EEG/MEG Source LocalisationSPM Short Course – Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging – May 2008
?
Jérémie Mattout, Christophe Phillips
Jean DaunizeauGuillaume FlandinKarl FristonRik HensonStefan KiebelVladimir Litvak
OutlineEEG/MEGEEG/MEGSource localisationSource localisation
1. Introduction2. Forward model3. Inverse problem4. Bayesian inference applied to the EEG/MEG inverse problem
5. Conclusion
OutlineEEG/MEGEEG/MEGSource localisationSource localisation
1. Introduction2. Forward model3. Inverse problem4. Bayesian inference applied to the EEG/MEG inverse problem
5. Conclusion
EEG/MEGEEG/MEGSource localisationSource localisation
spat
ial r
esol
utio
n (m
m)
invasivity
weak strong
5
10
15
20
temporal resolution (ms)1 10 102 103 104 105
sEEG
MEG
EEG
fMRI
MRI(a,d)
PET
SPECT
OI
MRI EEG MEG
OI
Introduction: EEG/MEG as Neuroimaging techniques
MEEG functionalities in SPM8 EEG/MEGEEG/MEGSource localisationSource localisation
Data Preperation
New MEEG dataformat based on “object-oriented”coding More stable
interfacing and user-friendly and a bit harder for developers
Data importation/convertion
• Import most common MEG/EEG data formats into one single data format
• Include “associated data”, e.g. electrode location and sensor setup
MEEG functionalities in SPM8 EEG/MEGEEG/MEGSource localisationSource localisation
Data Preperation“Usual“ preprocessing
• Filtering• Re-referencing• Epoching
• Artefact and bad channel rejection
• Averaging• Displaying• …
MEEG functionalities in SPM8 EEG/MEGEEG/MEGSource localisationSource localisation
Data Preprocessing
Scalp Data Analysis
Statistical Parametric Mapping
Dynamic Causal Modelling
Source reconstruction
Energy changes (Faces - Scrambled, p<0.01)
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
time (s)
10
20
30
40
35
45
15
25
0.70.50.30-0.1
0
1
2
3
-2
-3
-1frequ
ency
(Hz)
100 200 300 400
time (ms)
Right temporal evoked signal
facesscrambled
M170
MEG experimentof Face perception4
4Electrophysiology and haemodynamic correlates of face perception, recognition and priming, R.N. Henson, Y. Goshen-Gottstein, T. Ganel, L.J. Otten, A. Quayle, M.D. Rugg, Cereb. Cortex, 2003.
EEG/MEGEEG/MEGSource localisationSource localisation MEEG “usual” results
EEG/MEGEEG/MEGSource localisationSource localisation
Change speaker…
EEG/MEGEEG/MEGSource localisationSource localisation
EEG/MEG source reconstruction process
Forwardmodel
Inverseproblem
Introduction: overview
OutlineEEG/MEGEEG/MEGSource localisationSource localisation
1. Introduction2. Forward model3. Inverse problem4. Bayesian inference applied to the EEG/MEG inverse problem
5. Conclusion
EEG/MEGEEG/MEGSource localisationSource localisation
source biophysical model: current dipole
EEG/MEG source models
EquivalentCurrent
Dipoles (ECD)
Imaging orDistributed
Forward model: source space
- few dipoles withfree location and orientation
- many dipoles withfixed location and orientation
EEG/MEGEEG/MEGSource localisationSource localisation Forward model: formulation
EJfY
Forwardmodel
data dipoleparameters
noiseforwardoperator
EEG/MEGEEG/MEGSource localisationSource localisation Forward model: imaging/distributed model
EKJY
data dipoleamplitudes
noisegain matrix
OutlineEEG/MEGEEG/MEGSource localisationSource localisation
1. Introduction2. Forward model3. Inverse problem4. Bayesian inference applied to the EEG/MEG inverse problem
5. Conclusion
EEG/MEGEEG/MEGSource localisationSource localisation
« Will it ever happen that mathematicians will know enough about the physiology of the brain, and neurophysiologists enough of mathematical discovery, for efficient cooperation to be possible ? »
Jacques Hadamard (1865-1963)
Inverse problem: an ill-posed problem
Inverseproblem
1. Existence2. Unicity3. Stability
EEG/MEGEEG/MEGSource localisationSource localisation Inverse problem: an ill-posed problem
« Will it ever happen that mathematicians will know enough about the physiology of the brain, and neurophysiologists enough of mathematical discovery, for efficient cooperation to be possible ? »
Jacques Hadamard (1865-1963)
1. Existence2. Unicity3. Stability
Inverseproblem
EEG/MEGEEG/MEGSource localisationSource localisation Inverse problem: an ill-posed problem
« Will it ever happen that mathematicians will know enough about the physiology of the brain, and neurophysiologists enough of mathematical discovery, for efficient cooperation to be possible ? »
Jacques Hadamard (1865-1963)
1. Existence2. Unicity3. Stability
Inverseproblem
Introduction of prior knowledge (regularization) is needed
EEG/MEGEEG/MEGSource localisationSource localisation Inverse problem: regularization
Data fit
Adequacywith other
modalities
Spatial and temporal priors
W = I : minimum norm
W = Δ : maximum smoothness (LORETA)
data fit prior(regularization term)
OutlineEEG/MEGEEG/MEGSource localisationSource localisation
1. Introduction2. Forward model3. Inverse problem4. Bayesian inference applied to the EEG/MEG inverse problem
5. Conclusion
EEG/MEGEEG/MEGSource localisationSource localisation Bayesian inference: probabilistic formulation
likelihood prior
posteriorevidence
Forwardmodel
Inverseproblem posterior
likelihood
EEG/MEGEEG/MEGSource localisationSource localisation Bayesian inference: hierarchical linear model
sensor (1st) level source (2nd) level
Q : (known) variance components(λ,μ) : (unknown) hyperparameters
qeqee QQC 1
1kpkpp QQC 1
1
ΜJp Μ,JYp
likelihood prior
EEG/MEGEEG/MEGSource localisationSource localisation Bayesian inference: variance components
Multiple Sparse Priors(MSP)
…
# dipoles
# di
pole
s
Minimum Norm(IID)
Maximum Smoothness(LORETA)
kpkpp QQC 1
1
),0(~)( pCNJp M
EEG/MEGEEG/MEGSource localisationSource localisation Bayesian inference: graphical representation
Y
J
μ1
μq
λ1 λk
KQQJYpJYp qeeq ,,,,,,,, 1
1 Μ
kppk QQJpJp ,,,,, 1
1 Μ
likelihood
prior
EEG/MEGEEG/MEGSource localisationSource localisation Bayesian inference: iterative estimation scheme
M-step
E-step
F
,maxarg)ˆ,ˆ(
),ˆ,ˆ,(
maxarg)(ˆ)(
MYJp
FMJqMJq
Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm
)()()(
)(),(ln
)()(),(
ln)(lnMJqMJq
MJqMYpMYJp
MJqMJpMJYp
FMYp
EEG/MEGEEG/MEGSource localisationSource localisation Bayesian inference: model comparison
)()()|(ln McomplexityMaccuracyMYpF
model Mi
Fi
1 2 3
At convergence
OutlineEEG/MEGEEG/MEGSource localisationSource localisation
1. Introduction2. Forward model3. Inverse problem4. Bayesian inference applied to the EEG/MEG inverse problem
5. Conclusion
EEG/MEGEEG/MEGSource localisationSource localisation Conclusion: At the end of the day...
RL
Individual reconstructions in MRI template space
Group resultsp < 0.01 uncorrectedR L
EEG/MEGEEG/MEGSource localisationSource localisation Conclusion: Summary
• Prior information is mandatory
• EEG/MEG source reconstruction:1. forward model2. inverse problem (ill-posed)
• Bayesian inference is used to:1. incorpoate such prior information…2. … and estimating their weight w.r.t the data3. provide a quantitative feedback on model adequacy
Forwardmodel
Inverseproblem
EEG/MEGEEG/MEGSource localisationSource localisation
Change speaker…Again !
EEG/MEGEEG/MEGSource localisationSource localisation
source biophysical model: current dipole
EEG/MEG source models
EquivalentCurrent
Dipoles (ECD)
Imaging orDistributed
Equivalent Current Dipole (ECD) solution
few dipoles with free
location and orientation
many dipoles with fixed location and orientation
EEG/MEGEEG/MEGSource localisationSource localisation ECD approach: principle
EJfY
Forwardmodel
data dipoleparameters
noiseforwardoperator
but a priori fixed number of sources considered iterative fitting of the 6 parameters of each dipole
EEG/MEGEEG/MEGSource localisationSource localisation
The locations s and moments w are drawn from normal distributions with precisions γs and γw.
ε is white observation noise with precision γy.
w s
y
w s
yThese are drawn from a prior gamma distribution.
wsGy )(
Dipole locations s and dipole moments w generated data using
ECD solution: variational Bayes (VB) approach
EEG/MEGEEG/MEGSource localisationSource localisation ECD solution: “classical” vs. VB approaches
“Classical” VB
Hard constraints Yes Yes
Soft constraints No Yes
Noise accommodation
No (in general)
Yes
Model comparison No YES
EEG/MEGEEG/MEGSource localisationSource localisation
• can be applied to single time-slice data or average over time (MEG and EEG)
• useful for comparing several few-dipole solutions for selected time points (N100, N170, etc.)
• although not dynamic, can be used for building up intuition about underlying generators, or using as a motivation for DCM source models
• implemented in Matlab and (very soon) available in SPM8
ECD solution: when and how to apply VB-ECD?
EEG/MEGEEG/MEGSource localisationSource localisation
EEG/MEGEEG/MEGSource localisationSource localisation
),0(~),( CNMJp
)exp( kk ),(~ Nk
- Log-normal hyperpriors- Enforces the non-negativity of the hyperparameters- Enables Automatic Relevance Determination (ARD)
Bayesian inference: multiple sparse priors
EEG/MEGEEG/MEGSource localisationSource localisation
SubjectsMRI Anatomical warping
Corticalmesh
Canonicalmesh
[Un]-normalisingspatial transformation
MNI Space
Forward model: canonical mesh
EEG/MEGEEG/MEGSource localisationSource localisation
From Sensor to MRI space
MRI derived meshes
MEG
Full setup
EEG
RigidTransformation
HeadShape
SurfaceMatching
+
HeadShape
Forward model: coregistration
Main referencesEEG/MEGEEG/MEGSource localisationSource localisation
Friston et al. (2008) Multiple sparse priors for the M/EEG inverse problem
Kiebel et al. (2008) Variational Bayesian inversion of the equivalent current dipole model in EEG/MEG
Mattout et al. (2007) Canonical Source Reconstruction for MEG
Daunizeau and Friston (2007) A mesostate-space model for EEG and MEG
Henson et al. (2007) Population-level inferences for distributed MEG source localization under multiple constraints: application to face-evoked fields
Friston et al. (2007) Variational free energy and the Laplace approximation
Mattout et al. (2006) MEG source localization under multiple constraints
Friston et al. (2006) Bayesian estimation of evoked and induced responses
Phillips et al. (2005) An empirical Bayesian solution to the source reconstruction problem in EEG