Japanese] 7) Shinagawa, Y. and Kawano, K.: Concentra- tion and EEG. Clinicat EE]6 34 : 168-173,
1992 [in Japanese]
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